Biomimetic nanoparticles in cancer photodynamic therapy: a review of targeted delivery systems and therapeutic outcomes

• Valentina I. Gorbacheva,
• Alexey S. Grabovoy,
• Polina S. Marukhina,
• Anastasiia O. Syrocheva and
• Ekaterina P. Kolesova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 396–422, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.27

• isolation procedures, heterogeneity, scalability limitations, and potential loss of membrane protein activity during processing [122]. CCM-coated platforms involve cloaking synthetic nanoparticle cores (e.g., PLGA, silica, and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs)) with membranes derived from tumor cells [123

• parent cancer cell type, restricting broad applicability, and scalability challenges in membrane production and fusion. RBC membrane-coated platforms employ the readily available membranes of RBCs to encapsulate nanoparticle cores [130]. Their primary advantages are their exceptional ability to evade the

• advantageous, the precise molecular mechanisms governing MSC homing require further elucidation, and scalability/reproducibility of MSC culture and membrane isolation remain practical challenges. Immune cell membrane-based platforms incorporate membranes from various immune cells (e.g., macrophages

Ferroelectric nanodot reservoir for neuromorphic computing

• Anna Razumnaya,
• Yuri Tikhonov,
• Dmitrii Naidenko,
• Léo Boron,
• Valerii Vinokur and
• Igor Lukyanchuk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 352–364, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.24

• distinguishes it from traditional logic-oriented implementations and brings it closer to biologically inspired neural architectures. The distinction between the single- and multiinput configurations shown in Figure 1 reflects the system’s scalability and adaptability. In real-world neuromorphic systems

• neuromorphic purposes using abstract or spin-based physical systems [43][44], the ferroelectric platform described here uniquely combines analog configurability, scalability, and low-energy operation due to the intrinsic dielectric polarization physics. In contrast to spintronic or CMOS-based implementations

Beam shaping techniques for pulsed laser ablation in liquids: Unlocking tunable control of nanoparticle synthesis in liquids

• Sergio Molina-Prados,
• Nadezhda M. Bulgakova,
• Alexander V. Bulgakov,
• Jesus Lancis,
• Gladys Mínguez Vega and
• Carlos Doñate-Buendia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 309–342, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.22

• categories, that is, catalysis [90], advanced materials [91], sensing and filtration [92], and bio-applications [93]. Figure 2 schematically illustrates this classification. However, several limitations remain that hinder the widespread industrial adoption of PLAL, including the overall yield and scalability

Advancing nanolithography: a comprehensive review of materials for local anodic oxidation with AFM

• Matteo Lorenzoni

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 275–291, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.19

• dichalcogenides, demonstrate unique oxidation behaviors, enabling high-resolution applications in electronics and quantum devices. Recent advancements, such as electrode-free LAO, have expanded the range of applicable materials and improved the precision and scalability of the process. This paper also aims to

• ], making it the preferred technique for large-scale, uniform coatings. However, LAO remains advantageous for high-resolution, direct-write patterning at the nanoscale, despite its limited scalability. Furthermore, the resulting LAO oxide can be easily etched by mild acid solutions [40] or water [24]. A

• precision. EBL, although not a scanning probe technique, remains the industrial standard for high-resolution patterning and sets the baseline for assessing scalability and throughput. Their inclusion highlights where LAO stands relative to established nanolithography methods and clarifies its unique

Safe and sustainable by design with ML/AI: A transformative approach to advancing nanotechnology

• Georgia Melagraki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 176–185, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.11

• . Role of ML/AI for scalability and complexity The increasing complexity of ENMs calls for advanced, data-driven computational tools to enhance analysis and decision-making. ML and AI play a crucial role in this effort, offering powerful capabilities for: (1) Predictive toxicology: AI-driven quantitative

From shield to spear: Charge-reversible nanocarriers in overcoming cancer therapy barriers

• Madhuri Yeduvaka,
• Pooja Mittal,
• Ameer Boyalakuntla,
• Usman Bee Shaik,
• Himanshu Sharma,
• Thakur Gurjeet Singh,
• Siva Nageswara Rao Gajula and
• Lakshmi Vineela Nalla

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 159–175, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.10

