Optical bio/chemical sensors for vitamin B₁₂ analysis in food and pharmaceuticals: state of the art, challenges, and future outlooks

• Seyed Mohammad Taghi Gharibzahedi and
• Zeynep Altintas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2207–2244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.153

• AuNP suspensions is substantially influenced by their particle size and dispersion speed. 10–20 nm AuNPs with a narrow size distribution tend to absorb light from the blue-green spectrum and reflect red light. In contrast, their aggregation leads to a light absorption shift to longer wavelengths

• sample–conjugate interaction, a nitrocellulose membrane for VB12–bovine serum albumin (BSA) conjugation, secondary antibodies as test and control lines, and an absorbent pad for waste. Designed for the small molecular size of VB12, this structure ensures its competitive binding to antibodies. A crucial

Electromagnetic study of a split-ring resonator metamaterial with cold-electron bolometers

• Ekaterina A. Matrozova,
• Alexander V. Chiginev,
• Leonid S. Revin and
• Andrey L. Pankratov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2199–2206, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.152

• bandwidth. The trade-off between the bandwidth expansion due to miniaturization and the reduction in absorption efficiency determined by the Airy spot size of the coupling lens is investigated. To solve this issue, a simultaneous miniaturization of the size of the entire structure with an increase in the

• , enabling operation in a wide frequency range from gigahertz frequencies to X-rays [6][7][8] due to a normal-metal absorber. CEBs offer several advantages over other types of receivers such as transition edge sensors [9][10][11]. These advantages include their micrometer-scale size, which facilitates direct

• of dext = 80 μm and an inner ring diameter of dint = 70 μm. The lattice constant (period) of the metamaterial array is P = 86 μm. The total size of the structure is 424 μm. A large-scale SRR has an outer ring with an external diameter of dext,1 = 80 μm and an internal diameter of dint,1 = 70 μm. The

Ultrathin water layers on mannosylated gold nanoparticles

• Maiara A. Iriarte Alonso,
• Jorge H. Melillo,
• Silvina Cerveny,
• Yujin Tong and
• Alexander M. Bittner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2183–2198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.151

• century [3]. They are investigated, for example, regarding drug delivery [4], but they are also parts of actual products, for example, of sensors [5]. All this is based on the ease of synthesis, chemical stability, size tuneability, and unique optical properties [6]. The extreme dependence of the

• properties on particle size and shape has been demonstrated for particle sizes in the 1–100 nm range and on biological interfaces [7]. Limited biocompatibility and high tendency to aggregate in solution inspired new mechanisms of particle biofunctionalization with proteins, lipids, or carbohydrates. Coupling

• high and the shape cannot be identical (hemagglutinin is roughly a triangular 7 nm prism of 15 nm length), the size is in the typical NP range, and a dense coating with oligomannoside should mimic surface physics. Accordingly, we note that the adsorption of AuNPs on surfaces would mimic the survival of

Missing links in nanomaterials research impacting productivity and perceptions

• Santosh K. Tiwari and
• Nannan Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2168–2176, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.149

• equipment, especially characterization tools used for nanosystems, are unavoidable challenges. Another critical challenge is the precision required to produce nanomaterials. The unique properties of nanomaterials arise from controlled particle size, but achieving the desired size and uniformity is extremely

• nanomaterials becomes a tedious and expensive task, often more so than for advanced bulk materials. It is indispensable to acknowledge that even after detailed characterization, warranting that even 90% of the nanoparticles have uniform size and identical surface characteristics is difficult. This is largely

• due to the inherent instability of 0D, 1D, and 2D nanomaterials [23]. That is why, in most cases, nanomaterials require a specific medium and controlled environment for stability. In the same line, due their high surface energy, large surface area, and small size, nanomaterials naturally tend to

Microplastic pollution in Himalayan lakes: assessment, risks, and sustainable remediation strategies

• Sameeksha Rawat,
• S. M. Tauseef and
• Madhuben Sharma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2144–2167, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.148

• regional results, Table 1 reports documented MP density in some Himalayan freshwater lakes and their typology. Table 2 is a compilation of the most commonly reported dominant polymers and morphologies, as well as the size classes, of MPs in Himalayan lakes. 3.2 Impact on biodiversity, water quality, and

