Upcycling agroindustrial waste into graphene oxide supports for gold nanoparticles: toward sustainable nanomaterials

• Juan Marcos Castro-Tapia,
• Selene Acosta,
• Hiram Joazet Ojeda-Galván,
• Elsie Evelyn Araujo-Palomo,
• Edgar Giovanni Villabona-Leal and
• Mildred Quintana

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 489–504, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.32

• materials GO and rGO. This spectroscopy technique provides initial insights into the electronic structure and degree of conjugation of the samples. Typically, the UV–vis absorption spectrum of GO exhibits two characteristic features, namely, a main absorption band in the 230–270 nm region, attributed to the

• ) peak, indicating reduced lamellar periodicity and a predominantly disordered structure, matching the results observed in TEM and XPS. TGA curves for the samples are shown in Figure 8, exhibiting a characteristic multistep weight-loss behavior typical of oxygenated carbon materials. An initial mass loss

• conditions (300 °C, 10 min), substantially reduces energy consumption compared to conventional biomass pyrolysis while still enabling the formation of GO with tunable structure and chemical features. The choice of biomass precursor proved crucial: Agro-GO samples exhibited precursor-dependent oxidation

Defects and defect-mediated engineering of two-dimensional materials: challenges and open questions

• Arkady V. Krasheninnikov,
• Matthias Batzill,
• Anouar-Akacha Delenda,
• Marija Drndić,
• Chris Ewels,
• Katharina J. Franke,
• Mahdi Ghorbani-Asl,
• Alexander Holleitner,
• Ado Jorio,
• Ute Kaiser,
• Daria Kieczka,
• Hannu-Pekka Komsa,
• Jani Kotakoski,
• Manuel Längle,
• David Lamprecht,
• Yun Liu,
• Steven G. Louie,
• Janina Maultzsch,
• Thomas Michely,
• Katherine Milton,
• Anna Niggas,
• Hanako Okuno,
• Joshua A. Robinson,
• Marika Schleberger,
• Bruno Schuler,
• Alexander Shluger,
• Kazu Suenaga,
• Kristian S. Thygesen,
• Richard A. Wilhelm,
• E. Harriet Åhlgren and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 454–488, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.31

• created by impacts of energetic particles [18][19][20][21] by foreign atoms. Lots of insights into the structure and properties of defective 2D materials have been obtained using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), including conventional TEM and scanning TEM (STEM). These techniques, along with

• scanning probe methods, can provide information on the atomic structure of materials with sub-angstrom resolution [22]. The aberration-corrected TEM has made it possible not only to obtain images of impurities [23][24][25][26] and intrinsic point defects [27][28][29][30][31], but also to follow their

• and the mechanisms of defect formation. This indicates that defects can also be created deliberately during exposure to the electron beam, which can be used for engineering structure and properties of materials with potentially atomic resolution [34][35][36][37]. It should be pointed out that many

Nanocarrier-integrated multilayer films produced by 3D printing for improved skin adhesion and curcumin photostability

• Thayse Viana de Oliveira,
• Ana Paula Farias Leão,
• Júlia Leão,
• Cesar Liberato Petzhold and
• Ruy Carlos Ruver Beck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 440–453, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.30

• while maintaining structural integrity after deposition [38][39]. Resulting from the high shear rates experienced within the printing nozzle, the cross-linked structure of the hydrogels may be affected during the 3D printing process. To monitor this effect, the thixotropic properties of the tested

• of Generative AI and AI-Assisted Technologies in the Writing Process During the writing of this work, the authors used ChatGPT to diversify vocabulary and clarify sentence structure. After using this tool/service, the authors reviewed and edited the manuscript as needed and take full responsibility

First-principles study on elastic properties of Cu, (Cu_1−x,Ni_x)₃Sn and interfacial mechanical properties of (Cu_1−x,Ni_x)₃Sn/Cu in the lead-free solder joint

• Guomin Hua

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 428–439, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.29