• theranostics. Despite these promising developments, challenges related to nanocarrier stability, safety, manufacturing scalability, and regulatory approval still impede clinical translation. Nevertheless, emerging trends in nanocarrier design, the advancement of personalised medicine, and integration with

• reproducibility among various formulations [97]. In addition, the synthesis of CRNs often involves elaborate multistep processes to achieve accurate charge-switching properties, which can lead to inconsistencies between production batches and create scalability challenges [98]. The inclusion of diverse functional

Capabilities of the 3D-MLSI software tool in superconducting neuron design

• Irina E. Tarasova,
• Nikita S. Shuravin,
• Liubov N. Karelina,
• Fedor A. Razorenov,
• Evgeny N. Zhardetsky,
• Aleksandr S. Ionin,
• Mikhail M. Khapaev and
• Vitaly V. Bol’ginov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 122–138, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.8

• and Gauss neurons whose layouts (see Figure 5) were obtained mainly by scaling down previously studied prototypes [26][27]. Some design adjustments were made also to explore the scalability of neurons layouts and to suppress screen-mediated interactions. In particular, the minimum linewidth of the

Functional surface engineering for cultural heritage protection: the role of superhydrophobic and superoleophobic coatings – a comprehensive review

• Giuseppe Cesare Lama,
• Marino Lavorgna,
• Letizia Verdolotti,
• Federica Recupido,
• Giovanna Giuliana Buonocore and
• Bharat Bhushan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 63–96, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.6

Chiral plasmonic nanostructures fabricated with circularly polarized light

• Tian Qiao and
• Ming Lee Tang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2245–2264, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.154

• that templated the growth of quasihelical shells on the NC surface (Figure 1e). These seeded-growth methods have several advantages, namely, ease of synthesis, homogeneity and large optical dissymmetry of the product, scalability, and relatively low cost. Therefore, much effort has been devoted on

Optical bio/chemical sensors for vitamin B₁₂ analysis in food and pharmaceuticals: state of the art, challenges, and future outlooks

• Seyed Mohammad Taghi Gharibzahedi and
• Zeynep Altintas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2207–2244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.153

• 53.5 ng/mL using graphene nanoribbons modified with specific recognition elements [96]. Moreover, Bareza et al. demonstrated the scalability and industrial applicability of this bioassay through the use of large-area nanostructured graphene films, proving the promising future of graphene-based mid-IR

Missing links in nanomaterials research impacting productivity and perceptions

• Santosh K. Tiwari and
• Nannan Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2168–2176, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.149

• manufacturable products, supported by co-funded pilot projects and shared IP models. (3) Implement strategic and transparent funding models that prioritize translational potential, incorporating techno-economic analyses, reproducibility metrics, and scalability considerations to accelerate technology readiness

Toward clinical translation of carbon nanomaterials in anticancer drug delivery: the need for standardisation

• Michał Bartkowski,
• Francesco Calzaferri and
• Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2092–2104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.144

• to maintain the desired therapeutic and safety profiles. Assessing this aspect includes quantifying the density and distribution of attached ligands or therapeutic agents. In addition to evaluating the NMs themselves, the manufacturing process must be carefully monitored. Reproducibility, scalability

• well as opportunities [48]. These include regulatory hurdles, safety and efficacy concerns, manufacturing scalability, cost-effectiveness, and intellectual property considerations (Figure 4). Regulatory approval processes are often lengthy and vary by country, requiring early engagement with agencies

Targeting the vector of arboviruses Aedes aegypti with nanoemulsions based on essential oils: a review with focus on larvicidal and repellent properties

• Laryssa Ferreira do Nascimento Silva,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros,
• Mariana Alice Gonzaga Gabú,
• Maria Cecilia Queiroga dos Santos,
• Daiane Rodrigues dos Santos,
• Mylena Lemos dos Santos,
• Gabriel Bezerra Faierstein,
• Rosângela Maria Rodrigues Barbosa and
• Fabio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1894–1913, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.132

Self-assembly and adhesive properties of Pollicipes pollicipes barnacle cement protein cp19k: influence of pH and ionic strength