• generally render conventional methods, for example, trawling plankton nets in surface water, infeasible owing to transport and size constraints of equipment [31]. This has given rise to sampling devices that are both portable and light, specifically tailored for use in remote environments. For example

• than SEM. It is particularly useful in morphological examination, size grading, and rapid particle identification. The combination of optical microscopes and modern digital imaging techniques allows for automatic particle classification and counting, which greatly decreases the extent of human

Quality by design optimization of microemulsions for topical delivery of Passiflora setacea seed oil

• Daniel T. Pereira,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Danielle T. Freire,
• Dayanne L. Porto,
• Cícero F. S. Aragão,
• Myla L. de Souza,
• Guilherme R. S. de Araujo,
• Ana Maria Costa,
• Wógenes N. Oliveira,
• Anne Sapin-Minet,
• Éverton N. Alencar and
• Eryvaldo Sócrates T. Egito

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2116–2131, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.146

• evaluated over a 60 day period (Figure 7A). Throughout this time, no significant changes were detected in particle size, with the hydrodynamic diameter consistently remaining below 100 nm, and the PdI remaining below 0.20, confirming the physical stability of the base microemulsion and its preservation of

• accurately reflect the true droplet size distribution in the MEgel. This phenomenon is evident from the apparent increase in mean hydrodynamic diameter to 45.1 nm and PdI to 0.27, which is attributed to NaCMC matrix scattering rather than actual droplet growth [40]. A comparison of the hydrodynamic diameter

• results, further studies are required to address the limitations identified, including droplet size characterization of MEgel, comprehensive cytotoxicity assessments, and wound healing assays. Overall, the developed microemulsion system represents a promising nanocarrier-based strategy for topical

Rapid synthesis of highly monodisperse AgSbS₂ nanocrystals: unveiling multifaceted activities in cancer therapy, antibacterial strategies, and antioxidant defense

• Funda Ulusu,
• Adem Sarilmaz,
• Yakup Ulusu,
• Faruk Ozel and
• Mahmut Kus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2105–2115, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.145

• , indicating robust crystallization. Moreover, the presence of prominent peaks aligning with (220), (311), (420), and (511) planes confirmed alignment with XRD results. Furthermore, utilizing particle size distribution analysis, the crystallite size of average particles was estimated, as illustrated in the

• inset in Figure 2c. The particle size distribution graphs in this image unequivocally affirmed the successful attainment of the desired homogeneity. Biological applications Antibacterial activity of AgSbS2 NCs Disc diffusion. The antimicrobial activity of AgSbS2 NCs at a concentration of 10 mg/mL

• act as a barrier, reducing the uptake of antimicrobial agents, thus, increasing the required inhibitory concentrations. Similar results have been observed for silver, ZnO, and other metal chalcogenide nanoparticles, which show higher MIC/MBC values for E. coli compared to S. aureus [41]. In size

Toward clinical translation of carbon nanomaterials in anticancer drug delivery: the need for standardisation

• Michał Bartkowski,
• Francesco Calzaferri and
• Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2092–2104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.144

• affairs. Achieving these key milestones is critical to developing a safe and effective drug delivery system that can improve the treatment of cancer. The process begins with the synthesis of CNMs tailored to specific size and surface chemistry requirements, using methods such as chemical vapour deposition

• , laser ablation, or electrochemical techniques, among others. These CNMs must then be thoroughly characterised to confirm their structural and physicochemical properties, including size, shape, charge, surface functionality, stability, and potential toxicity. Following characterisation, anticancer

• safety. Insights from these studies guide further optimisation of the delivery system, which may involve adjusting particle size, surface chemistry, or drug-loading strategies. Once optimised and evaluated, the system enters regulatory review, requiring preclinical safety and efficacy data to meet

Molecular and mechanical insights into gecko seta adhesion: multiscale simulations combining molecular dynamics and the finite element method

• Yash Jain,
• Saeed Norouzi,
• Tobias Materzok,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Florian Müller-Plathe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2055–2076, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.141

