Subdigital integumentary microstructure in Cyrtodactylus (Squamata: Gekkota): do those lineages with incipiently expressed toepads exclusively exhibit adhesive setae?

• Philipp Ginal,
• Yannick Ecker,
• Timothy Higham,
• L. Lee Grismer,
• Benjamin Wipfler,
• Dennis Rödder,
• Anthony Russell and
• Jendrian Riedel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 38–56, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.4

• The ER model revealed that the phylogeny of the sampled species is largely split into two groups (Figure 2). The first group [seta-group, i.e., a clade formed by the species groups pulchellus, intermedius, and brevipalmatus, as well as the species C. novaeguineae (novaeguineae group), C. louisiadensis

• (LMM) analysis, the ecotype model revealed highly significant effects between each ecotype (cave, crown, generalist, granite, intertidal, karst, terrestrial, and trunk) and apical diameter and effective bending stiffness, but only a significant effect between the crown ecotype and density (Supporting

• Information File 2). The structuretype-model revealed highly significant relationships between each derived microstructure type (prongs, spines, and setae) and apical diameter as well as effective bending stiffness. Only setae also had a highly significant relationship to density, showing lower densities than

Competitive helical bands and highly efficient diode effect in F/S/TI/S/F hybrid structures

• Tairzhan Karabassov,
• Irina V. Bobkova,
• Pavel M. Marychev,
• Vasiliy S. Stolyarov,
• Vyacheslav M. Silkin and
• Andrey S. Vasenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 15–23, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.2

• Hamiltonian in Equation 1 within the microscopic approach based on the quasiclassical Green’s functions in the diffusive limit, that is, when the coherence length ξ is much larger than the electron mean free path l. Such model can be described by the Usadel equations [79][80][81] Here D is the diffusion

• develop the model.

Quantitative estimation of nanoparticle/substrate adhesion by atomic force microscopy

• Aydan Çiçek,
• Markus Kratzer,
• Christian Teichert and
• Christian Mitterer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 1–14, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.1

• observation, we refer to the approach of Weir and McGavin [8], who developed an analytic model for describing the coefficient of restitution of NPs rebounding from an ideally flat and rigid surface. Note that it delivers just a semi-quantitative trend and is not a rigorous description of the process. Their

• model provides a criterion to determine whether an NP escapes or is captured upon impact. This condition is expressed as: where F0 is the force acting to detach the NP from the surface, and 6πRγ is the adhesive force trying to hold the NP on the surface. R represents the radius of curvature defining the

• , and infinitely rigid, and its properties are therefore not considered in the model. The total velocity of a NP, vi, can be expressed as follows: where the first term corresponds to the initial NP velocity as it exits the NP source orifice, and the second term is the velocity added due to the substrate

Internal 3D temperature mapping in biological systems using ratiometric light-sheet imaging and lipid-coated upconversion nanothermometers

• Dannareli Barron-Ortiz,
• Enric Pérez-Parets,
• Rubén D. Cadena-Nava,
• Emilio J. Gualda,
• Jacob Licea-Rodríguez,
• Juan Hernández-Cordero,
• Pablo Loza-Álvarez and
• Israel Rocha-Mendoza

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2306–2316, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.159

• optically transparent model organism ideally suited for LSFM due to its simple “tube-within-a-tube” anatomy and clearly defined internal organs. When the nematode is fed with lipid-coated UCNPs, the nanoparticles localize within its digestive tract, acting as thermosensitive markers and enabling voxel

• extending this technique to other small model organisms, organoids, or individual mammalian cells. In summary, LSFM-enabled upconversion nanothermometry emerges as a powerful, non-invasive platform for probing spatiotemporal temperature dynamics across diverse biomedical applications, from cellular

Terahertz-range on-chip local oscillator based on Josephson junction arrays for superconducting quantum-limited receivers

• Fedor V. Khan,
• Lyudmila V. Filippenko,
• Andrey B. Ermakov,
• Mikhail Yu. Fominsky and
• Valery P. Koshelets

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2296–2305, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.158

• corresponding resonance frequency is below the operating range of the samples, we will not discuss these effects here. At certain parameter values, the IVC of the single JJ exhibits a number of features that can be quantitatively described by the RLCSJ model, as shown in [38][45][46]. The image of the