• Shrutika Sawant,
• Anne Marie Power and
• J. Gerard Wall

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1863–1872, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.129

• scalability concerns [10]. Additionally, M. edulis Mfp exhibits optimal adhesion under acidic conditions [11], potentially limiting its biomedical application. Meanwhile, synthetic sealants based on DOPA functionalisation of natural or synthetic polymers have shown promise in biomedical applications, but

• , permanent attachment to a wide range of natural and synthetic surfaces [1][14][15]. Notably, the absence of DOPA means that several barnacle cement proteins have been produced in E. coli, providing an advantage over mussel adhesive proteins in terms of reproducibility and scalability [16][17][18][19][20][21

On the road to sustainability – application of metallic nanoparticles obtained by green synthesis in dentistry: a scoping review

• Lorena Pinheiro Vasconcelos Silva,
• Joice Catiane Soares Martins,
• Israel Luís Carvalho Diniz,
• Júlio Abreu Miranda,
• Danilo Rodrigues de Souza,
• Éverton do Nascimento Alencar,
• Moan Jéfter Fernandes Costa and
• Pedro Henrique Sette-de-Souza

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1851–1862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.128

• properties. Only a minority of studies investigated mechanisms of action (18.9%; n = 16) or addressed the scalability and reproducibility of the synthesis process (17.6%; n = 15), which are crucial for industrial and clinical translation. Comparisons with conventional treatments or commercial products were

Current status of using adsorbent nanomaterials for removing microplastics from water supply systems: a mini review

• Nguyen Thi Nhan and
• Tran Le Luu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1837–1850, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.127

• ensure their safe integration into existing water treatment infrastructures [119]. Furthermore, addressing challenges such as high production costs, scalability, and the risk of secondary pollution is imperative for the widespread adoption of nanomaterial-based technologies in MP elimination [120

• scalability, adsorbent nanomaterials offer a strong foundation for sustainable solutions that safeguard both human health and aquatic ecosystems. Sources and distribution of MPs in environmental systems. An illustration of the four main groups and mechanisms of adsorbent nanomaterials. SEM and TEM image of

Phytol-loaded soybean oil nanoemulsion as a promising alternative against Leishmania amazonensis

• Victória Louise Pinto Freire,
• Mariana Farias Alves-Silva,
• Johny W. de Freitas Oliveira,
• Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa,
• Alianda Maira Cornélio,
• Marcelo de Souza-Silva,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros and
• Arnóbio Antônio da Silva Junior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1826–1836, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.126

• permeation. Nevertheless, the present findings indicate that entrapment enhances selectivity and therapeutic efficacy of phytol. Therefore, PHYT-NE emerges as a promising and safe alternative for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis, warranting additional evaluations to access the scalability potential

Exploring the potential of polymers: advancements in oral nanocarrier technology

• Rousilândia de Araujo Silva,
• Igor Eduardo Silva Arruda,
• Luise Lopes Chaves,
• Mônica Felts de La Roca Soares and
• Jose Lamartine Soares Sobrinho

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1751–1793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.122

• frequently involve non-biodegradable monomers, generate non-biocompatible byproducts, and require extensive purification to eliminate potentially toxic residues, thereby complicating scalability and regulatory compliance. Moreover, the use of free radicals or ultraviolet light to initiate polymerization

Ambient pressure XPS at MAX IV

• Mattia Scardamaglia,
• Ulrike Küst,
• Alexander Klyushin,
• Rosemary Jones,
• Jan Knudsen,
• Robert Temperton,
• Andrey Shavorskiy and
• Esko Kokkonen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1677–1694, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.118

• performance in integrated circuits. Its precision, scalability, and ability to produce conformal films on intricate surfaces make ALD a cornerstone in the pursuit of miniaturization and enhanced performance in technology. ALD achieves such high levels of growth control by a well-separated alternating exposure

Prospects of nanotechnology and natural products for cancer and immunotherapy

• Jan Filipe Andrade Santos,
• Marcela Bernardes Brasileiro,
• Pamela Danielle Cavalcante Barreto,
• Ligiane Aranha Rocha and
• José Adão Carvalho Nascimento Júnior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1644–1667, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.116