• efficiency without losing the accuracy by reducing the model size of the alloy systems. Considering the phase stability of (CuxNi1−x)3Sn [22], the content of Ni was set within the range from 0 to 30 atom %. As far as the calculations of the structure optimizations and elastic properties are concerned, a

• , the strain along the z-axis was fixed; at the same time, the stresses along the x-axis and the y-axis were relaxed to less than 0.5 GPa. For the calculations on the interface structure, a kinetic energy cutoff of 30 Hartree, a k-point mesh of 4 × 4 × 1 and a potential residual V(r) of less than 10−8

• Hartree were used to achieve self-consistent convergence. Results and Discussions Elastic properties of Cu and (CuxNi1−x)3Sn Figure 1a presents the optimized crystal structures of Cu and (CuxNi1−x)3Sn, where Cu crystallizes into the face-centered cubic (FCC) structure, and the (CuxNi1−x)3Sn crystallizes

Nanoinformatics: spanning scales, systems and solutions

• Iseult Lynch,
• Diego S. T. Martinez,
• Kunal Roy and
• Georgia Melagraki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 423–427, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.28

• properties of nanomaterials reported in experimental papers, the ability to predict or impute physicochemical properties as inputs for quantitative structure/activity/property relationship (QSAR/QSPR) models is critical. Moncho et al. surveyed the nanomaterials QSAR literature to determine the variety of

• calculated and experimental features used to define and describe nanomaterials, and proposed a classification of the descriptors into those that directly describe a component of the nanoform (core, surface, or structure) and those that indirectly reflect its structure (experimental features related to the

• – quantitative read-across structure–property relationship (q-RASPR), and Stacked MLP – q-RASPR), resulting in more reliable predictions overall, and suggesting that this approach could enhance regulatory acceptance of in silico new approach methodologies for hazard and risk assessment of nanomaterials [5]. A

Biomimetic nanoparticles in cancer photodynamic therapy: a review of targeted delivery systems and therapeutic outcomes

• Valentina I. Gorbacheva,
• Alexey S. Grabovoy,
• Polina S. Marukhina,
• Anastasiia O. Syrocheva and
• Ekaterina P. Kolesova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 396–422, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.27

• coating thickness, core material, and release mechanisms. Addressing these challenges through standardized production protocols, improved characterization, and enhanced biocompatibility will be critical to advancing BNPs toward clinical application. Biomimetic nanocarriers, designed to replicate structure

Eco-efficient materials for agricultural crops based on a mineral rich in MOR- and HEU-type zeolites

• Esperanza Yamile de la Nuez-Pantoja,
• Inocente Rodríguez-Iznaga,
• Gerardo Rodríguez-Fuentes,
• Vitalii Petranovskii,
• Ariel Martínez García,
• José Juan Calvino Gámez and
• Daniel Goma Jiménez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 381–395, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.26

• natural zeolites are a viable alternative for the development of efficient, agroecologically sustainable, and low-cost fertilizer materials for massive applications [3][4]. Natural zeolites are porous crystalline hydrated aluminosilicates. They have a three-dimensional, rigid, negatively charged structure

• negative charge of the structure. As a result, these materials have important intrinsic properties such as ion exchange and adsorption [5]. These qualities allow them to retain and carry chemical species of agricultural interest, such as PO43−, NH4+, NO3−, and molecular compounds (CO(NH2)2) minimizing

• absorption bands near to 1400 cm−1 corresponding to the bending vibrations of N–H bonds in NH4+-modified natural zeolites. In general, when ammonium interacts with the oxygen atoms of the zeolitic structure, various configurations are formed, each of which exhibits different interaction strength depending on

Polycatecholamine nanocoatings on stainless steel: the effect on attachment of human fibroblasts and platelets

• Paulina Trzaskowska,
• Ewa Rybak,
• Maciej Trzaskowski,
• Kamil Kopeć,
• Jakub Krzemiński,
• Rafał Podgórski,
• Hatice Genc,
• Mehtap Civelek and
• Iwona Cicha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 365–380, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.25

