Interconnection morphology effects on the radio frequency response of carbon nanotube sponges

• Manuela Scarselli,
• Javad Rezvani,
• Zeno Zuccari,
• Mattia Scagliotti and
• Simone Tocci

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 343–351, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.23

• being lighter and more resistant to a broad range of environmental and harsh operating conditions, while maintaining sufficient electrical conductivity. Among them, CNTs [10][11] proved to be well-performing materials in electronics and optoelectronic applications. CNT-based antennas have been realized

Beam shaping techniques for pulsed laser ablation in liquids: Unlocking tunable control of nanoparticle synthesis in liquids

• Sergio Molina-Prados,
• Nadezhda M. Bulgakova,
• Alexander V. Bulgakov,
• Jesus Lancis,
• Gladys Mínguez Vega and
• Carlos Doñate-Buendia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 309–342, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.22

• controlling NP size and shape but often require reducing agents and stabilising or capping agents to ensure colloidal stability, which may introduce impurities and raise environmental concerns. Biological routes for synthesising nanomaterials, such as those based on plant extracts, bacteria, or fungi, are

• indeed eco-friendly and offer advantages like low toxicity and reduced environmental impact; however, they generally offer less control over NP properties. Moreover, other physical methods such as milling, pyrolysis, sputtering, and arc discharge, or gas-phase processes such as flame spray pyrolysis or

• yield, demonstrating that scale-up is feasible and cost-effective [14]. Figure 1 provides a comparative overview of these methods, considering the key factors: elemental flexibility, environmental friendliness, synthesis purity, health and safety, productivity, process complexity, and degree of remote

Advancing nanolithography: a comprehensive review of materials for local anodic oxidation with AFM

• Matteo Lorenzoni

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 275–291, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.19

• surfaces), and environmental factors, such as humidity, which can impact reproducibility. LAO-grown oxide is less dense than thermally grown oxide, and mechanical stress between the substrate and oxide layer may lead to defects. In addition, the insulating nature of SiO2 limits its versatility compared to

• such pattering capabilities is reported in Figure 6 showing a 35 nm constriction fabricated on few-layer WSe2, before and after etching in water. Additionally, the environmental sensitivity of TMDs, such as the anisotropic oxidation of 1T′ MoTe2 under humid conditions, has been exploited to achieve

• , emphasizing scalability and environmental considerations. This precise control has significant implications for applications in photonics, nanoelectronics, and quantum computing. However, challenges remain, including the influence of humidity on patterning reproducibility and the need to mitigate structural

Durable antimicrobial activity of fabrics functionalized with zeolite ion-exchanged nanomaterials against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli

• Perla Sánchez-López,
• Kendra Ramirez Acosta,
• Sergio Fuentes Moyado,
• Ruben Dario Cadena-Nava and
• Elena Smolentseva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 262–274, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.18

• antimicrobial properties. It was officially recognized in 2008 by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as the first metallic antimicrobial agent, highlighting its potential for broad-spectrum antibacterial applications [12]. Since then, copper has been extensively studied for its ability to

• culture (4 mL·cm−2 of fabric). Afterwards, the fabrics were deposited on top of a glass microscope slide (Fisher Brand) and covered with a second glass slide. This setup helped to prevent environmental contamination while the fabrics were exposed to sunlight. Two sample groups were evaluated to determine

Comparative study on 3D morphologies of delignified, single tracheids and fibers of five wood species

• Helen Gorges,
• Felicitas von Usslar,
• Cordt Zollfrank,
• Silja Flenner,
• Imke Greving,
• Martin Müller,
• Clemens F. Schaber,
• Chuchu Li and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 239–250, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.16

• environmental conditions and their different functional requirements. For instance, larger lumina typically form in earlywood during optimal environmental conditions, while latewood tracheids develop narrower lumina as a response to limited growth resources [35][36]. It seems that larger lumina in earlywood

• fibers, in general, show wider lumina than softwood tracheids. Environmental factors, such as higher environmental temperatures and less compact, well-aerated soils also promote the development of fibers and tracheids with larger lumina [37][38], which very likely result from high evaporation, as well as

