On the use of Raman spectroscopy to characterize mass-produced graphene nanoplatelets

• Keith R. Paton,
• Konstantinos Despotelis,
• Naresh Kumar,
• Piers Turner and
• Andrew J. Pollard

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 509–521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.42

• need to maximise the amount of GNP material extracted, while to maintain product quality, it is important to prevent sediment accidentally ending up in the extracted GNP fraction. To allow for a commercially viable, industrial scale-up, it is important to understand the performance of this separation

Conjugated photothermal materials and structure design for solar steam generation

• Chia-Yang Lin and
• Tsuyoshi Michinobu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 454–466, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.36

• hydrophobicity allows the material to float on water. Microporous structures were obtained by NaCl particulate leaching. The pore sizes could be flexibly controlled by the size of the NaCl template. This method is simple, low-cost, and easy to scale up. The surface structures of the foam were visualized by SEM

Bismuth-based nanostructured photocatalysts for the remediation of antibiotics and organic dyes

• Akeem Adeyemi Oladipo and
• Faisal Suleiman Mustafa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 291–321, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.26

• operational factors affect how well they perform. These parameters need to be investigated and optimised to scale up the process to design a system that is cost-effective, energy-efficient, and effective in treating water. Some of the factors that can affect the performance of the photocatalysts include the

Antimicrobial and mechanical properties of functionalized textile by nanoarchitectured photoinduced Ag@polymer coating

• Jessica Plé,
• Marine Dabert,
• Helene Lecoq,
• Sophie Hellé,
• Lydie Ploux and
• Lavinia Balan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 95–109, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.11

• adhesion, etc.) [32][33]. The deposition techniques are also costly, time-consuming and restrictive (under vacuum, numerous steps, toxic chemicals, etc.), which limits industrial scale-up options. Nanometal-polymer coatings offer an interesting alternative to the aforementioned metallized textiles. Such

A review on the green and sustainable synthesis of silver nanoparticles and one-dimensional silver nanostructures

• Sina Kaabipour and
• Shohreh Hemmati

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 102–136, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.9

• attention has been recently given to plant-mediated synthesis because of its simple culturing procedures and potential for scale-up [181][219]. Various green synthesis studies from the literature were gathered and compared, giving one a clear and broad overview of the green synthesis processes. We then show

• , preparation of AgNPs using this method does not need any specific equipment, intense temperature, or pressure conditions [235]. The scale-up of the system is also relatively simple [235]. However, the downside of this method is the low productivity of particles per volume as a result of low reactant

• size distribution and morphology [241]. The disadvantages of this method are associated with the high process cost, complexity, and low scale-up capability [158]. 2.2.4 Wet chemical synthesis. Currently, most synthesis methods still rely on wet chemical reduction using a chemical reducing agent. The

Long-term stability and scale-up of noncovalently bound gold nanoparticle-siRNA suspensions

• Anna V. Epanchintseva,
• Julia E. Poletaeva,
• Dmitrii V. Pyshnyi,
• Elena I. Ryabchikova and
• Inna A. Pyshnaya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2568–2578, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.248

• nanoconstruction demonstrated integrity of the siRNA duplex and high stability of the siRNA surface density during storage for seven months at 4 °C. Thus, it can be concluded that it is possible to scale-up the synthesis of noncovalent AuNP-siRNA and to obtain a nanoconstruction possessing high stability in terms

• of physicochemical characteristics and siRNA surface density for a long period. Keywords: colloidal stability; gold nanoparticles; scale-up; siRNA delivery; siRNA duplex stability; therapeutic nucleic acids; Introduction Drug delivery to cells is only one application of nanoparticles in biomedicine

• decided to determine whether it is possible to scale-up the synthesis and to store a core of nanoconstructions with an example of noncovalent AuNP-siRNA without loss of their physicochemical properties and the integrity of siRNA duplexes for an extended period. To do this, we analyzed the colloidal

Semitransparent Sb₂S₃ thin film solar cells by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis for use in solar windows

• Jako S. Eensalu,
• Atanas Katerski,
• Erki Kärber,
• Lothar Weinhardt,
• Monika Blum,
• Clemens Heske,
• Wanli Yang,
• Ilona Oja Acik and
• Malle Krunks

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2396–2409, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.230

• -deposited Sb2S3 solar cells. An average visible transparency (AVT) of 26% of the back-contact-less ITO/TiO2/Sb2S3 solar cell stack in the wavelength range of 380–740 nm is attained by tuning the Sb2S3 absorber thickness to 100 nm. In scale-up from mm2 to cm2 areas, the Sb2S3 hybrid solar cells show a

Nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond for nanoscale magnetic resonance imaging applications

• Alberto Boretti,
• Lorenzo Rosa,
• Jonathan Blackledge and
• Stefania Castelletto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2128–2151, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.207

Materials nanoarchitectonics at two-dimensional liquid interfaces

• Katsuhiko Ariga,
• Michio Matsumoto,
• Taizo Mori and
• Lok Kumar Shrestha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1559–1587, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.153