• oxidation. The resulting polymers contain mixtures of catechol and quinone moieties, as well as primary and secondary amine groups, whose relative proportions depend on the polymerization conditions [12][27][28][29]. The differences in monomer structure and oxidation route (e.g., Fenton-type vs autoxidation

• platelets [48][49]. This was explained by PDA’s potential to bind any type of molecule, including fibrinogen, due to the chemical structure of PDA containing aromatic rings and reactive chemical groups. However, in the literature, there are no reports on PTYR nanocoatings regarding platelet adhesion. Our

• further evaluate the chemical structure of the coatings, FTIR-ATR spectra were obtained and analyzed. Methodology and results are described in Supporting Information File 1. Coating cytotoxicity towards L929 cells The MTT assay was applied to evaluate the cytotoxicity of obtained coatings. MTT salt is

Ferroelectric nanodot reservoir for neuromorphic computing

• Anna Razumnaya,
• Yuri Tikhonov,
• Dmitrii Naidenko,
• Léo Boron,
• Valerii Vinokur and
• Igor Lukyanchuk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 352–364, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.24

• harnessed for logic operations within a compact physical structure. While various approaches have demonstrated the use of ferroelectrics in neuromorphic computing at the level of individual elements, most existing implementations treat each ferroelectric component as an isolated device or a deterministic

• . Core nanodot unit To describe the basic operational mechanism of the ferroelectric reservoir introduced in Figure 1, we now examine its elementary building block, the ferroelectric nanodot. Figure 2 illustrates the structure and the nonlinear switching behavior of a single nanodot under external

• nanodot is embedded in an individual capacitor structure, and the capacitors are electrically connected in parallel through metallic interconnects. In Figure 3b, an alternative layout is shown in which all nanodots share the same pair of extended electrodes. In this case, the nanodots are arranged between

Interconnection morphology effects on the radio frequency response of carbon nanotube sponges

• Manuela Scarselli,
• Javad Rezvani,
• Zeno Zuccari,
• Mattia Scagliotti and
• Simone Tocci

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 343–351, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.23

• interconnected structure of the samples. The Raman analysis results are in line with the morphological information obtained from the SEM data. The SEM and Raman experiments confirm the effect of ethanol on the CNS, which improves the presence of grooves and pores as available adsorption sites after ethanol

• composed mainly of electrons excited from the sp2 and sp3 hybridization of the honeycomb lattice and from the defects in the structure that also comprises OH groups. In particular, the spectra were fitted by the sum of three main components assigned to carbon–carbon bonds (C=C/C−C/C−H, 284.4 ± 0.1 eV

• fits in Figure 5. From the Raman and XPS studies, as well as the SEM micrographs, we conclude that the ethanol treatment induced a change in the structure of the CNS sample, unravelling many of the aggregated tubes, resulting in an increase in pore size and overall available surface area. Without

Beam shaping techniques for pulsed laser ablation in liquids: Unlocking tunable control of nanoparticle synthesis in liquids

• Sergio Molina-Prados,
• Nadezhda M. Bulgakova,
• Alexander V. Bulgakov,
• Jesus Lancis,
• Gladys Mínguez Vega and
• Carlos Doñate-Buendia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 309–342, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.22

• . have demonstrated that the optical properties of Si/Au NPs, their structure, as well as their chemical composition can be modified by defocusing [143]. Defocusing 0.5 mm inside the target led to enhanced chemical stability of the colloids and increased concentration. Moreover, NP size control could be

• approximated by the Bessel function J0 [145]. The anatomy of the quasi-Bessel beam propagation in space is shown in Figure 8 with a detailed view of its spatiotemporal shape including the evolution of the cross-sectional structure [146]. Two laser beams, one continuous wave (CW) and a femtosecond pulsed laser

• time of common materials, 1–5 ps, resulting in a local heating process [181]. This energy transfer creates a state of nonthermal equilibrium, where the electron temperature rises quickly before the lattice (atomic structure) can respond, leading to localised heating. The energy is delivered quickly

Calculation of the dynamic stiffness of a cantilever under torsional oscillation

• Keita Nishida,
• Yuuki Yasui and
• Yoshiaki Sugimoto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 303–308, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.21