• proportional to the incident power. The precise shape of the pumped IVC can be derived from the known autonomous IVC using the expressions from the Tucker–Feldman model [47]. The model is applicable for all frequencies and powers in the study, provided that a sufficient number of harmonics p are taken into

• and give rise to nonequilibrium effects, thus restricting the model applicability [48]. A set of IVCs for the SIS mixer at various pump power levels is shown in Figure 4. Experimental IVCs are indicated by colored markers, while the dashed curves represent approximations obtained using the Tucker

Geometry-controlled engineering of the low-temperature proximity effect in normal metal–superconductor junctions

• Munisa A. Tomayeva,
• Vyacheslav D. Neverov,
• Andrey V. Krasavin,
• Alexei Vagov and
• Mihail D. Croitoru

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2265–2273, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.155

• control the proximity effect. This geometric degree of freedom provides a novel route for engineering and optimizing the performance of superconducting hybrid devices. Results and Discussion Model We perform the calculations on a system described by the two-dimensional Hubbard model, defined through the

• lines in Figure 1. For numerical simulations, we used a discretized lattice model with a system size of 128 unit cells along the z-direction (the principal axis of the NS transition) and 64 unit cells in the perpendicular x-direction. A total of twelve different geometries were modeled by varying η in

Chiral plasmonic nanostructures fabricated with circularly polarized light

• Tian Qiao and
• Ming Lee Tang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2245–2264, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.154

• geometrical profile that can asymmetrically distribute photochemical reactions. Numerous numerical simulations have demonstrated the dissymmetric near-field intensity profile of PNSs under CPL. This chirality can be explained by a simple model based on classical physics, which treats transverse (T) and

• polarized light waves with a π/2 phase difference, can further modulate the phase difference between the two modes by π/2. This generates a chiral EM field intensity profile at specific wavelengths. The full details of this model can be found in [72][73][74]. This model suggests that CPL spatially isolates

• heterostructures were fabricated using CPL from a lamp that had a broad distribution of photon energies. Despite the encouraging chiral nanostructures obtained, the mode interference model discussed at the start of Section 2 implies that broadband excitation is not ideal for fabricating cPNSs. This model describes

Optical bio/chemical sensors for vitamin B₁₂ analysis in food and pharmaceuticals: state of the art, challenges, and future outlooks

• Seyed Mohammad Taghi Gharibzahedi and
• Zeynep Altintas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2207–2244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.153

Electromagnetic study of a split-ring resonator metamaterial with cold-electron bolometers

• Ekaterina A. Matrozova,
• Alexander V. Chiginev,
• Leonid S. Revin and
• Andrey L. Pankratov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2199–2206, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.152

• -band behavior of the metamaterial, showing two broad peaks centered at approximately 350 and 1100 GHz. This agreement validates our simulation model. The AFC of the single-ring and SRR metamaterials with various scaling factors are presented in Figure 3. The optimal number and size of the resonators

Ultrathin water layers on mannosylated gold nanoparticles

• Maiara A. Iriarte Alonso,
• Jorge H. Melillo,
• Silvina Cerveny,
• Yujin Tong and
• Alexander M. Bittner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2183–2198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.151

• increase. In contrast, we found that the water adsorption on the oligo(ethylene glycol) particles depends little on humidity. Our insights into structural changes on glyconanoparticles and the hydration properties of glycosylated particles are of application value for biosensors and help model the

• glycosylated AuNP can provide a simplified model of a viral spike, whenever the virus is very densely coated, for example, influenza by hemagglutinin [18][19]. Hence, our idea is not to emulate complete virions; rather, one NP is emulating one single spike protein. Although the density of the NPs is not very

• capable of exchanging back, as evidenced by a nonzero, tilted background-like feature between 3300 and 3700 cm−1. This observation supports the model of thin adsorbed water layers and further highlights the pronounced hydrophilicity of both PEG-AuNPs and dimanno-AuNPs. Adsorption of the particles on

Hartree–Fock interaction in superconducting condensate fractals

• Edward G. Nikonov,
• Yajiang Chen,
• Mauro M. Doria and
• Arkady A. Shanenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2177–2182, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.150

• the observables are not affected due to translational invariance. Hence, the HF field is a kind of “spectator” that defines the single-particle states and chemical potential but does not act on the pair formation and, thus, can be neglected, as in the standard formulation of the BCS model [2][3