• . This fact suggests that crystal lattice and molecular packing within low-dimensional fullerene assemblies significantly modify the optoelectronic properties. The rapid synthesis with the possibility to scale-up and the enhanced optoelectronic properties make the above-mentioned nanoarchitectonics

Porous N- and S-doped carbon–carbon composite electrodes by soft-templating for redox flow batteries

• Maike Schnucklake,
• László Eifert,
• Jonathan Schneider,
• Roswitha Zeis and
• Christina Roth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1131–1139, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.113

• possible to scale-up the method to industrial standards [21]. In earlier studies we reported on a salt-templating method, where we embedded a PAN-based carbon felt into a eutectic mixture containing zinc chloride and sodium chloride mixed with an ionic liquid as the carbon source [22]. Herein, we present

Enhancement in thermoelectric properties due to Ag nanoparticles incorporated in Bi₂Te₃ matrix

• Srashti Gupta,
• Dinesh Chandra Agarwal,
• Bathula Sivaiah,
• Sankarakumar Amrithpandian,
• Kandasami Asokan,
• Ajay Dhar,
• Binaya Kumar Panigrahi,
• Devesh Kumar Avasthi and
• Vinay Gupta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 634–643, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.63

• conditions, one can control S, σ, or k independently. The above approaches showed issues regarding high cost and complicated syntheses that were difficult to repeat and unsuitable for scale-up. The enhancement in TE properties through Ag metal in a Bi2Te3 matrix motivated us to work on a detailed

• investigation of Ag in a Bi2Te3 matrix while focusing on an easy, reproducible low-cost synthesis suitable for scale-up. We show how to tune S and σ independently to achieve high S2σ values. One objective is to see which fraction of metal nanoparticles is required for the TE enhancement of a Bi2Te3 matrix and

Polymorphic self-assembly of pyrazine-based tectons at the solution–solid interface

• Achintya Jana,
• Puneet Mishra and
• Neeladri Das

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 494–499, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.50

• topographic image of the 2,5-bis(pyridin-4-ylethynyl)pyrazine molecular monolayer at the 1-phenyloctane–HOPG interface. Molecules of 1 self-assemble to form ordered structures on a very large scale up to 500 nm × 500 nm. As clearly discernible in Figure 2a, these molecules undergo polymorphic self-assembly

Block copolymers for designing nanostructured porous coatings

• Roberto Nisticò

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2332–2344, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.218

• , robust, and well-consolidated technique that guarantees high performance and easy scale up, as compared to other more fascinating (albeit still at the laboratory scale) approaches, such as the use of magnetic adsorbing materials [116] or advanced oxidized processes [117][118]. On the other hand, future

Recent highlights in nanoscale and mesoscale friction

• Andrea Vanossi,
• Dirk Dietzel,
• Andre Schirmeisen,
• Ernst Meyer,
• Rémy Pawlak,
• Thilo Glatzel,
• Marcin Kisiel,
• Shigeki Kawai and
• Nicola Manini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1995–2014, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.190

Single-step process to improve the mechanical properties of carbon nanotube yarn

• Maria Cecilia Evora,
• Xinyi Lu,
• Nitilaksha Hiremath,
• Nam-Goo Kang,
• Kunlun Hong,
• Roberto Uribe,
• Gajanan Bhat and
• Jimmy Mays

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 545–554, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.52

• high-strength CNT yarns continuously with industrial scale-up [16]. To date, the solution is to increase the interactions among CNTs in a fiber (covalent bonds among the tubes). In doing so, the sliding of CNTs will be minimized and this may lead to an increase in the mechanical strength of the fiber

Wafer-scale bioactive substrate patterning by chemical lift-off lithography

• Chong-You Chen,
• Chang-Ming Wang,
• Hsiang-Hua Li,
• Hong-Hseng Chan and
• Wei-Ssu Liao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 311–320, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.31

• the CLL process can also be made very uniform over a large area. As demonstrated in Figure 6, fluorescence images obtained from distinct sampling spots on a 4 inch silicon wafer substrate represent the same results with minimized signal fluctuation. The high repeatability and scale up capability of

Co-reductive fabrication of carbon nanodots with high quantum yield for bioimaging of bacteria

• Jiajun Wang,
• Xia Liu,
• Gesmi Milcovich,
• Tzu-Yu Chen,
• Edel Durack,
• Sarah Mallen,
• Yongming Ruan,
• Xuexiang Weng and
• Sarah P. Hudson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 137–145, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.16

• -dots with co-reduction using urea and thiourea is much higher than when urea or thiourea are used individually during reduction. Moreover, during the scale-up synthesis, it was determined that the C-dots tend to aggregate due to their larger magnitude in mass, leading to an increase in the size of the

• -reduction method with urea and thiourea to obtain C-dots, the scale-up synthesis of C-dots, TEM and size distribution of Sb50, XRD patterns of Sa, Sb and Se, Raman spectra of Sa, Sb and Se, deconvoluted C 1s XPS spectra of different C-dots with peak area (A) ratios of the sp3 C or oxidized C to the sp2 C

Systematic control of α-Fe₂O₃ crystal growth direction for improved electrochemical performance of lithium-ion battery anodes

