Nanocarrier-integrated multilayer films produced by 3D printing for improved skin adhesion and curcumin photostability

• Thayse Viana de Oliveira,
• Ana Paula Farias Leão,
• Júlia Leão,
• Cesar Liberato Petzhold and
• Ruy Carlos Ruver Beck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 440–453, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.30

• , Brazil 10.3762/bjnano.17.30 Abstract This proof-of-concept study evaluated whether semi-solid extrusion (SSE) 3D printing could be used to fabricate multilayer topical films that simultaneously enhance skin bioadhesion and photoprotection of curcumin, a highly photolabile anti-inflammatory and

• antioxidant compound. The development of topical films for cutaneous delivery faces several challenges, including the need for strong skin adhesion and the protection of photolabile actives from light exposure. We hypothesized that multilayered films designed for the cutaneous delivery of curcumin and

• efficiency. Films were fabricated containing either C-NCs (FC-NC) or unloaded curcumin (FC) and consisted of three layers, namely, a chitosan-based bottom layer, a middle layer of carboxymethylcellulose and alginate, and a carboxymethylcellulose top layer incorporating titanium dioxide (TiO2). The lower and

Polycatecholamine nanocoatings on stainless steel: the effect on attachment of human fibroblasts and platelets

• Paulina Trzaskowska,
• Ewa Rybak,
• Maciej Trzaskowski,
• Kamil Kopeć,
• Jakub Krzemiński,
• Rafał Podgórski,
• Hatice Genc,
• Mehtap Civelek and
• Iwona Cicha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 365–380, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.25

• several weeks and prolonged antimicrobial activity [21][22][23]. Beyond classical PDA films, broader catechol-based and PDA-inspired chemistries have been explored, including phenolic polymer systems, mussel-inspired adhesive interfaces and catechol-rich surface architectures, which have been shown to

• polycatecholamines, as standalone coating systems [12][26]. Their results indicated that polycatecholamines may provide tunable surface properties distinct from those of conventional PDA films. Although PDA and PTYR originate from different amino acid precursors, both polymers are believed to undergo oxidation

• [30], and autoxidation in basic solution leading to films 2 nm or less [31][32]. In contrast, immersion processes produce approximately 1 µm films [33]. These results differ from our PDA coating thickness values due to divergent reaction parameters and, most probably, distinct initial surface

Interconnection morphology effects on the radio frequency response of carbon nanotube sponges

• Manuela Scarselli,
• Javad Rezvani,
• Zeno Zuccari,
• Mattia Scagliotti and
• Simone Tocci

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 343–351, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.23

• supporting substrate, showing high flexibility, light weight, and mechanical robustness. We tested our synthesized CNSs as active material for the production of antennas working in the radio frequency (RF) range to determine whether CNT sponges present, in addition to practical advantages over CNT films

• conductors is not appreciable. Interesting results have been found for shear-aligned CNT films, which showed a radiation efficiency of 94% at 10 and 14 GHz, comparable to copper antennas [18]. Threads made of twisted bundles of as-grown CNTs worked as dipole antennas resonating at 2.45 GHz [6]. A recent

• dimensions compared to SWCNTs and have higher conductivity. Wang et al. [15], demonstrated that films of MWCNTs can operate as antennas when irradiated with light in the visible and near-UV regions. In particular, the maximum intensity of the reflected light in the visible range is obtained when the average

Beam shaping techniques for pulsed laser ablation in liquids: Unlocking tunable control of nanoparticle synthesis in liquids

• Sergio Molina-Prados,
• Nadezhda M. Bulgakova,
• Alexander V. Bulgakov,
• Jesus Lancis,
• Gladys Mínguez Vega and
• Carlos Doñate-Buendia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 309–342, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.22

Fast vortex dynamics and relaxation times in NbRe-based heterostructures

• Francesco De Chiara,
• Zahra Makhdoumi Kakhaki,
• Francesco Avitabile,
• Francesco Colangelo,
• Abhishek Kumar,
• Carmine Attanasio and
• Carla Cirillo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 292–302, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.20

• that NbRe thin films are polycrystalline with oriented grains of nanometric size, of the order of a few nanometers [20][21]. Furthermore, earlier investigations have demonstrated that the superconducting and transport properties of NbRe are robust against moderate thickness variations [19]. These

• characteristics, together with disorder-dominated transport, favor very short temperature-independent quasiparticle relaxation times of the order of hundreds of picoseconds [22] making NbRe-based films particularly attractive for studying non-equilibrium effects and for the realization of fast superconducting