• suitable environmental conditions for growth. In brief, tracheid dimensions are not static; they vary within individual trees or between species and are influenced by multiple factors, including environmental conditions and seasonal growth patterns [37][39]. Using 3D models, we additionally showed pit

Gold nanoparticle-decorated reduced graphene oxide as a highly effective catalyst for the selective α,β-dehydrogenation of N-alkyl-4-piperidones

• Brenda Flore Kenyim,
• Mihir Tzalis,
• Marilyn Kaul,
• Robert Oestreich,
• Aysenur Limon,
• Chancellin Pecheu Nkepdep and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 218–238, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.15

• coated with strong ligands that provide initial stability over time, ligand desorption, ligand exchange, or environmental factors such as pH and ionic strength can weaken the protective layer, leading to nanoparticle aggregation or structural degradation [14][15]. An important aspect of expensive noble

Micro- and nanoscale effects in biological and bioinspired materials and surfaces

• Thies H. Büscher,
• Rhainer Guillermo Ferreira,
• Manuela Rebora and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 214–217, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.14

• surfaces of any living organism constantly engage with the environment and face a wide range of challenges. To meet these challenges, the surfaces of any organism must often simultaneously fulfil multiple functions and adapt to various environmental pressures, which involve complex interactions between

• varying environmental parameters. For terrestrial animals, adhesive systems usually provide temporary adhesion and do not make use of cements. A study on the evolution of subdigital microstructures in Cyrtodactylus geckos by Ginal et al. [16] addressed how adhesive microstructures (setae) have

Safe and sustainable by design with ML/AI: A transformative approach to advancing nanotechnology

• Georgia Melagraki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 176–185, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.11

• Georgia Melagraki Hellenic Military Academy, Vari, Greece 10.3762/bjnano.17.11 Abstract Nanotechnology is revolutionizing different sectors such as medicine, energy, defence, and environmental science by enabling the development of materials and technologies with exceptional precision and

• , offering unprecedented opportunities to design and develop nanomaterials with unique, tailored properties. These advances have significantly impacted diverse industrial sectors, including healthcare, energy, environmental remediation, and defence. For instance, nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems have

• , engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) have been employed for environmental applications, such as water purification and pollutant removal, addressing some of the most pressing ecological challenges [4][5]. Nanotechnology has significant applications in defence [6], particularly in the development of lightweight

From shield to spear: Charge-reversible nanocarriers in overcoming cancer therapy barriers

• Madhuri Yeduvaka,
• Pooja Mittal,
• Ameer Boyalakuntla,
• Usman Bee Shaik,
• Himanshu Sharma,
• Thakur Gurjeet Singh,
• Siva Nageswara Rao Gajula and
• Lakshmi Vineela Nalla

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 159–175, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.10

• performance in targeted and controlled drug delivery (Table 1). The detailed mechanism of CRNs in response to various environmental stimuli is described in Figure 3. 2.1 pH-responsive charge-reversible nanocarriers When exposed to the acidic cancer microenvironment (pH 6.5–6.8), CRNs undergo a pH-sensitive

• groups and the need for precise control over physicochemical characteristics further increase manufacturing costs and delay clinical development. Maintaining stability during storage is another critical concern, as environmental factors such as temperature fluctuations and light exposure may induce

• and clinical evaluation processes. Ethical and environmental considerations further complicate their translation, as the degradation of by-products and long-term accumulation of synthetic nanomaterials in ecosystems necessitate thorough investigation [101]. To address these limitations, current

Functional surface engineering for cultural heritage protection: the role of superhydrophobic and superoleophobic coatings – a comprehensive review

• Giuseppe Cesare Lama,
• Marino Lavorgna,
• Letizia Verdolotti,
• Federica Recupido,
• Giovanna Giuliana Buonocore and
• Bharat Bhushan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 63–96, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.6