• from the geometrical structure [2], an accurate evaluation of dynamic stiffness requires detailed analyses of the oscillator dynamics. The modification from static to dynamic stiffness depends on the oscillation mode because each mode is governed by a different equation of motion reflecting the

Fast vortex dynamics and relaxation times in NbRe-based heterostructures

• Francesco De Chiara,
• Zahra Makhdoumi Kakhaki,
• Francesco Avitabile,
• Francesco Colangelo,
• Abhishek Kumar,
• Carmine Attanasio and
• Carla Cirillo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 292–302, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.20

• , were characterized through electrical transport measurements. The I–V characteristics show that, in the NbRe/Py bilayer, vortices reach higher critical velocities than those observed in the NbRe/Au structure. The analysis of the flux-flow instability within the Larkin–Ovchinnikov framework allows one

• function of the magnetic field was investigated to understand how normal metals and ferromagnetic materials affect vortex motion. The experimental data show that the NbRe/Py bilayer exhibits larger critical vortex velocities than those of the NbRe/Au structure. Furthermore, the estimation of the energy

Advancing nanolithography: a comprehensive review of materials for local anodic oxidation with AFM

• Matteo Lorenzoni

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 275–291, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.19

• oxide structure, while deeper regions exhibit increased contributions of Ti2O3 and TiO. The authors claim that the precise control of oxygen vacancies during LAO would enable the reproducible and scalable production of high-performance ReRAM devices. Aluminum oxidation by AFM LAO is well suited for

Durable antimicrobial activity of fabrics functionalized with zeolite ion-exchanged nanomaterials against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli

• Perla Sánchez-López,
• Kendra Ramirez Acosta,
• Sergio Fuentes Moyado,
• Ruben Dario Cadena-Nava and
• Elena Smolentseva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 262–274, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.18

• -exchanged Y-type zeolites, which offer high ion-exchange capacity and a well-defined framework structure that facilitate efficient antimicrobial ion delivery. By applying those nanomaterials to commercial cotton fabrics via the pad–dry–cure method, we aim to further explore the feasibility and effectiveness

• coincided well with data provided by the supplier and measurements obtained through EDS and ICP-OES analysis. As discussed in our previous work [4], the ion exchange treatment did not induce any changes in the chemical composition of the zeolite structure, such as dealumination or disilation. No additional

• , transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images were obtained using a JEOL JEM-2200FS (200 kV), and elemental analysis was performed using EDS. The crystalline structure of the modified fabrics was determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) in a Panalytical AERIS diffractometer using Cu Kα (λ = 1.54184 Å). The

Multilayered hyperbolic Au/TiO₂ nanostructures for enhancing the nonlinear response around the epsilon-near-zero point

• Fernando Arturo Araiza-Sixtos,
• Mauricio Gomez-Robles,
• Rafael Salas-Montiel and
• Raúl Rangel-Rojo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 251–261, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.17

• –dielectric Au/TiO2 structures. The samples were fabricated using Joule effect evaporation for gold and electron beam evaporation for titanium dioxide. Their structure was designed to have an epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) point at different wavelengths around 800 nm, in order to study their nonlinear response as a

• the nonlinear response of a Ru/TiO2 multilayered structure as reported in [22]. This sample was designed to have an ENZ point at 800 nm and was fabricated using atomic layer deposition. During the linear characterization of the optical properties, spectral ellipsometry showed that the ENZ point

• structure so we could only assume that, during the fabrication process, the deposited Ru was oxidized, and the permittivity of the material substantially changed. We studied the nonlinear response of the structure using a tunable femtosecond source and found that, even with the shift in the ENZ point seen

Comparative study on 3D morphologies of delignified, single tracheids and fibers of five wood species

• Helen Gorges,
• Felicitas von Usslar,
• Cordt Zollfrank,
• Silja Flenner,
• Imke Greving,
• Martin Müller,
• Clemens F. Schaber,
• Chuchu Li and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 239–250, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.16

