Key for crossing the BBB with nanoparticles: the rational design

• Sonia M. Lombardo,
• Marc Schneider,
• Akif E. Türeli and
• Nazende Günday Türeli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 866–883, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.72

• (e.g., human serum albumin) [28], gold nanoparticles [29] and superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles [30]. This review aims to summarize (i) the different pathways to cross the BBB, (ii) the strategies that can be employed to increase nanoparticle BBB permeation without disrupting the BBB, as well

• lactoferrin receptor [34][41]. More recently, nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRS) and diphtheria toxin receptor have also been described [34][42]. However, some receptors usually found on peripheral endothelial cells are not expressed, e.g., the albumin receptor [40][43]. Three major categories of

• cationic bovine serum albumin (CBSA) allows them to cross the BBB by AMT, as described above [110][111][112][114]. PEG-PLA nanoparticles were labeled with coumarin-6 and conjugated with either CBSA or BSA in a study by Lu and co-workers [110]. Transcytosis assays were performed on a co-culture BBB in vitro

Identification of physicochemical properties that modulate nanoparticle aggregation in blood

• Ludovica Soddu,
• Duong N. Trinh,
• Eimear Dunne,
• Dermot Kenny,
• Giorgia Bernardini,
• Ida Kokalari,
• Arianna Marucco,
• Marco P. Monopoli and
• Ivana Fenoglio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 550–567, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.44

• , custom parallel plate perfusion chambers were coated overnight with 100 μg/mL VWF, washed with phosphate-buffered saline and blocked with 1% bovine serum albumin for 1 h prior to use. Whole blood was labelled with 1 μM DiOC6 (Sigma-Aldrich, Ireland) for 5 min at 37 °C prior to perfusion through the

• was found to strongly bind to the CNPs also at higher concentrations of plasma. Similarly, ApoB100 and histidine-rich glycoprotein were enriched at 10% plasma, but they were displaced by other proteins such as vitronectin and ITIH4 at higher concentrations of plasma. Interestingly, albumin (66 kDa

Luminescent gold nanoclusters for bioimaging applications

• Nonappa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 533–546, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.42

• were observed in N-acetylglutathione (NAGSH) and N-formylglutathione (NFGSH) ligands. Xie and co-workers reported the synthesis of a bovine serum albumin (BSA)-protected water-soluble Au25 nanocluster (Au-BSA) having a red emission at ca. 640 nm with a PL quantum yield of 6% (Figure 1E,F) [63]. More

• importantly, the Au-BSA NCs are stable under ambient conditions and retain their PL even after drying (Figure 1G,H) allowing for long-term storage [64]. Several other proteins including lysozyme, human serum albumin (HSA) and insulin have been used to prepare inherently luminescent AuNCs [65][66][67][68][69

• are presented. In each section representative early examples along with the recent examples are discussed. Biosensing and imaging of pathogens Chan et al. reported human serum albumin (HSA)-stabilized gold NCs (Au-HSA) for sensing Staphylococcus aureus (SA) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus

Multilayer capsules made of weak polyelectrolytes: a review on the preparation, functionalization and applications in drug delivery

• Varsha Sharma and
• Anandhakumar Sundaramurthy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 508–532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.41

• PE capsules by changing the open and closed state of the capsules. PAH/PMA microcapsules were successfully loaded with fluorescein isothiocyanate-bovine serum albumin (FITC-BSA) at pH < 4 [70]. Confocal microscopy was used to visualize the open and closed state of the capsules at pH 3 and 7

Preparation and in vivo evaluation of glyco-gold nanoparticles carrying synthetic mycobacterial hexaarabinofuranoside

• Gennady L. Burygin,
• Polina I. Abronina,
• Nikita M. Podvalnyy,
• Sergey A. Staroverov,
• Leonid O. Kononov and
• Lev A. Dykman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 480–493, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.39

• -called weak antigens (haptens), i.e., a pronounced immune response against them is not developed (in general, substances with molecular mass ca. 1 kDa or less are not immunogenic). As a rule, haptens are conjugated with carrier proteins, such as bovine serum albumin, hemocyanin, ovalbumin, or