• -dimensional model for superconducting quasicrystals [15]. Using this model, researchers explored a range of phenomena in quasiperiodic systems, including proximity effects in quasicrystal–metal hybrids [16][17][18], enhanced superconductivity from staggered hopping amplitudes [19], and the interplay between

• the Josephson effect and quasiperiodicity [20]. The model has also been used to investigate topological superconductivity [21] and anomalous local critical temperatures (at the left end, at the right end, and at the chain center) in quasiperiodic chains [22]. These investigations demonstrate that the

Microplastic pollution in Himalayan lakes: assessment, risks, and sustainable remediation strategies

• Sameeksha Rawat,
• S. M. Tauseef and
• Madhuben Sharma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2144–2167, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.148

• filters for laundry, already taken up in France and debated in Australia, additionally limits MP discharge from clothes [137]. Encouraging a circular economy model can minimize plastic waste generation at the industrial level. EPR policies have been proposed to hold manufacturers accountable for post

Quality by design optimization of microemulsions for topical delivery of Passiflora setacea seed oil

• Daniel T. Pereira,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Danielle T. Freire,
• Dayanne L. Porto,
• Cícero F. S. Aragão,
• Myla L. de Souza,
• Guilherme R. S. de Araujo,
• Ana Maria Costa,
• Wógenes N. Oliveira,
• Anne Sapin-Minet,
• Éverton N. Alencar and
• Eryvaldo Sócrates T. Egito

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2116–2131, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.146

• , Tables S4 to S6). However, the presence of significant higher-order interactions limited the predictive capability and overall fit of the model. These limitations indicated the need for a more refined strategy with higher resolution and reduced confounding effects. Therefore, a Box–Behnken design (BBD

• of the experimental space. The prepared formulations corresponding to the experimental design runs are shown in Figure 4, and a summary of the BBD is presented in Table 5. To refine the model and improve predictive accuracy, the response data were subjected to Box–Cox transformation, an essential

• step when non-normal distribution is detected [25]. Following transformation, analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted to evaluate the statistical significance of the overall model and the individual formulation factors. To enhance model parsimony, backward regression elimination was applied to

Rapid synthesis of highly monodisperse AgSbS₂ nanocrystals: unveiling multifaceted activities in cancer therapy, antibacterial strategies, and antioxidant defense

• Funda Ulusu,
• Adem Sarilmaz,
• Yakup Ulusu,
• Faruk Ozel and
• Mahmut Kus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2105–2115, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.145

• scavenging data, the FRAP outcome supports a dual-mechanism antioxidant model (both radical quenching and electron transfer). This suggests that the surface chemistry of AgSbS2 NCs effectively mediates both redox and radical-based pathways, making them promising candidates for applications requiring moderate

Toward clinical translation of carbon nanomaterials in anticancer drug delivery: the need for standardisation

• Michał Bartkowski,
• Francesco Calzaferri and
• Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2092–2104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.144

• remains substantial. This perspective uses oncology as a representative model for CNM nanocarriers, owing to cancer’s global health burden and the breadth of available studies [15][16]. Nevertheless, the underlying considerations, including synthesis, physicochemical and biological evaluation, and

• improve the reproducibility and comparability of results across studies and to facilitate the regulatory approval of carbon nanomaterial-based drug delivery systems. Model therapeutics in nanocarrier development Chemotherapy drugs are designed to kill rapidly dividing cancer cells by disrupting their cell

• the incidence and severity of side effects associated with traditional chemotherapy (Table 2). There are several model anticancer therapeutics that are commonly used in nanocarrier design, such as doxorubicin or gemcitabine. By encapsulating or loading these therapeutics onto nanocarriers, researchers

Molecular and mechanical insights into gecko seta adhesion: multiscale simulations combining molecular dynamics and the finite element method

• Yash Jain,
• Saeed Norouzi,
• Tobias Materzok,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Florian Müller-Plathe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2055–2076, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.141

• University, Am Botanischen Garten 1–9, D-24118 Kiel, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.16.141 Abstract Gecko adhesion, enabled by micro- and nanoscale structures known as setae and spatulae, has prompted extensive research. We present a concurrent multiscale computational model of a seta that integrates molecular

• . The model reproduces key aspects of spatula behavior during adhesion and detachment, showing that spatula–substrate contact evolves through a combination of bending, sliding, and peeling, depending on the spatula’s initial orientation. Our results further demonstrate that lateral sliding can delay