• FEM–MD iterations at each step. The maximum loading rate that can be imposed and the number of iterations per load step depend on the system size and dynamics. Since the FEM calculation is static and lacks time information, the time corresponding to a load step, Δtls, is estimated using the MD time

• of around 0.004–0.1% of the system size per load step was effective. For our seta model, a 1 nm displacement is 0.004% of the initial height. Furthermore, a parameter study for our polymer models [47] showed that should be small enough (50–100% of a polymer bond length) to avoid a excessively large

• multiscale model, there were 16 bridging domains (BDs), one for each spatula. Each BD needed to be of a size that could be described by both (MD and FEM) methods. The FE portion of each BD was roughly 79 × 75 × 50 nm3 in size, and the overlapping MD portion was roughly 40 × 36 × 39 nm3 (Figure 7). The number

Stereodiscrimination of guests in chiral organosilica aerogels studied by ESR spectroscopy

• Sebastian Polarz,
• Yasar Krysiak,
• Martin Wessig and
• Florian Kuhlmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2034–2054, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.140

• aerogel. Characterization data for the prepared SIL is shown in Supporting Information File 1, Figure S1. A monolithic material with a large porosity and a polydisperse pore system in the size range Dpore = 50–300 nm was obtained. The specific surface area is ABET = 946 m2·g−1 according to nitrogen

• also discussed in several of our past papers [42][43][44][45][46]. Exemplarily, Figure 3 shows the behavior in an achiral silica aerogel. Because of the large pore size, the spin probe behaves almost like in a free solution. The spectra recorded at T = 273 K are characteristic of a freely rotating 3CP

• temperature until almost all spin probes are mobile at room temperature (Figure 4b). The interaction enthalpy of the spin probe with the pore walls of the aerogel is relatively low, and, together with the relatively large size of the pores, a higher temperature easily induces detachment from the surfaces. If

Beyond the shell: exploring polymer–lipid interfaces in core–shell nanofibers to carry hyaluronic acid and β-caryophyllene

• Aline Tavares da Silva Barreto,
• Francisco Alexandrino-Júnior,
• Bráulio Soares Arcanjo,
• Paulo Henrique de Souza Picciani and
• Kattya Gyselle de Holanda e Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2015–2033, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.139

• unimodal distribution with a polydispersity index (PDI) range of 0.218. Most of the formed nanoemulsions are small in size and well distributed (Figure 1). The most favorable processing conditions for obtaining uniform fibers – free of surface roughness and with fewer beads – were determined based on

• pores. The pore formation on the shell surface is a potential mechanism for regulating the release of the core content [56][57]. A biomedical scaffold must possess suitable pore size and a high level of porosity. The porosity of the scaffold in tissue engineering applications should be adequate. A study

• syringe pump. Electrospinning parameters were as follows: an applied voltage of 17 kV, a flow rate of 0.25 mL/h, a needle-to-collector distance of 12 cm, and a processing time of 5 h. Physicochemical characterizations Droplet size NE-βCp were characterized for hydrodynamic diameter (z-average) and PDI

The cement of the tube-dwelling polychaete Sabellaria alveolata: a complex composite adhesive material

• Emilie Duthoo,
• Aurélie Lambert,
• Pierre Becker,
• Carla Pugliese,
• Jean-Marc Baele,
• Arnaud Delfairière,
• Matthew J. Harrington and
• Patrick Flammang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1998–2014, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.138

• hybridization probe synthesis, a second PCR was done with a T7 promoter binding site (5′-GGATCCTAATACGACTCACTATAGG-3′) added to reverse strand PCR primers. After quality and size check by gel electrophoresis, PCR products were purified using the Wizard SV Gel and PCR clean-up system kit (Promega). The purified

• glass beads, while their inner core is porous (Figure 2C–E). The pores revealed by the cohesive failure of the cement present diameters varying from approximately 0.25 to 4 µm (Figure 2C–E). Pores are larger in the center of the cement spot and decrease in size towards the edges (Figure 2C). In an