• characterization The normalized resistive transitions, R/R10K, of the two microbridges are reported in Figure 1a. The critical temperatures are = 6.8 K and = 5.6 K. The obtained values are smaller than those reported for NbRe thin films of similar thickness [19][22], with a stronger reduction observed in the

Advancing nanolithography: a comprehensive review of materials for local anodic oxidation with AFM

• Matteo Lorenzoni

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 275–291, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.19

• layers as thin as sub-nanometer for SiO2 [37] and extending to tens of nanometers for materials such as SiOxCy [34], TiOx, and MoOx [38]. In contrast, atomic layer deposition (ALD) provides exceptional conformality and atomic-scale thickness control, typically depositing films at 0.1–0.2 nm per cycle [39

• films and highlight its relevance beyond inorganic substrates. Table 2 presents a comparative analysis of the key materials that have been successfully utilized for LAO experiments and device fabrication. 2.5.1 Semiconductors. Semiconductors like silicon have been widely studied for LAO due to their

• [29]. A more recent study demonstrates the use of LAO to nanostructure thin amorphous vanadium oxide (VOx) films [97], converting them locally to vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) for selective removal. Achieving sub-50 nm lateral precision and sub-0.3 nm depths, the process is influenced by humidity, film

Time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging of contaminant species in chemical vapour deposited graphene on copper

• Barry Brennan,
• Vlad-Petru Veigang-Radulescu,
• Philipp Braeuninger-Weimer,
• Stephan Hofmann and
• Andrew J. Pollard

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 200–213, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.13

• present within the graphene films, which facilitate oxygen diffusion, depending on the growth process. The variation in the colour distribution also reflects potential variations in the composition of the oxide layer that forms on the surface. To further explore the extent of the substrate oxidation in

Structure-dependent thermochromism of PAZO thin films: theory and experiment

• Georgi Mateev,
• Dean Dimov,
• Nataliya Berberova-Buhova,
• Nikoleta Kircheva,
• Todor Dudev,
• Ludmila Nikolova,
• Elena Stoykova,
• Keehoon Hong,
• Dimana Nazarova,
• Silvia Angelova and
• Lian Nedelchev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 186–199, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.12

• ]-1,2-ethanediyl, sodium salt] (PAZO) exhibits a range of unique physical properties that are critical for its diverse applications in photonics, optoelectronics, memory devices, and sensing technologies. In this study, we investigate the thermochromic behavior of PAZO thin films, focusing on the

• relationship between the structural organization of the polymer side chains and temperature-induced optical changes. By combining experimental spectroscopic techniques with theoretical modeling, we demonstrate that the thermochromic response of PAZO films is strongly influenced by molecular aggregation, film

• calculations further support these findings, indicating that temperature-dependent intermolecular interactions and conformational changes play a significant role in shaping the optical behavior of the films. These results provide new insights into the structure–property relationships underlying thermochromism

Functional surface engineering for cultural heritage protection: the role of superhydrophobic and superoleophobic coatings – a comprehensive review

• Giuseppe Cesare Lama,
• Marino Lavorgna,
• Letizia Verdolotti,
• Federica Recupido,
• Giovanna Giuliana Buonocore and
• Bharat Bhushan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 63–96, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.6

• transparency and reversibility, while smoother substrates favor thinner, more controllable films. Furthermore, artworks having stone or inorganic surfaces, may experience erosion due to the effect of acid rain if in outdoor environment (limestone might shift to gypsum due to sulfur dioxide, becoming porous and

• alteration of color or gloss. In terms of reversibility, while the material formed a stable film, the study did not provide conclusive evidence regarding its removability without affecting the substrate, which remains a limitation. Stability was demonstrated, with the films retaining integrity under

• chemical resistance within a green-chemistry framework, but transparency and reversibility were not convincingly addressed. The TiO2 sol–gel films on Portuguese glazed tiles [68] failed to ensure transparency and stability as they induced aesthetic alterations and did not prevent biodeterioration

Reduced graphene oxide paper electrode for lithium-ion cells – towards optimized thermal reduction

• Agata Pawłowska,
• Magdalena Baran,
• Stefan Marynowicz,
• Aleksandra Izabela Banasiak,
• Adrian Racki,
• Adrian Chlanda,
• Tymoteusz Ciuk,
• Marta Wolczko and
• Andrzej Budziak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 24–37, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.3