• Ohio State University, 201 W 19th Ave, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA 10.3762/bjnano.17.6 Abstract The preservation of cultural heritage sites and objects faces critical challenges due to natural aging, environmental degradation, and human-induced damage such as vandalism and graffiti. This review article

• article is to critically examine the most recent studies and materials innovations relevant to cultural heritage site preservation. First the assessment of substrate vulnerabilities and environmental threats is presented, followed by a detailed analysis of coating types and compositions. It concludes with

• emerging trends, challenges, and future perspectives, offering a valuable resource for researchers, conservators, and materials scientists committed to the long-term safeguarding of historical artifacts and monuments. Keywords: cultural heritage preservation; environmental degradation; functional

Quantitative estimation of nanoparticle/substrate adhesion by atomic force microscopy

• Aydan Çiçek,
• Markus Kratzer,
• Christian Teichert and
• Christian Mitterer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 1–14, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.1

• arising from the difference of the tip’s radius of curvature and NP diameter. Further, NP deformation and possible tip-on-NP gliding may result in additional/altered forces. The relative contribution of those additional effects is the stronger the weaker the particle adheres. Environmental factors, such

• strength provides a practical framework for characterizing NP/substrate interactions. Such understanding is essential for developing reliable NP coatings, where adhesion directly influences coating stability, uniformity, and functional performance under varying environmental and mechanical stress

• conditions during the use of functional devices or surfaces. Future studies should focus on the effects of environmental factors, such as humidity and temperature, and the exploration of alternative NP/substrate combinations to expand the understanding of the adhesion mechanisms at the nanoscale. Schematics

Visualizing nanostructures in supramolecular hydrogels: a correlative study using confocal and cryogenic scanning electron microscopy

• Shaun M. Smith,
• Ferdinando Malagreca,
• Jacqueline Hicks,
• Giuseppe Mantovani,
• David B. Amabilino,
• Christopher Parmenter and
• Lluïsa Pérez-García

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2274–2284, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.156

• modification being required for fluorescence imaging [17]. Similar studies of swollen hydrogels using cryo-SEM, environmental SEM (ESEM), confocal, and light microscopy have revealed that cryo-SEM may introduce morphological artefacts that are not observed in hydrated-state imaging. The presence of these

Optical bio/chemical sensors for vitamin B₁₂ analysis in food and pharmaceuticals: state of the art, challenges, and future outlooks

• Seyed Mohammad Taghi Gharibzahedi and
• Zeynep Altintas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2207–2244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.153

Ultrathin water layers on mannosylated gold nanoparticles

• Maiara A. Iriarte Alonso,
• Jorge H. Melillo,
• Silvina Cerveny,
• Yujin Tong and
• Alexander M. Bittner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2183–2198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.151

• different air humidity conditions. We characterized AuNPs coated by oligo(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and dimannoside with a multimethod approach (VSFG, FTIR, DLS, ZP, SEM, STEM, and AFM). We proved that various properties, mainly those of the adsorbed dimanno-AuNPs, depend on environmental conditions

• 15 ± 5%, 50 ± 5%, and 90 ± 5% RH. These humidity conditions are referred to as “low humidity”, “medium humidity”, and “high humidity”, respectively. For this, an environmental isolation chamber (Keysight) was mounted to the AFM, thus providing a completely sealed and isolated environment. The RH of

Missing links in nanomaterials research impacting productivity and perceptions

• Santosh K. Tiwari and
• Nannan Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2168–2176, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.149

• contaminating water, air, and soil, even when strict preventive measures are in place. Moreover, the environmental pollution caused by nanomaterials after their lifecycle, along with the chemicals used in their synthesis, is much more hazardous; up to a thousand times more compared to their bulk counterparts

• standardized toxicity assessment, environmental fate modeling, and lifecycle analysis to enable safe and scalable commercialization. (2) Strengthen industry engagement through public–private partnerships that integrate advanced nanomaterials such as graphene, MXenes, nanoporous catalysts, and quantum dots into