• Nan Shen,
• Miriam Keppeler,
• Barbara Stiaszny,
• Holger Hain,
• Filippo Maglia and
• Madhavi Srinivasan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2032–2044, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.204

• can be easily removed. With this technique, expensive, difficult to scale-up, structure-directing approaches involving sacrificial hard templates can be avoided. The aspect ratio of the resulting nanorod morphology is adjustable by the type of diamine derivative used and other reaction parameters. Li

The longstanding challenge of the nanocrystallization of 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX)

• Florent Pessina and
• Denis Spitzer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 452–466, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.49

• crystallize RDX at a submicrometer scale or smaller. Several key points are highlighted then discussed, such as the smallest particle size and its morphology, and the scale-up capacity and the versatility of the process. Keywords: crystallization; nanoparticles; RDX; review; submicrometer; 1,3,5

• ][67][68][69]. The formed n-RDX particles had a mean particle diameter ranging from 110 to 220 nm and an irregular spherical morphology. He performed a scale-up of the RESS process in order to increase the production capacity of RDX to 6 g/h but with a CO2 consumption of 35 kg/h. Through RESS, a slight

• acetone around 5 wt %, whereas scCO2 is formed from 74–500 bar for a solubility from null to 0.025 wt %. The SFE technology has proven its high level of versatility and reliability, and is now entering advanced stages of development. Scale-up studies are performed and advanced in situ characterization is

Study of the surface properties of ZnO nanocolumns used for thin-film solar cells

• Neda Neykova,
• Jiri Stuchlik,
• Karel Hruska,
• Ales Poruba,
• Zdenek Remes and
• Ognen Pop-Georgievski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 446–451, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.48

• [6][14][15]. The last mentioned is an attractive and preferable method for growing one-dimensional structures of ZnO, as it is simple, does not require expensive equipment, is safe and environmentally friendly since water is used as a solvent, and it is easy to scale-up for further mass production

Influence of hydrothermal synthesis parameters on the properties of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles

• Sylwia Kuśnieruk,
• Jacek Wojnarowicz,
• Agnieszka Chodara,
• Tadeusz Chudoba,
• Stanislaw Gierlotka and
• Witold Lojkowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1586–1601, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.153

• was synthesis-time dependent. The purpose of this study was to further develop the previously reported synthesis methods in order to: further extend the range of particle sizes, scale up the synthesis process by six orders of magnitude of six types of nano-hydroxyapatite, and to demonstrate that a

• spaces simultaneously. This allows an analysis of XRD data with heavily convoluted reciprocal space peaks [41]. Results and Discussion The precise control of particle size and particle size distribution is one of the main challenges faced by nanoparticle technology [42]. An increased scale up of

• scale-up in nanomaterial production is very problematic [58]. This is mainly due to the nonuniform heating of precursors. Despite the fact that we employ the microwave heating method [35][38][59], i.e., the most efficient and quickest method of supplying energy to reagents, an increase in the size

Reasons and remedies for the agglomeration of multilayered graphene and carbon nanotubes in polymers

• Rasheed Atif and
• Fawad Inam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1174–1196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.109

• . However, CVD is an economical method, favorable for mass production, and easy to scale up for commercial production [2]. Other processes are fluidized bed CVD, catalytic gas flow CVD, and the growth of CNT carpets from embedded catalyst particles in a substrate. One of the most common techniques is the

• [36]. The methods using catalysts supported on a substrate are non-continuous, which makes them unsuitable for industrial scale-up [131]. The point-arc microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition (PAMP-CVD) technique has been used to produce densely-packed and vertically aligned (DPVA) SWNTs with the

• properties of composite systems have been significantly improved, but such processes are hardly feasible to scale up due to cost, time, and equipment considerations. Vice versa, processes that can be scaled up easily, only marginally improve the composite properties. To increase the volume fraction of MLG

Green and energy-efficient methods for the production of metallic nanoparticles

• Mitra Naghdi,
• Mehrdad Taheran,
• Satinder K. Brar,
• M. Verma,
• R. Y. Surampalli and
• J. R. Valero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2354–2376, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.243

• production of NPs. However, these new synthesis routes should be optimized in terms of performance, cost, product quality (shape and size distribution) and scale-up capability. This paper presents a review on most of the employed green reagents and new energy transfer techniques for the production of

Metal hydrides: an innovative and challenging conversion reaction anode for lithium-ion batteries

• Luc Aymard,
• Yassine Oumellal and
• Jean-Pierre Bonnet

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1821–1839, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.186

• preparation of polymeric binders and the mixing of hydride and electrolyte together with careful studies to achieve better capacity retention performance or to scale up the nanocomposite elaboration process. On the other hand, the results obtained at the present time emphasize the importance of the knowledge

Filling of carbon nanotubes and nanofibres

• Reece D. Gately and
• Marc in het Panhuis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 508–516, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.53

• manner. Simplicity is key for scale-up to large quantities of filled TCNSs, which is a requirement for any commercially viable application. TCNSs provide a unique structure with a high aspect ratio, large filling volume, and good stability, which can be useful for many applications. For example, it is