• -ion batteries with Li4T5O12 and LiFePO4 active materials for the electrodes [13]. Chen et al. described current collectors based on rGO films [14]. Reduced graphene oxide finds further use in sodium-ion composite cathode materials as a conduction-improving agent with Prussian white as the active

• are removed after thermal reduction at 850 °C. The research presented herein extends the scope of the cited article since it concerns the structural, chemical, and physical properties of free-standing rGO thin films (i.e., reduced graphene oxide paper) with the practical purpose of performance

• Discussion SEM images are presented in Figure 2a–c. With these, the rGO paper sheet thickness was determined (Table 1), reaching from 4.95 μm for the initial M300 material [34] up to 36.48 μm after the thermal treatment. The expansion of the fabricated films originates from thermal exfoliation [42]. The

Quantitative estimation of nanoparticle/substrate adhesion by atomic force microscopy

• Aydan Çiçek,
• Markus Kratzer,
• Christian Teichert and
• Christian Mitterer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 1–14, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.1

• ], similar to friction studies on thin films [19]. Therefore, proper calibration of the normal and lateral force constants of the cantilever is crucial in order to extract quantitative, accurate, reliable, and reproducible lateral force values from AFM manipulation experiments [20]. Overall, manipulating NPs

• capturing the full complexity of the interaction. While the case from 0 to 500 V is in fair agreement with interface energies of sputter-deposited Cu films grown on SiO2/Si substrates at temperatures of 100–120 °C [56], the 1000 V case deviates substantially. This is most likely to due to the high impact

Terahertz-range on-chip local oscillator based on Josephson junction arrays for superconducting quantum-limited receivers

• Fedor V. Khan,
• Lyudmila V. Filippenko,
• Andrey B. Ermakov,
• Mikhail Yu. Fominsky and
• Valery P. Koshelets

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2296–2305, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.158

• those in the sample arrays. The S21 parameter for the coplanar line is shown by the cyan dotted line in Figure 6a and Figure 6b. The values are indicated on the right axis. The decrease is caused by the leak of the JJ array radiation into the substrate. Moreover, the parameters of the films that form

• Vgap of the tunnel junctions (see Figure 4, where Vgap ≈ 2.7 mV, which corresponds to the gap frequency of niobium films ≈650 GHz). A possible solution to address this problem is the CPW with a smaller gap width Wgap (see the inset in Figure 7). As can be seen from Figure 7, with a decreasing Wgap the

Chiral plasmonic nanostructures fabricated with circularly polarized light

• Tian Qiao and
• Ming Lee Tang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2245–2264, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.154

• ) (Figure 3a). In a typical experimental setup, AuNRs were immobilized on tens of nanometer thick TiO2 films deposited on glass. (A similar setup is shown in Figure 3d left panel for Au bipyramids (AuBPs)) Under CPL illumination, hot carriers were generated in Au. The hot electrons are diverted to the TiO2

• nanostructures in Sections 2.2 and 2.3 were collected on their thin films deposited on the substrate, with the exceptions of the AuNP in Figure 4a, chiral nanobars, and chiral AuNR@Ag NPs in Table 1. The authors of [28] provided an approach that can potentially redissolve CPL-induced chiral nanostructures in

Optical bio/chemical sensors for vitamin B₁₂ analysis in food and pharmaceuticals: state of the art, challenges, and future outlooks

• Seyed Mohammad Taghi Gharibzahedi and
• Zeynep Altintas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2207–2244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.153

• 53.5 ng/mL using graphene nanoribbons modified with specific recognition elements [96]. Moreover, Bareza et al. demonstrated the scalability and industrial applicability of this bioassay through the use of large-area nanostructured graphene films, proving the promising future of graphene-based mid-IR

Ultrathin water layers on mannosylated gold nanoparticles

• Maiara A. Iriarte Alonso,
• Jorge H. Melillo,
• Silvina Cerveny,
• Yujin Tong and
• Alexander M. Bittner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2183–2198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.151

• microbalance observations of highly hydrated cellulose films [48], which found 3.6 mol water per cellulose subunit at 97% RH. Under hydrophobic conditions, PEG AuNPs show a moderate increase in AFM height, corresponding to one water layer, not observed under hydrophilic conditions. It is possible that this is

• of dimanno-AuNPs and PEG AuNPs was recorded in a broad-band VSFG system at Fritz-Haber-Institute (Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin, Germany). Gold thin films (200 nm on 10 nm Cr on glass) were used as surfaces. Prior to sample deposition, the surfaces were cleaned with ethanol and Milli-Q water under