• , Technical University of Munich, Straubing, Germany Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Geesthacht, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.17.16 Abstract Wood tracheids and fibers exhibit diverse structures and shapes across plant species. The hierarchical structure and composition of cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin enables

• biomechanics and water management. Keywords: 3D models; delignification; tracheid; wood; X-ray nanotomography; Introduction Wood fibers in hardwood and tracheids in softwood play a crucial role in the structure and function of vascular plants, particularly in water conduction and mechanical support [1][2

• moves between adjacent fibers and tracheids. Pits are distinguished between simple pits and bordered pits, which are surrounded by a thickened rim of wall material [6][7]. Several plants, such as conifers, have a torus–margo structure with a thin, porous mesh-like region (margo) and a thickened central

Gold nanoparticle-decorated reduced graphene oxide as a highly effective catalyst for the selective α,β-dehydrogenation of N-alkyl-4-piperidones

• Brenda Flore Kenyim,
• Mihir Tzalis,
• Marilyn Kaul,
• Robert Oestreich,
• Aysenur Limon,
• Chancellin Pecheu Nkepdep and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 218–238, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.15

• catalytic properties of AuNPs stem from their nanoscale size, which increases the surface-to-volume ratio, exposes a higher density of active sites, and induces quantum size effects that modulate the electronic structure [5]. These characteristics collectively enhance their reactivity, selectivity, and

• , scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and nitrogen gas sorption surface area analysis using the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) theory were employed to evaluate the surface structure, porosity, and overall texture of the materials. The SEM image in Figure 2a reveals the typical structure of AC, characterized by

• a heterogeneous, rough surface with lamellar layers and pronounced macroporosity. The rGO carbon (Figure 2b) exhibits a structure composed of thin, wrinkled, and sheet-like layers, characteristic of exfoliated graphene-based materials. The morphology of CB (Figure 2c) is formed of highly aggregated

Micro- and nanoscale effects in biological and bioinspired materials and surfaces

• Thies H. Büscher,
• Rhainer Guillermo Ferreira,
• Manuela Rebora and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 214–217, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.14

• Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06121 Perugia, Italy 10.3762/bjnano.17.14 Keywords: adhesion; bioengineering; functional morphology; material properties; medical coatings; microstructures; nanostructures; optics; structure–function relationships; Micro- and

• application-driven side (“technology pull”) of bioinspired engineering, two studies demonstrated approaches based on technical advances informed by biological systems. Material structure and properties of biological systems are often considered a source of inspiration for construction of durable engineered

Time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging of contaminant species in chemical vapour deposited graphene on copper

• Barry Brennan,
• Vlad-Petru Veigang-Radulescu,
• Philipp Braeuninger-Weimer,
• Stephan Hofmann and
• Andrew J. Pollard

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 200–213, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.13

• single crystals [3][20][21][22][23], utilising Raman spectroscopy to confirm the physical structure of the graphene [24][25][26] and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to confirm the sp2 bonding configuration [27][28]. However, there is typically little consideration given to possible chemical

• industry application. It also appears that there are variations in the presence and distribution of these species, depending on the grain orientation of the underlying copper foil; the grain structure evident in Figure 4a as a change in intensity of the C2− signal due to crystal orientation enhancement of

Structure-dependent thermochromism of PAZO thin films: theory and experiment

• Georgi Mateev,
• Dean Dimov,
• Nataliya Berberova-Buhova,
• Nikoleta Kircheva,
• Todor Dudev,
• Ludmila Nikolova,
• Elena Stoykova,
• Keehoon Hong,
• Dimana Nazarova,
• Silvia Angelova and
• Lian Nedelchev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 186–199, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.12

• calculations further support these findings, indicating that temperature-dependent intermolecular interactions and conformational changes play a significant role in shaping the optical behavior of the films. These results provide new insights into the structure–property relationships underlying thermochromism

• extends the functionality of polymer thin films. A specific group of photoreactive polymers comprises polymers with azo chromophores embedded in their structure [5][6]. These polymers exhibit photoresponsivity due to the trans–cis (E–Z) isomerization of the azo chromophores upon light irradiation. The