• it a smooth appearance. The hollow spheroids, measuring about 0.3–6.8 μm in diameter, appear empty at their centers. Their cortex is electron-dense and possesses a concentric lamellar structure. The thickness of this cortex also seems to increase with the spheroid size and can measure up to 400 nm

Laser ablation in liquids for shape-tailored synthesis of nanomaterials: status and challenges

• Natalie Tarasenka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1963–1997, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.137

• Natalie Tarasenka Department of Design, Manufacturing and Engineering Management, University of Strathclyde, 75 Montrose st., G1 1XQ, Glasgow, UK 10.3762/bjnano.16.137 Abstract Shape-and size-controlled synthesis of nanomaterials has been a long-term aim and challenge of modern nanotechnology

• of NP size and size distribution. As a result, the crucial experimental parameters were determined providing strategies to reduce the formation of large NPs and to produce monodisperse small nanocrystals [1][5]. However, the goal of controlled nanomaterials synthesis by PLAL is still not completely

• surface free energy is determined as work per unit area required for the formation of a new surface [12]. Therefore, it is a fundamental parameter that determines nanoparticle growth and stability of different particle shapes. The surface energy is dependent on a multitude of parameters, including NP size

Mechanical property measurements enabled by short-term Fourier-transform of atomic force microscopy thermal deflection analysis

• Thomas Mathias,
• Roland Bennewitz and
• Philip Egberts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1952–1962, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.136

• dynamic mechanics models relating the contact stiffness of the tip/cantilever pressing into a surface with the oscillation frequency of the cantilever and show that they did not accurately model the experiment. Several material combinations of tip and sample were examined; tip size and cantilever

• used to determine the size of the tip–sample contact, assuming the relevant material parameters of the system examined. Finally, the same experiment and data analysis was performed with other substrates and AFM tip materials to further explore the analytical CR-AFM models. Methods Experimental design

• the stiffness of the n-th oscillation mode, and y0 is an offset value [21]. Fits of these resonant peaks using the non-linear least squares method yielded the parameters fn, Qn, and Dn. To ensure accurate fits to the resonance peak, the window size N, impacting the frequency resolution (fΔ) of the

Evaluating metal-organic precursors for focused ion beam-induced deposition through solid-layer decomposition analysis

• Benedykt R. Jany,
• Katarzyna Madajska,
• Aleksandra Butrymowicz-Kubiak,
• Franciszek Krok and
• Iwona B. Szymańska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1942–1951, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.135

• , leading to faster deposition growth (around 100 times). Second, FIBID deposits have higher metal content and lower resistivity compared to FEBID. However, there are some disadvantages to FIBID, such as the larger size of noble gas and metal ions that penetrate to smaller depths in solids and result in

Quantum circuits with SINIS structures

• Mikhail Tarasov,
• Mikhail Fominskii,
• Aleksandra Gunbina,
• Artem Krasilnikov,
• Maria Mansfeld,
• Dmitrii Kukushkin,
• Andrei Maruhno,
• Valeria Ievleva,
• Mikhail Strelkov,
• Daniil Zhogov,
• Konstantin Arutyunov,
• Vyacheslav Vdovin,
• Vladislav Stolyarov and
• Valerian Edelman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1931–1941, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.134

• nanostructure consisting of a T-shaped normal metal electrode (copper), an insulating tunnel layer (aluminum oxide), and a superconducting fork (aluminum), Figure 2a. Tunnel junction size is 0.2 × 0.2 µm, loop area 2, 4, 8, or 10 µm2. The transport characteristics of the fabricated interferometers were studied

• integrated in twin-slot and double-dipole antennas. The miniature size of SINIS detectors allows them to be integrated into antennas of various types. Also, the detector itself is not frequency-selective, but by integrating such devices into various antennas and using additional filter elements, the

PEGylated lipids in lipid nanoparticle delivery dynamics and therapeutic innovation

• Peiyang Gao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1914–1930, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.133

• properties of LNPs including particle size, surface charge, and encapsulation efficiency. Subsequent sections explore the roles of PEG lipids in modulating protein corona formation and cellular uptake. The latter parts highlight the potential of functionalized PEG lipids for targeted delivery and the