• microscopy (AFM) experiments. Our investigation into how gecko keratin interacts with hydrophilic and hydrophobic substrates [12] supported the importance of the water-mediating effect [10] and elucidated mechanistic differences depending on surface chemistry. A particle-based mesoscale model of a single

The cement of the tube-dwelling polychaete Sabellaria alveolata: a complex composite adhesive material

• Emilie Duthoo,
• Aurélie Lambert,
• Pierre Becker,
• Carla Pugliese,
• Jean-Marc Baele,
• Arnaud Delfairière,
• Matthew J. Harrington and
• Patrick Flammang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1998–2014, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.138

• of inspiration for developing biomimetic adhesives. However, a thorough understanding of their composition and operating mechanism is essential for advancing such applications. Sabellariid tubeworms are model organisms in bioadhesion research, and their adhesive system has been characterized in

• several studies. However, some aspects of cement formation are still poorly understood and several differences have been pointed out between the two main model species. This study aims to investigate the adhesive system of Sabellaria alveolata by identifying new potential adhesive proteins, as well as

• underwater adhesive materials for various applications, particularly in the industrial and biomedical fields [3][4]. Polychaetes of the family Sabellariidae are one of the model organisms that have been studied extensively for their adhesion and have fascinated researchers since the 18th century [5]. Two

Mechanical property measurements enabled by short-term Fourier-transform of atomic force microscopy thermal deflection analysis

• Thomas Mathias,
• Roland Bennewitz and
• Philip Egberts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1952–1962, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.136

• dynamic mechanics models relating the contact stiffness of the tip/cantilever pressing into a surface with the oscillation frequency of the cantilever and show that they did not accurately model the experiment. Several material combinations of tip and sample were examined; tip size and cantilever

• stiffness demonstrate that existing models cannot capture the physics of this problem. While concrete solutions to use analytical models to interpret CR-AFM data have not been found, a possible solution may include revisiting the analytical model to capture a potentially more complex system than the current

• model, improved matching the cantilever/sample stiffness to obtain a larger variation in contact stiffness with frequency, or investigating the use of higher-order modes that may achieve this improved match. Keywords: atomic force microscopy; contact resonance; highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG

PEGylated lipids in lipid nanoparticle delivery dynamics and therapeutic innovation

• Peiyang Gao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1914–1930, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.133

• outperformed single-ligand LNPs with folate or Herceptin only [42]. In vivo validation was performed using a zebrafish larvae xenograft model, in which MCF7 breast cancer cells were implanted into the larvae at 48 h post-fertilization. The LNPs were labeled for tracking and then administered via intravenous

• the same mouse model, strong protein expressions were observed after injection of 10 µg mRNA per dose. Additionally, in vitro studies using human whole blood also revealed that pSar-LNPs triggered lower levels of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8, compared to PEG-LNPs [81]. Recent

Targeting the vector of arboviruses Aedes aegypti with nanoemulsions based on essential oils: a review with focus on larvicidal and repellent properties

• Laryssa Ferreira do Nascimento Silva,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros,
• Mariana Alice Gonzaga Gabú,
• Maria Cecilia Queiroga dos Santos,
• Daiane Rodrigues dos Santos,
• Mylena Lemos dos Santos,
• Gabriel Bezerra Faierstein,
• Rosângela Maria Rodrigues Barbosa and
• Fabio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1894–1913, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.132

• produced an LC50 of 192.5 µg/mL at 48 hours. Furthermore, acute oral toxicity tests in Danio rerio (zebrafish), a non-target model organism, showed no adverse effects. Although the study did not compare the nanoemulsion to the corresponding free essential oil, it highlights the potential of this

Programmable soliton dynamics in all-Josephson-junction logic cells and networks

• Vsevolod I. Ruzhickiy,
• Anastasia A. Maksimovskaya,
• Sergey V. Bakurskiy,
• Andrey E. Schegolev,
• Maxim V. Tereshonok,
• Mikhail Yu. Kupriyanov,
• Nikolay V. Klenov and
• Igor I. Soloviev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1883–1893, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.131

• , high-speed, and scalable computing. In these systems, the propagation of information is associated with the movement of a current wave/topological soliton, which is clearly visible in the model by a 2π jump of the so-called Josephson phase, φ. In contrast to conventional rapid single flux quantum (RSFQ