Rational design of block copolymer self-assemblies in photodynamic therapy

• Maxime Demazeau,
• Laure Gibot,
• Anne-Françoise Mingotaud,
• Patricia Vicendo,
• Clément Roux and
• Barbara Lonetti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 180–212, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.15

• , the porphyrin photosensitizer was released and the size of the nanoobjects in solution increased (Figure 5d) [77]. For a combined photodynamic therapy/photothermal therapy (PDT/PTT) approach, indocyanine green (ICG) has been encapsulated in a protein, namely human serum albumin. First human serum

• albumin (HSA) is reduced and encapsulates ICG thanks to electrostatic interactions, then the disulfide links are reconstructed for carrier stabilization. This carrier is then glutathione-sensitive and its reduction under in vivo conditions enhanced the PDT efficiency [78]. The cleavage of ROS-responsive

• released [91]. The photoactivity of the photosensitizer can also be modulated by conjugation with a quencher molecule different from the photosensitizer itself. IR780 could be used as a quencher of chlorin-e6 fluorescence in albumin-based nanosystems [107]. Upon NIR excitation and IR780 degradation chlorin

Internalization mechanisms of cell-penetrating peptides

• Ivana Ruseska and
• Andreas Zimmer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 101–123, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.10

• in numerous functions, having important roles in cell signaling, lipid regulation and endocytosis [91]. The most famous ligand for this pathway seems to be albumin. The binding to its receptor, gp60, provokes internalization of the protein. In addition, there is a growing number of receptors, other

Long-term stability and scale-up of noncovalently bound gold nanoparticle-siRNA suspensions

• Anna V. Epanchintseva,
• Julia E. Poletaeva,
• Dmitrii V. Pyshnyi,
• Elena I. Ryabchikova and
• Inna A. Pyshnaya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2568–2578, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.248

• suspension at 4 °C for different times resulted in the formation of particle clusters of high colloidal stability as demonstrated by conventional methods. These clusters completely disintegrated when albumin was added, indicating that they are agglomerates (and not aggregates) of AuNP-siRNA. The AuNPs-siRNA

• of the clumping of AuNP-siRNA, we used the known property of albumin to increase the dispersion of AuNP suspensions [29]. We added 3% human serum albumin (HSA) (corresponding to 10% serum commonly used in the cell cultivation) to samples ×1 and ×10 (freshly prepared and stored for one or eight days

• disappearance of the AuNP-siRNA clusters (Figure 4D,E,F) even after the addition of 3% albumin to the samples in the DMEM medium, which promoted aggregation of AuNP-siRNA as shown in Figure 2. The hydrodynamic parameters of the AuNP-siRNA particles after the addition of albumin were impossible to evaluate

Use of data processing for rapid detection of the prostate-specific antigen biomarker using immunomagnetic sandwich-type sensors

• Camila A. Proença,
• Tayane A. Freitas,
• Thaísa A. Baldo,
• Elsa M. Materón,
• Flávio M. Shimizu,
• Gabriella R. Ferreira,
• Frederico L. F. Soares,
• Ronaldo C. Faria and
• Osvaldo N. Oliveira Jr.

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2171–2181, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.210

• . Reduced ʟ-glutathione (GSH, 99%), bovine serum albumin (BSA), HAuCl4·3H2O (99.9%), sodium borohydride (99%), horseradish peroxidase (HRP, MW = 44000; 250–330 u·mg−1), poly(diallydimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA, 20 wt % in H20), 1-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC), N

• PBS and incubated with 5 μL of bovine serum albumin (BSA) (2% w/w) diluted in PBS to avoid non-specific binding (NBS). Each step of the modification was monitored with polarization-modulated infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS, see Figure S1F in Supporting Information File 1). The

• incubated with 5 μL of bovine serum albumin (BSA) (2% w/w) diluted in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), to avoid non-specific binding. Preparation of the bioconjugate complex of Ab2 and HRP (Ab2-MNP-HRP). Illustration of the PSA capturing step. Comparison of various sandwich-type immunosensors and