• particle size decreasing from 173.9 nm at 1 mol % to 109.1 nm at 5 mol %. Meanwhile, the PDI increased modestly from 0.060 to 0.146 with the increase of PEG density from 1 to 5 mol %, indicating a slight broadening in size distribution and less LNP homogeneity at higher PEG levels. The surface charge on

• fraction of PEG lipids can affect LNP characterizations. In DMPE-PEG5k LNPs, increasing the PEG lipid fraction from 1.5 mol % to 5 mol % resulted in no significant change in particle size but led to a substantial encapsulation efficiency drop from over 90% to below 80%. While in LNPs incorporating Chol-PEG

Targeting the vector of arboviruses Aedes aegypti with nanoemulsions based on essential oils: a review with focus on larvicidal and repellent properties

• Laryssa Ferreira do Nascimento Silva,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros,
• Mariana Alice Gonzaga Gabú,
• Maria Cecilia Queiroga dos Santos,
• Daiane Rodrigues dos Santos,
• Mylena Lemos dos Santos,
• Gabriel Bezerra Faierstein,
• Rosângela Maria Rodrigues Barbosa and
• Fabio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1894–1913, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.132

• , and inefficient urban and rural development planning measures. Thus, due to climatic and social conditions, tropical and subtropical regions are considered favorable for the development of this mosquito [43]. Ae. aegypti mosquitoes are small in size, black in color, and have white spots [44

• to the 1st instar stage (L1). Larvae rapidly progress to the 2nd instar stage (L2), and subsequently to the 3rd instar stage (L3) larvae. The transition from L3 to the 4th instar stage (L4) occurs more gradually, as larvae must achieve sufficient size and weight to initiate metamorphosis into pupae

• biomedical applications. These include: (a) superior stability during storage compared to that of macroemulsions, attributed to their small droplet size, which prevents flocculation, creaming, and sedimentation; (b) enhanced bioavailability and improved aqueous solubility of lipophilic molecules; (c

Programmable soliton dynamics in all-Josephson-junction logic cells and networks

• Vsevolod I. Ruzhickiy,
• Anastasia A. Maksimovskaya,
• Sergey V. Bakurskiy,
• Andrey E. Schegolev,
• Maxim V. Tereshonok,
• Mikhail Yu. Kupriyanov,
• Nikolay V. Klenov and
• Igor I. Soloviev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1883–1893, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.131

• exploit this sparsity when solving the system. The equations are integrated numerically using an adaptive-step-size solver based on the explicit Runge–Kutta (4th and 5th order) formula, commonly known as the Dormand–Prince pair [44][45], which is well suited for this class of non-stiff problems. The

Low-temperature AFM with a microwave cavity optomechanical transducer

• Ermes Scarano,
• Elisabet K. Arvidsson,
• August K. Roos,
• Erik Holmgren,
• Riccardo Borgani,
• Mats O. Tholén and
• David B. Haviland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1873–1882, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.130

• on a silicon substrate. Each unit cell in the pattern contains different shapes as shown in the SEM image in Figure 6a. The tapered arms of crosses and ribbons shrink to reach a nominal minimum feature size of 20 nm. Figure 6b shows a FM-AFM image of the 1 µm × 1 µm scan area corresponding to the

On the road to sustainability – application of metallic nanoparticles obtained by green synthesis in dentistry: a scoping review

• Lorena Pinheiro Vasconcelos Silva,
• Joice Catiane Soares Martins,
• Israel Luís Carvalho Diniz,
• Júlio Abreu Miranda,
• Danilo Rodrigues de Souza,
• Éverton do Nascimento Alencar,
• Moan Jéfter Fernandes Costa and
• Pedro Henrique Sette-de-Souza

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1851–1862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.128

• biomaterials [16][17]. Owing to their high adaptability to various metals, including silver, zinc, iron, and platinum, their operational simplicity, and the ability to control nanoparticle size and morphology by selecting plant extracts and reaction conditions, green synthesis is gaining increasing prominence

• morphology and size, which are crucial for optimizing biological activity [8][38]. The Myrtaceae family, particularly Syzygium aromaticum, is a well-established source of eugenol, a potent phenolic compound with known antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, enhancing the bioactivity of synthesized