Electron transport through nanoscale multilayer graphene and hexagonal boron nitride junctions

• Aleksandar Staykov and
• Takaya Fujisaki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2132–2143, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.147

• [2], nanoscale electronics and electronic components [3], thermoelectric devices [4], and transparent films [5]. Graphene is a two-dimensional zero-bandgap semiconductor with excellent bulk conductivity. Its in-plane electron transport strongly depends on lattice order, lattice defects, and three

Evaluating metal-organic precursors for focused ion beam-induced deposition through solid-layer decomposition analysis

• Benedykt R. Jany,
• Katarzyna Madajska,
• Aleksandra Butrymowicz-Kubiak,
• Franciszek Krok and
• Iwona B. Szymańska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1942–1951, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.135

• masks, and resistance, with the flexibility of depositing materials on non-planar surfaces [4][5][14]. The FIBID method has several advantages compared to the FEBID technique in depositing thin films on substrates. First, ions generate more secondary electrons on the substrate surface than electrons

• previously in CVD, and β-diketonates are the most common CVD precursors, yielding films of high purity up to 99 atom % [5][15][22][23][24][25][26]. In FEBID, silver(I) carboxylates, in contrast to β-diketonates, result in high metal content in the deposits. Recent research [5] using [Ag2(μ-O2CR)2], where R

• a more in-depth understanding of the proposed pathway for successful testing of the new potential FIBID precursors. The Fabrication of the Precursor Thin Layer The metal-organic precursors films for the FIB/SEM experiments were deposited by sublimation using a glassware sublimation apparatus. The Si

Quantum circuits with SINIS structures

• Mikhail Tarasov,
• Mikhail Fominskii,
• Aleksandra Gunbina,
• Artem Krasilnikov,
• Maria Mansfeld,
• Dmitrii Kukushkin,
• Andrei Maruhno,
• Valeria Ievleva,
• Mikhail Strelkov,
• Daniil Zhogov,
• Konstantin Arutyunov,
• Vyacheslav Vdovin,
• Vladislav Stolyarov and
• Valerian Edelman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1931–1941, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.134

• tunnel junction In tunnel structures, the barrier is a dielectric layer between two metal films (often the oxide layer on the surface of the first metal layer is used as a dielectric). The first experimental study of a tunnel junction was carried out in 1960 [21] for an aluminum–aluminum oxide–lead

• are the thicknesses of the normal metal and superconductor films, respectively. Another feature of the tunnel–NIS junction is the phenomenon of electron cooling. This process is a transfer of heat from a normal metal to a superconductor and is caused by the fact that charge carriers with higher energy

Electrical, photocatalytic, and sensory properties of graphene oxide and polyimide implanted with low- and medium-energy silver ions

• Josef Novák,
• Eva Štěpanovská,
• Petr Malinský,
• Vlastimil Mazánek,
• Jan Luxa,
• Ulrich Kentsch and
• Zdeněk Sofer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1794–1811, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.123

• for the precise introduction of implanted atoms into the surface layers without the need for subsequent chemical modification, thus opening new possibilities in the development of functional thin films. In this study, Ag ions were used to modify polymer matrices to improve chemical and electronic

• yield. Such properties are promising for applications including photocatalytic water purification, self-cleaning surfaces, and light-activated antimicrobial coatings [20]. The elemental composition of the modified films was characterized by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) and elastic recoil

• often leads to the displacement of the target nuclei and to significant defect formation in the irradiated material, such as substitution defects [21]. We performed an initial estimation of the ions’ energy losses and range depth of the implanted Ag ions in GO and PI films using SRIM software [22]. This

Ambient pressure XPS at MAX IV

• Mattia Scardamaglia,
• Ulrike Küst,
• Alexander Klyushin,
• Rosemary Jones,
• Jan Knudsen,
• Robert Temperton,
• Andrey Shavorskiy and
• Esko Kokkonen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1677–1694, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.118

• performance in integrated circuits. Its precision, scalability, and ability to produce conformal films on intricate surfaces make ALD a cornerstone in the pursuit of miniaturization and enhanced performance in technology. ALD achieves such high levels of growth control by a well-separated alternating exposure

• –liquid interfaces and is particularly relevant for battery research. Corrosion Nanometer-thin and spontaneously formed oxide layers, also known as passive films, play a crucial role in the corrosion resistance of many advanced alloys. The current knowledge of the passive films’ structure and composition