Incorporation of doxorubicin in different polymer nanoparticles and their anticancer activity

• Sebastian Pieper,
• Hannah Onafuye,
• Dennis Mulac,
• Jindrich Cinatl Jr.,
• Mark N. Wass,
• Martin Michaelis and
• Klaus Langer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2062–2072, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.201

• (vinyl alcohol) (PVA, 30,000–70,000 Da), bovine serum albumin (BSA), HSA, and glutaraldehyde were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH (Karlsruhe, Germany). Dulbecco's Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) was purchased from Biochrom GmbH (Berlin, Germany). Doxorubicin was obtained from LGC Standards GmbH

• % (m/v) bovine serum albumin (BSA) was shaken at 37 °C with 500 rpm. Nanoparticle suspensions were centrifuged (30,000g, 15 min) after 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 24 h, and an aliquot (250 µL) of the supernatant was diluted with 750 µL ethanol (96%, v/v) in order to precipitate BSA. After a second

Gold-coated plant virus as computed tomography imaging contrast agent

• Alaa A. A. Aljabali,
• Mazhar S. Al Zoubi,
• Khalid M. Al-Batanyeh,
• Ali Al-Radaideh,
• Mohammad A. Obeid,
• Abeer Al Sharabi,
• Walhan Alshaer,
• Bayan AbuFares,
• Tasnim Al-Zanati,
• Murtaza M. Tambuwala,
• Naveed Akbar and
• David J. Evans

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1983–1993, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.195

• carbonate, sucrose, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO; 25%), 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid (MES) buffer, isopropanol, tetrachloroauric acid, trypsin, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), HEPES sodium salt, Triton™ X-100, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) tablets, and bovine serum albumin (BSA) were purchased

Magnetic properties of biofunctionalized iron oxide nanoparticles as magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents

• Natalia E. Gervits,
• Andrey A. Gippius,
• Alexey V. Tkachev,
• Evgeniy I. Demikhov,
• Sergey S. Starchikov,
• Igor S. Lyubutin,
• Alexander L. Vasiliev,
• Vladimir P. Chekhonin,
• Maxim A. Abakumov,
• Alevtina S. Semkina and
• Alexander G. Mazhuga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1964–1972, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.193

• and human serum albumin coated iron oxide nanoparticles was observed by Mössbauer spectroscopy. Conclusion: This difference in magnetic behavior is explained by the influence of biofunctionalization on the magnetic and electronic properties of the iron oxide nanoparticles. The ZF-NMR spectra analysis

• functionalization of nanoparticles with bovine serum albumin (BSA) and human serum albumin (HSA) is one potential method to enhance their biocompatibility. There are several directions in the development of coating types: coating of the nanoparticles themselves [10], design of BSA microcapsules with iron oxide

Toxicity and safety study of silver and gold nanoparticles functionalized with cysteine and glutathione

• Barbara Pem,
• Igor M. Pongrac,
• Lea Ulm,
• Ivan Pavičić,
• Valerije Vrček,
• Darija Domazet Jurašin,
• Marija Ljubojević,
• Adela Krivohlavek and
• Ivana Vinković Vrček

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1802–1817, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.175

• joined, centrifuged at 800g for 5 min and washed with PBS containing 2% bovine serum albumin (1 mL per sample). The cells were then stained using Muse® Annexin V and a dead cell assay kit (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. After staining, the cells were washed

Doxorubicin-loaded human serum albumin nanoparticles overcome transporter-mediated drug resistance in drug-adapted cancer cells

• Hannah Onafuye,
• Sebastian Pieper,
• Dennis Mulac,
• Jindrich Cinatl Jr.,
• Mark N. Wass,
• Klaus Langer and
• Martin Michaelis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1707–1715, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.166

• . Here, we tested doxorubicin-loaded human serum albumin (HSA) nanoparticles in the neuroblastoma cell line UKF-NB-3 and its ABCB1-expressing sublines adapted to vincristine (UKF-NB-3rVCR1) and doxorubicin (UKF-NB-3rDOX20). Doxorubicin-loaded nanoparticles displayed increased anticancer activity in UKF