• between them and results in more uniform nucleation and better control over particle size and morphology. Moreover, continuous stirring prevents aggregation of the nanoparticles, contributing to their colloidal stability. Studies have shown that variations in stirring speed can significantly impact the

Current status of using adsorbent nanomaterials for removing microplastics from water supply systems: a mini review

• Nguyen Thi Nhan and
• Tran Le Luu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1837–1850, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.127

• (MPs) related to public health and environmental risks have gained significant attention [1]. Because of their small size, high surface area, and hydrophobic properties, MPs can act as vectors for toxic chemicals, including heavy metals (lead, cadmium, or mercury) and persistent organic pollutants like

• distribution pipeline network. Depending on different characteristics, including the material of pipeline, distance of transportation, analytical methods, and the size of the MPs targeted, the concentration of MPs in water will fluctuate, as shown in Table 1. Research indicated that raw water sources (rivers

• between 338 and 628 particles·L−1 [36]. Due to their small size and chemical stability, MPs can pass through conventional water treatment processes and infiltrate water supply systems. As reported in the study by Dalmau-Soler et al., 38% of drinking water samples from the supply network contained MPs

Phytol-loaded soybean oil nanoemulsion as a promising alternative against Leishmania amazonensis

• Victória Louise Pinto Freire,
• Mariana Farias Alves-Silva,
• Johny W. de Freitas Oliveira,
• Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa,
• Alianda Maira Cornélio,
• Marcelo de Souza-Silva,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros and
• Arnóbio Antônio da Silva Junior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1826–1836, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.126

• least 30 days of storage and at least 15 days even under stress conditions, with no signs of macroscopic instability or changes in droplet size. The cytocompatibility of NEs was confirmed in 3T3 fibroblasts at the concentrations tested, indicating potential safety for in vivo trials. Notably, PHYT-NE

• inversion composition (PIC) method (Figure 1a), and exhibited droplet diameters of approximately 140 and 210 nm, respectively. An increase in droplet size was observed upon PHYT incorporation (p < 0.05). The polydispersity index (PdI) of the samples was below 0.2, indicating a monodisperse distribution, as

• shown in the size distribution graph (Figure 1b). Moreover, the zeta potential (ZP) of both samples was around −20 mV, with no significant changes upon phytol loading. To evaluate the shape and morphological characteristics of the nanoemulsions, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis was

Further insights into the thermodynamics of linear carbon chains for temperatures ranging from 13 to 300 K

• Alexandre Rocha Paschoal,
• Thiago Alves de Moura,
• Juan S. Rodríguez-Hernández,
• Carlos William de Araujo Paschoal,
• Yoong Ahm Kim,
• Morinobu Endo and
• Paulo T. Araujo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1818–1825, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.125

• parameters associated with LCC. Note that the C-band is a spectroscopic signature widely used to identify distinct LCC since ωLCC is dependent on the number of carbon atoms forming the chain (i.e., ωLCC is size/length dependent). Results and Discussion The LCC encapsulated by multiwalled CNT (LCC@MWCNT) were

• temperature, ωLCC is dependent on the chain length (i.e., N-dependent) as well (see Figure 3b). This is an expected behavior since the size of the chain affects the bond length alternation (BLA) strength of the polyynes. Figure 2a shows the evolution of ωLCC with T, and again, it is noteworthy that no matter

Electrical, photocatalytic, and sensory properties of graphene oxide and polyimide implanted with low- and medium-energy silver ions

• Josef Novák,
• Eva Štěpanovská,
• Petr Malinský,
• Vlastimil Mazánek,
• Jan Luxa,
• Ulrich Kentsch and
• Zdeněk Sofer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1794–1811, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.123

• and exposed to UV light (254 nm, 40 W) for 180 min. Subsequently, the rhodamine B concentration and disintegration were examined using absorption spectra via a UVISEL ellipsometer (75 W Xe lamp, Horiba, France) in the 450–650 nm wavelength range with a 1 nm step. The ellipsometer beam spot size was 1