• . The event brought together leading scientists and key stakeholders from the Indian government to deliberate on the impact and potential of carbon nanomaterials. The idea was further refined during the organization of the New Materials in Carbon Capture and Environmental Remediation (NMCCER 2024

Microplastic pollution in Himalayan lakes: assessment, risks, and sustainable remediation strategies

• Sameeksha Rawat,
• S. M. Tauseef and
• Madhuben Sharma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2144–2167, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.148

• Sameeksha Rawat S. M. Tauseef Madhuben Sharma Sustainability Cluster, School of Advanced Engineering, UPES, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India Research & Development, UPES, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India 10.3762/bjnano.16.148 Abstract Microplastic contamination is a newly emerging environmental problem

• made them a target for environmental research [2]. Similarly, the Ramsar wetland Loktak Lake is renowned for floating vegetation and being a sanctuary for the endangered Sangai deer [3]. These alpine lakes are exposed to increasing environmental stresses due to human population, population increase

• deposition is outlined in Section 3. The harsh environmental conditions of the region, freeze–thaw weather, low microbial activity, and short hydrological retention times, make the degradation of MPs more difficult and these lakes to long-term sinks for plastic particles. Himalayan lakes are very susceptible

Electron transport through nanoscale multilayer graphene and hexagonal boron nitride junctions

• Aleksandar Staykov and
• Takaya Fujisaki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2132–2143, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.147

• Environmental Research Projects Grant Number 2340007. Finally, we also appreciate the grant from Shimane Prefecture for fostering young researchers.

Quality by design optimization of microemulsions for topical delivery of Passiflora setacea seed oil

• Daniel T. Pereira,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Danielle T. Freire,
• Dayanne L. Porto,
• Cícero F. S. Aragão,
• Myla L. de Souza,
• Guilherme R. S. de Araujo,
• Ana Maria Costa,
• Wógenes N. Oliveira,
• Anne Sapin-Minet,
• Éverton N. Alencar and
• Eryvaldo Sócrates T. Egito

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2116–2131, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.146

• cytotoxicity and skin irritation [8]. Furthermore, the optimization of microemulsion formulations may be time-consuming and costly, and their stability is often sensitive to environmental factors (e.g., pH, salinity, and temperature). These challenges highlight the importance of a comprehensive understanding

Rapid synthesis of highly monodisperse AgSbS₂ nanocrystals: unveiling multifaceted activities in cancer therapy, antibacterial strategies, and antioxidant defense

• Funda Ulusu,
• Adem Sarilmaz,
• Yakup Ulusu,
• Faruk Ozel and
• Mahmut Kus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2105–2115, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.145

• effects by efficiently eliminating DPPH activity. This research highlights the potential of AgSbS2 NCs as versatile agents with applications in biomedical and environmental domains, including cancer therapy, antimicrobial strategies, and free radical neutralization. Keywords: AgSbS2 nanocrystals

Toward clinical translation of carbon nanomaterials in anticancer drug delivery: the need for standardisation

• Michał Bartkowski,
• Francesco Calzaferri and
• Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2092–2104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.144

• delivery systems (DDSs); nanocarriers; quality control (QC); Introduction Nanomaterials Nanomaterials (NMs) have an extensive array of various properties and applications across many industries, including the biomedical, health care, food/agriculture, industrial, environmental, electronic, and renewable

• energy sectors (Figure 1). NMs have seen use as antimicrobial agents [1], catalysts [2], bioimaging agents [3][4][5][6], magnetic particle imaging agents [7], nanofluids [8], antiviral agents [9], photothermal convertors [10], and in environmental remediation [11]. Topically, the biomedical applications

• , sedentary behaviour, obesity, environmental contaminants, and certain occupations and pharmaceuticals [17]. Prevention, the most cost-effective and beneficial approach for the general population [18], is supported by strong evidence-based recommendations from organisations like the World Cancer Research

Stereodiscrimination of guests in chiral organosilica aerogels studied by ESR spectroscopy

• Sebastian Polarz,
• Yasar Krysiak,
• Martin Wessig and
• Florian Kuhlmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2034–2054, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.140