• body distribution of its many substrates including drugs, xenobiotics, and other molecules. HSA nanoparticles may provide an alternative, more specific way to overcome transporter-mediated resistance. Keywords: ABCB1; cancer; doxorubicin; drug resistance; human serum albumin; nanoparticles

• resistance [6]. This includes various nanoparticle and liposome formulations of the ABCB1 substrate doxorubicin [7][8][9][10][11][12]. Here, we here investigated the effects of doxorubicin-loaded human serum albumin (HSA) nanoparticles in ABCB1-expressing neuroblastoma cells. HSA nanoparticles are easy to

Enhanced inhibition of influenza virus infection by peptide–noble-metal nanoparticle conjugates

• Zaid K. Alghrair,
• David G. Fernig and
• Bahram Ebrahimi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1038–1047, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.104

• agarose overlay was prepared by mixing equal volumes of 2% (w/v) of pre-warmed (55 °C) low-melting agarose (Melford Laboratories Ltd, Blideston Road, Ipswich, UK) and the overlay solution (14 mL 10× MEM, 3.7 mL 7.5% (w/v) bovine serum albumin (fraction V, Sigma-Aldrich, UK), 1.4 mL L-glutamine, 2.6 mL 7.5

Serum type and concentration both affect the protein-corona composition of PLGA nanoparticles

• Katrin Partikel,
• Robin Korte,
• Dennis Mulac,
• Hans-Ulrich Humpf and
• Klaus Langer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1002–1015, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.101

• band corresponding to the molecular weight of serum albumin (67 kDa). In contrast, protein adsorption led to a highly selective enrichment of serum proteins on the surface of PLGA NPs [21], even at the lowest incubation concentration. The NPs are characterized by a protein pattern consisting of

• significantly at low concentration levels but becomes constant when passing to higher serum concentrations. Corona formation is a very dynamic, competitive and time-dependent process. In the early stage, low-affinity proteins with high abundance in serum, for instance, human serum albumin (HSA), adsorb onto the

• (Karlsruhe, Germany). The dye Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250 was purchased from VWR Life science AMRESCO (Solon, Ohio). Bovine serum albumin (BSA), DL-dithiothreitol (DTT), and iodoacetamide (IAA) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). Trypsin (sequencing grade) for protein digestion was

Experimental study of an evanescent-field biosensor based on 1D photonic bandgap structures

• Jad Sabek,
• Francisco Javier Díaz-Fernández,
• Luis Torrijos-Morán,
• Zeneida Díaz-Betancor,
• Ángel Maquieira,
• María-José Bañuls,
• Elena Pinilla-Cienfuegos and
• Jaime García-Rupérez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 967–974, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.97

• to bovine serum albumin (BSA) using a UV-induced immobilization procedure. The use of half-antibodies allows one to reduce the thickness of the biorecognition volume down to ca. 2.5 nm, thus leading to a higher interaction with the evanescent field, as well as a proper orientation of their binding

• work we have used an off-flow spotting process for the immobilization of the half-antibodies, which yields a higher surface coverage and thus significantly higher sensing responses, as demonstrated in the reported bovine serum albumin (BSA) detection experiments. Results and Discussion PBG sensing

Effects of gold and PCL- or PLLA-coated silica nanoparticles on brain endothelial cells and the blood–brain barrier

• Aniela Bittner,
• Angélique D. Ducray,
• Hans Rudolf Widmer,
• Michael H. Stoffel and
• Meike Mevissen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 941–954, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.95

• alternative treatment method for injuries of hollow organs, e.g., vessels, offering faster procedure time, immediate watertightness, faster wound healing and reduced recovery time compared to classical microsuturing [3][4][5]. This technique makes use of a degradable polymer scaffold containing albumin and

• the chromophore indocyanine green (ICG). The latter enables the transduction of laser light into heat leading to denaturation of the albumin and, subsequently, tissue fusion [6]. As ICG is unstable in aqueous solutions and prone to fast photo-bleaching, the use of a stabilizing system, such as