• evolution of passive films under electrochemical stress [67][68]. Batteries The dip-and-pull method allows for surface-sensitive XPS measurements of interfaces that are typically hidden inside batteries. Whilst the cell geometry obviously differs dramatically from that of any conventional cell, the approach

Photocatalytic degradation of ofloxacin in water assisted by TiO₂ nanowires on carbon cloth: contributions of H₂O₂ addition and substrate absorbability

• Iram Hussain,
• Lisha Zhang,
• Zhizhen Ye and
• Jin-Ming Wu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1567–1579, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.111

• with the benchmark commercial P25 TiO2 nanoparticles deposited on a Ti substrate. All thin films were controlled to be of almost identical film thickness for a reasonable comparison. Both nanowire samples exhibit a photoactivity superior to that of the benchmark P25 when utilized in the form of thin

• films. It also indicates that the highly adsorptive carbon cloth substrate, as suggested by the dark adsorption curves in Figure 9b, contributes to the photoactivity of TiO2 nanowires. This fact indicates a synergistic effect resulting from substrate adsorption and TiO2 photodegradation. The synergistic

• effect may involve (1) carbon cloth possessing a substantial specific surface area and surface mesopores, which offers numerous adsorption sites, thereby concentrating solute molecules near the surface of thin films [13], (2) the transfer of photogenerated electrons from TiO2 to the conductive carbon

Modeling magnetic properties of cobalt nanofilms used as a component of spin hybrid superconductor–ferromagnetic structures

• Aleksey Fedotov,
• Olesya Severyukhina,
• Anastasia Salomatina and
• Anatolie Sidorenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1557–1566, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.110

• thin films and the formation of Neel domain walls. Keywords: ferromagnetic properties; LAMMPS; mathematical modeling; MEAM; molecular dynamics; spin dynamics; Introduction Thin film structures [1][2] are increasingly employed each year in a wide range of applications, serving as functional [3][4

• . Due to active experimental and theoretical research on thin films, significant progress has been made in recent years. Since the information in the field of thin film technologies is updated quite rapidly, there is a need for a thorough study and optimization of the main technological processes that

• structure and composition of Co–Ni–Fe films were evaluated, and it was found out how the deposition rate affects the conversion of a weak magnetic field into magnetic induction. In addition, thin-film structures based on Fe and Co are among the most promising materials that can be applied in the creation of

Transient electronics for sustainability: Emerging technologies and future directions

• Jae-Young Bae,
• Myung-Kyun Choi and
• Seung-Kyun Kang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1545–1556, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.109

• van der Waals films via photonic sintering allows for the development of novel forms of transient electronic devices, thereby further broadening the scope of their potential applications [31]. The foundational principles of transient electronics rest on the deliberate selection and integration of

• but also of electrical and mechanical performance. For instance, Mg-3Zn, which suffers from phase separation in bulk form, can be synthesized as a uniform alloy in thin films, offering improved corrosion resistance [61]. Moreover, bioresorbable amorphous metal (metallic glass) films have demonstrated

• thick Mg trace for up to three weeks in PBS (pH 7.4, 37 °C). However, organic films suffer from intrinsic porosity due to their polymer chain structure, which limits their water-blocking performance compared to inorganic counterparts. In contrast, inorganic coatings, traditionally employed in the field

Influence of laser beam profile on morphology and optical properties of silicon nanoparticles formed by laser ablation in liquid

• Natalie Tarasenka,
• Vladislav Kornev,
• Alena Nevar and
• Nikolai Tarasenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1533–1544, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.108

• the nanometer range and different morphologies is continuously growing. One aspect of current studies is further improvement of the properties and performance of the developed silicon-based devices. As a result, crystalline films based on silicon [1][2] as well as nano-sized silicon materials have

• become an emerging field of research [3][4][5][6][7]. The expanding application areas require silicon nanomaterials of different morphologies, including quantum dots, nanowires, and nanocrystalline films. Si nanowires, for example, are considered as a promising alternative to silicon electrodes in Li-ion

Cross-reactivities in conjugation reactions involving iron oxide nanoparticles

• Shoronia N. Cross,
• Katalin V. Korpany,
• Hanine Zakaria and
• Amy Szuchmacher Blum

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1504–1521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.106

• , Figure S1.i), we see that both samples show significant broadening, and a change in the relative intensities of the two peaks. Similar broadening and lineshapes (relative intensities) were observed for Cy5-hexafluorophosphate thin films, and attributed to H-aggregate formation [59]. With the FTIR results