• , environmental remediation, and construction. The key transport processes in porous materials include diffusion, advection, capillary action, and sometimes reactions that might occur within the pores, highly complex phenomena one tries to understand as detailed as possible [15][16][17]. Laemmerhofer gave an

Beyond the shell: exploring polymer–lipid interfaces in core–shell nanofibers to carry hyaluronic acid and β-caryophyllene

• Aline Tavares da Silva Barreto,
• Francisco Alexandrino-Júnior,
• Bráulio Soares Arcanjo,
• Paulo Henrique de Souza Picciani and
• Kattya Gyselle de Holanda e Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2015–2033, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.139

• materials) [15]. However, achieving high-quality structures for biomedical use with tailored properties requires careful management of various processes, materials, and environmental parameters [16], necessitating thorough optimization of the electrospinning conditions. This includes precise control over

• interest in biopolymers such as PLA is, in part, driven by environmental concerns, climate change, and the depletion of fossil fuel resources, as PLA is derived from renewable sources and is both readily and completely biodegradable. Hyaluronic acid (HA) is an extensively used component in wound healing

Targeting the vector of arboviruses Aedes aegypti with nanoemulsions based on essential oils: a review with focus on larvicidal and repellent properties

• Laryssa Ferreira do Nascimento Silva,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros,
• Mariana Alice Gonzaga Gabú,
• Maria Cecilia Queiroga dos Santos,
• Daiane Rodrigues dos Santos,
• Mylena Lemos dos Santos,
• Gabriel Bezerra Faierstein,
• Rosângela Maria Rodrigues Barbosa and
• Fabio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1894–1913, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.132

• , PE, Brazil 10.3762/bjnano.16.132 Abstract Mosquitoes of the Aedes genus are responsible for the transmission of arboviruses that seriously affect public health. Given the increasing resistance to traditional insecticides and their negative environmental impacts, the need for safer alternatives

• ]. Furthermore, these products also contribute to environmental pollution [14]. Given this scenario, the search for more sustainable alternatives, such as the use of natural products, becomes a promising strategy to tackle these challenges [22]. Among natural products are essential oils, secondary metabolites

• insecticides, ovicides, pupicides, oviposition deterrents, and repellents [25][26]. The main advantages include low toxicity, biodegradability, and action in multiple locations due to the variety of compounds [12][19]. On the other hand, essential oils in their natural form are not stable under environmental

Low-temperature AFM with a microwave cavity optomechanical transducer

• Ermes Scarano,
• Elisabet K. Arvidsson,
• August K. Roos,
• Erik Holmgren,
• Riccardo Borgani,
• Mats O. Tholén and
• David B. Haviland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1873–1882, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.130

• –surface distance, oscillation amplitude of the driven cantilever, sharpness of the tip, and pickup of environmental vibrations and noise, such as noise from the actuator driving the cantilever oscillation as well as feedback noise and sample topography. We perform initial positioning of the microscope by

Self-assembly and adhesive properties of Pollicipes pollicipes barnacle cement protein cp19k: influence of pH and ionic strength

• Shrutika Sawant,
• Anne Marie Power and
• J. Gerard Wall

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1863–1872, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.129

• study, we investigated the influence of environmental parameters on the self-assembly of recombinant cp19k, a key adhesive protein in Pollicipes pollicipes. Using TEM imaging, a low pH (4.0) and high salt concentration (600 mM NaCl) environment, mimicking P. pollicipes gland conditions, was identified

• fibril formation occurs in the acidic, iso-osmotic gland of the barnacle, with delayed cement curing enabling fibril secretion for sustained adhesion of the organism. The study provides insight into the environmental sensitivity of cp19k structure–function dynamics and may support the design of

• (basic pH with high salt concentration) or proposed gland-like (acidic pH with low salt concentration) conditions [28][29][30][31], however, with much still unknown about their structural properties or mechanical function under varied environmental conditions. Among P. pollicipes cement proteins, cp19k