Features and advantages of flexible silicon nanowires for SERS applications

• Hrvoje Gebavi,
• Vlatko Gašparić,
• Dubravko Risović,
• Nikola Baran,
• Paweł Henryk Albrycht and
• Mile Ivanda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 725–734, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.72

• are predominantly the characteristic surface roughness and the chemical affinity. Generally, the hydrophilic substrate surface is desirable for hydrophilic molecules such as for example dextrose and albumin [41]. SERS sensing of 4-MPBA In order to determine the optimal Ag-sputtering time, we measured

Ceria/polymer nanocontainers for high-performance encapsulation of fluorophores

• Kartheek Katta,
• Dmitry Busko,
• Yuri Avlasevich,
• Katharina Landfester,
• Stanislav Baluschev and
• Rafael Muñoz-Espí

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 522–530, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.53

• materials. The core–shell structure of the hybrid organic–inorganic nanoparticles allows for the independent molecular design of each part. For instance, the oxygen permeability of the shell material can be lowered drastically by using semicrystalline nanocellulose [31]. Furthermore, a bovine serum albumin

Targeting strategies for improving the efficacy of nanomedicine in oncology

• Gonzalo Villaverde and
• Alejandro Baeza

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 168–181, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.16

• collaboration of two targeting agents to improve the vectorization of the system on tissular and cellular levels. Another representative example of cooperation of multiple tissular and cellular targeting systems is the use of albumin-based systems [64]. Their accumulation properties in tissue are based on two

• effects: the EPR due to their size and active targeting provided by the glycoprotein gp60 interaction. The protein gp60 is overexpressed in the endothelial cell surface and allows the albumin-based systems to extravasate to the tumour mass through caveola formation and transcytosis. After this, albumin

• may also bind to the “secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine” (SPARC) present in the extracellular matrix, facilitating the approximation to tumoral cells. This is the postulated mechanism of action of Abraxane®, one of the most commonly administered nanomedicines based on albumin today (Figure

The nanoscaled metal-organic framework ICR-2 as a carrier of porphyrins for photodynamic therapy

• Jan Hynek,
• Sebastian Jurík,
• Martina Koncošová,
• Jaroslav Zelenka,
• Ivana Křížová,
• Tomáš Ruml,
• Kaplan Kirakci,
• Ivo Jakubec,
• František Kovanda,
• Kamil Lang and
• Jan Demel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2960–2967, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.275

• Essential Medium (EMEM) without foetal bovine serum to avoid modification of the particle surface properties by nonspecific binding of serum albumin. The cellular uptake of the nanoparticles was quantified by flow-cytometry analysis of porphyrin fluorescence associated with the cells. Figure 6A shows the

The structural and chemical basis of temporary adhesion in the sea star Asterina gibbosa

• Birgit Lengerer,
• Marie Bonneel,
• Mathilde Lefevre,
• Elise Hennebert,
• Philippe Leclère,
• Emmanuel Gosselin,
• Peter Ladurner and
• Patrick Flammang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2071–2086, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.196

• and rehydration, antigen retrieval with a solution of 0.05% trypsin and 0.1% CaCl2 was performed for 15 min on 37 °C. Footprints were collected on microscope glass slides and fixed in 4% PFA in PBS overnight at room temperature. All samples were blocked in PBS containing 3% (w/v) bovine serum albumin

Preparation of micro/nanopatterned gelatins crosslinked with genipin for biocompatible dental implants

• Reika Makita,
• Tsukasa Akasaka,
• Seiichi Tamagawa,
• Yasuhiro Yoshida,
• Saori Miyata,
• Hirofumi Miyaji and
• Tsutomu Sugaya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1735–1754, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.165

Review on nanoparticles and nanostructured materials: history, sources, toxicity and regulations

• Jaison Jeevanandam,
• Ahmed Barhoum,
• Yen S. Chan,
• Alain Dufresne and
• Michael K. Danquah

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1050–1074, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.98

• powered by light on the market, representing the first major commercial use of dye-sensitized solar cells. In 2005, Abraxane™, which is a human serum albumin NP material containing paclitaxel, was manufactured, commercialized and released in the pharmaceutical market [41]. In 2014, there were about 1814