• measuring the intensity of the emitted fluorescence light at another wavelength. Treating PAZO at 230 °C induced an increase in fluorescence intensity (≈400%) and a redshift (20 nm). Red shift can be induced by various factors, such as changes in the polymer structure, aggregation, or interactions with

Safe and sustainable by design with ML/AI: A transformative approach to advancing nanotechnology

• Georgia Melagraki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 176–185, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.11

• complementary benefits within SSbD. First, predictive modelling tools, such as quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) models, can forecast toxicological and physicochemical properties of emerging substances, reducing the reliance on time-consuming and costly experimental assays [24][25]. The

• structure–activity relationship (QSAR) models can identify potentially hazardous properties of new ENMs before they are synthesized, reducing the need for extensive animal testing and accelerating the design cycle [36][37]. Similarly, AI can support the development of sustainable ENMs through integration of

• expertise. Despite these obstacles, the future holds considerable opportunities. As the volume of high-quality, standardized data grows, ML algorithms will become more capable of identifying complex structure–property–toxicity relationships, potentially accelerating the safe commercialization of next

From shield to spear: Charge-reversible nanocarriers in overcoming cancer therapy barriers

• Madhuri Yeduvaka,
• Pooja Mittal,
• Ameer Boyalakuntla,
• Usman Bee Shaik,
• Himanshu Sharma,
• Thakur Gurjeet Singh,
• Siva Nageswara Rao Gajula and
• Lakshmi Vineela Nalla

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 159–175, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.10

• microenvironment, thereby improving treatment efficacy. A notable study by Liu Y et al. described polymeric micellar nanoparticles incorporating hydrazone bonds within their core–shell structure; these hydrazone linkages are selectively cleaved under acidic conditions, such as those found in endosomes and

Influence of surface characteristics on the in vitro stability and cell uptake of nanoliposomes for brain delivery

• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Andreas Zimmer,
• Otmar Geiss,
• Sabrina Gioria,
• Diletta Scaccabarozzi and
• Marija Glavas Dodov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 139–158, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.9

• lipid structure of NLs, leading to AC leakage, while plasma protein adsorption may cause particle aggregation [7]. In this sense, the presence of proteins in the tissue environment can alter cellular uptake of both cationic and anionic carriers [8]. In short, our understanding of how nanodelivery

• several occasions, the presence of PEG on the surface of NLs can improve the physical stability of the liposomal dispersions through steric repulsion [24]. Therefore, formulations with a low amount of PEG or no PEG tend to agglomerate or lose their native structure, thus leading to fragmentation. Hence

• unique in its composition being highly enriched in lipids, in particular cholesterol, which plays a key role in regulating the membrane structure, fluidity, and permeability as well as multiple aspects of the synaptic transmission [49]. In pure human SH-SY5Y cell cultures, the glia-derived cholesterol is

Capabilities of the 3D-MLSI software tool in superconducting neuron design

• Irina E. Tarasova,
• Nikita S. Shuravin,
• Liubov N. Karelina,
• Fedor A. Razorenov,
• Evgeny N. Zhardetsky,
• Aleksandr S. Ionin,
• Mikhail M. Khapaev and
• Vitaly V. Bol’ginov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 122–138, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.8

• numerical methods to reduce memory overhead and speed up inductance extraction. The high-frequency structure simulator by Ansys (HFSS) [16] and the Sonnet EM software [17] allow one to extract the frequency dependence of a device’s impedance. Several other methods can be mentioned that are not widely used

• insets in Figure 3), the variable segment has the simplest (two-layer) cross section. The simulation was performed with mesh steps of 0.125…1 μm, using a reduced-size superconducting screen truncated at a distance of 10 μm from the structure edges (see next section for details). For clarity, the data is

• investigations were performed as described in Appendix A. Numerical simulations were carried out assuming a truncated superconducting screen with a gap between the structure and the screen edge of 50 μm. Thus, the screen size (225…170 μm × 243…177 μm) was larger compared to test C-shaped SQUIDs, which led to an