• biological environments, potential immunogenicity, scalability of manufacturing processes, and the need for comprehensive long-term toxicity studies [20][21]. Overcoming biological barriers, such as penetration through the dense tumor extracellular matrix, also remains a major hurdle [19]. Nevertheless

• compounds must have properties that contribute to a stable formulation, difficulty in controlling physicochemical characteristics, such as particle size, which can affect reproducibility and scalability, and problems related to rapid clearance and interaction with non-target tissues, mainly due to the

Nanotechnology-based approaches for the removal of microplastics from wastewater: a comprehensive review

• Nayanathara O Sanjeev,
• Manjunath Singanodi Vallabha and
• Rebekah Rubidha Lisha Rabi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1607–1632, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.114

• for MP monitoring. Despite high laboratory scale efficiencies, there are several challenges such as material scalability, environmental safety, regulatory frameworks, and real water applicability. This study proposes future directions for sustainable nanotechnology deployment, including green

• scalability remain ongoing challenges. Physical processes Various membrane filtration technologies have been employed to mitigate MP pollution, including microfiltration, membrane bioreactors, reverse osmosis, dynamic membranes, and ultrafiltration. Additionally, media filtration techniques, such as sand

• system complexity. Preventive approaches, such as glutenin-genipin cross-linked coatings, effectively reduce plastic shedding under harsh conditions using biodegradable materials; however, they address only source control and lack proven scalability. Imine-functionalized mesoporous magnetic silica

Transient electronics for sustainability: Emerging technologies and future directions

• Jae-Young Bae,
• Myung-Kyun Choi and
• Seung-Kyun Kang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1545–1556, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.109

• environment, thus serving as a foundational element in the realization of high-performance bioresorbable electronic systems. Fabrication strategies and scalability of bioresorbable electronics Hybrid architectures that combine the high-performance characteristics of inorganic electronic components with the

• , and high-throughput manufacturing of bioresorbable electronics, supporting both scalability and device integration. Early demonstrations have successfully produced temperature [6][14][27][75][76], strain [6][14][27][77][78], and pH sensors [6][27][75][79] based on silicon and bioresorbable metals

• materials will be a key research direction, especially as it aligns with the future scalability and applicability of bioresorbable and transient electronic devices. Another critical frontier lies in protective encapsulation strategies that balance mechanical flexibility, moisture resistance, and eventual

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

• potential in applications like catalysis. This technique has become a valuable addition to the toolbox of nanoparticle synthesis, offering enhanced precision and scalability for advanced materials and applications [6][29][30]. The synthesis of lead telluride (PbTe) NPs was successfully performed through

• mobility of charged particles in a suspension under an electric field to deposit them onto a substrate (Figure 14e). The key advantages of EPD include precise control over film thickness, uniform deposition, scalability for large-area coatings, and compatibility with a variety of materials achieved through

The role of biochar in combating microplastic pollution: a bibliometric analysis in environmental contexts

• Tuan Minh Truong Dang,
• Thao Thu Thi Huynh,
• Guo-Ping Chang-Chien and
• Ha Manh Bui

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1401–1416, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.102

• , particularly for smaller MPs. The scalability of biochar applications requires further validation through pilot studies and field-scale implementation. Additionally, the integration of biochar with advanced treatment technologies, such as fluidized-bed systems, could enhance process feasibility. Regulatory

Ferroptosis induction by engineered liposomes for enhanced tumor therapy

• Alireza Ghasempour,
• Mohammad Amin Tokallou,
• Mohammad Reza Naderi Allaf,
• Mohsen Moradi,
• Hamideh Dehghan,
• Mahsa Sedighi,
• Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi and
• Fahimeh Lavi Arab

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1325–1349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.97

• allow for better control of liposome size, lamellarity, and drug loading. For example, microfluidics, membrane contactors, and pressure-controlled processes can improve EE, reduce organic solvent residues, and improve scalability and reproducibility [111][112][113]. The most commonly used synthesis

• traditional methods, such as thin film hydration, to produce liposomes and lipid nanoparticles [113][120]. Microfluidics offers exceptional control over particle size, lower variability, higher EE, and better scalability, making it the most advanced and practical approach for nanoparticle production [115][119