• for the flexible configuration of advanced logic and neuromorphic circuits. Results Model description To model the dynamics of kinetic solitons [43], we employ the resistively and capacitively shunted junction (RCSJ) model [1], where the total current I across a Josephson junction is the sum of the

• current flowing from the node k to the node j(h). Each current is described by the RCSJ model (Equation 2): With this approach, the current across the inductance is defined by the expression where l = L/LJ is inductance normalized to the Josephson inductance . After substituting the expressions for the

Self-assembly and adhesive properties of Pollicipes pollicipes barnacle cement protein cp19k: influence of pH and ionic strength

• Shrutika Sawant,
• Anne Marie Power and
• J. Gerard Wall

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1863–1872, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.129

• timescale of fibrillogenesis likely preventing premature adhesive curing within the gland prior to secretion. Overall, our findings support a model in which cp19k undergoes pH- and salt concentration-dependent self-assembly into fibrils in the cement gland, with implications for the mechanism and timing of

On the road to sustainability – application of metallic nanoparticles obtained by green synthesis in dentistry: a scoping review

• Lorena Pinheiro Vasconcelos Silva,
• Joice Catiane Soares Martins,
• Israel Luís Carvalho Diniz,
• Júlio Abreu Miranda,
• Danilo Rodrigues de Souza,
• Éverton do Nascimento Alencar,
• Moan Jéfter Fernandes Costa and
• Pedro Henrique Sette-de-Souza

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1851–1862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.128

• scoping review. Acknowledgements To improve the clarity and fluency of the English writing, we used the assistance of ChatGPT-4.1, a large language model developed by OpenAI. As non-native English speakers, this tool supported us in refining the textual coherence of the manuscript. Nonetheless, all

Phytol-loaded soybean oil nanoemulsion as a promising alternative against Leishmania amazonensis

• Victória Louise Pinto Freire,
• Mariana Farias Alves-Silva,
• Johny W. de Freitas Oliveira,
• Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa,
• Alianda Maira Cornélio,
• Marcelo de Souza-Silva,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros and
• Arnóbio Antônio da Silva Junior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1826–1836, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.126

• promastigotes represents a limitation, this model was used as a proof-of-concept, with promising evidence of the potential of PHYT-NE. Future studies in macrophage models infected with intracellular amastigotes will be essential to confirm the observed efficacy and validate the potential of PHYT-NE as a safe

• , Brazil); soybean oil (Sigma-Aldrich, Brazil); Tween® 80 (Sigma-Aldrich, Brazil); purified water (obtained from a reverse osmosis purification equipment, model OS50 LX, Gehaka, Brazil) were used for nanoemulsion preparation. Mammalian cells were cultured in DMEM, High Glucose (Life Technologies, Cat

• temperature (24 ± 2 °C). Colloidal and physicochemical stability For accelerated stability analysis, 1 mL aliquots of the nanoemulsion were transferred to Eppendorf tubes and subjected to three centrifugation cycles at 960 and 8600g for 15 min, each using a mini centrifuge (Fisherbrand®, model Gusto, Illinois

Further insights into the thermodynamics of linear carbon chains for temperatures ranging from 13 to 300 K

• Alexandre Rocha Paschoal,
• Thiago Alves de Moura,
• Juan S. Rodríguez-Hernández,
• Carlos William de Araujo Paschoal,
• Yoong Ahm Kim,
• Morinobu Endo and
• Paulo T. Araujo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1818–1825, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.125

• nanotubes (LCC@DWCNT and LCC@MWCNT, respectively) behave as Debye’s materials for temperatures as high as 293 K with an estimate that such materials could still withstand such characteristics for even higher temperatures (≈700 K). Using the Debye model, thermodynamic observables (internal energy

• unchanged. Our measurements were performed in both isolated and small bundles of LCC@MWCNT, which allowed us to demonstrate that small bundles or isolated environments do not seem to influence the vibrational and thermodynamic properties measured. Keywords: carbon nanotubes; Debye model; Grüneisen

• whose thermal properties can be described by the Debye model [30]. The reason is that the responses of materials to changing temperatures usually come from two contributions: (1) the lattice thermal expansion (LTE), associated with e–ph interactions; and (2) anharmonic effects, associated with ph–ph