Silver nanoparticles loaded on lactose/alginate: in situ synthesis, catalytic degradation, and pH-dependent antibacterial activity

• Nguyen Thi Thanh Tu,
• T. Lan-Anh Vo,
• T. Thu-Trang Ho,
• Kim-Phuong T. Dang,
• Van-Dung Le,
• Phan Nhat Minh,
• Chi-Hien Dang,
• Vinh-Thien Tran,
• Van-Su Dang,
• Tran Thi Kim Chi,
• Hieu Vu-Quang,
• Radek Fajgar,
• Thi-Lan-Huong Nguyen,
• Van-Dat Doan and
• Thanh-Danh Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 781–792, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.64

• cytoplasm and cell wall, leading to increased permeability and, eventually, disruption of the bacterial cell wall [26]. This disruption can deactivate respiratory enzymes, resulting in the generation of reactive oxygen species [27] and the inhibition of adenosine triphosphate release [26]. The antibacterial

• bioactivity against either of the strains, indicating that the observed bioactivity was due to the nanocomposite alone (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S1). Inhibition images and inhibition zone plots of AgNPs@Lac/Alg at different pH values are presented in Figure 9. The results show that the

• , with the highest inhibition zone diameters recorded at pH 6 against S. aureus (10.8 ± 0.57 mm) and S. typhi (9.3 ± 1.34 mm). In contrast, the nanocomposite showed no inhibition in highly basic media (pH 11 and 12) because of the aggregation of nanoparticles, which hindered the leaching of silver into

Quercetin- and caffeic acid-functionalized chitosan-capped colloidal silver nanoparticles: one-pot synthesis, characterization, and anticancer and antibacterial activities

• Akif Hakan Kurt,
• Elif Berna Olutas,
• Fatma Avcioglu,
• Hamza Karakuş,
• Mehmet Ali Sungur,
• Cansu Kara Oztabag and
• Muhammet Yıldırım

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 362–376, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.31

• antibacterial activity of NPs was compared to the inhibition zone diameters of control antibiotics. Amikacin antibiotic was used as a positive control for P. aeruginosa, and ampicillin antibiotic was used as a positive control for E. coli, S. aureus, and S. epidermidis. The susceptibility zone diameters were S

• bacterial strain. Then the inoculated plates were kept in an oven at 35 ± 2 °C for 18–24 h. The diameters of the inhibition zones formed around the discs in the medium were measured with millimetric rulers. This process was repeated three times for each antibacterial solution. A statistically average value

• studied against Gram-negative (P. aeruginosa and E. coli) and Gram-positive (S. aureus and S. epidermidis) bacteria using the disc diffusion method. The inhibition zone diameters obtained after adding Ch/Q- and Ch/CA-Ag NPs in three different concentrations (1/1, 1/3, and 1/5 dilutions) are presented in

The steep road to nonviral nanomedicines: Frequent challenges and culprits in designing nanoparticles for gene therapy

• Yao Yao,
• Yeongun Ko,
• Grant Grasman,
• Jeffery E. Raymond and
• Joerg Lahann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 351–361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.30

• proteins [33][34]. Overall, there is still a strong tendency for researchers to select pharmacological inhibition over genetic studies. This is due to several considerations, namely (i) rapid action in blocking the uptake route, (ii) equal inhibition of the overall cell population, and (iii) time- and

• should be closely monitored, as cell death can be misinterpreted as efficient inhibition, especially in metabolism-based assays. For these inhibitors that involve the permeablization of plasma membranes, such as filipin III, appropriate controls for plasma membrane integrity during the inhibition

• exposure should be included [35]. In order to overcome the poor specificity of pharmacological inhibitors, genetic approaches can be implemented to change the expression of specific proteins [29]. However, the complexity and care with which these studies must be undertaken are higher than an inhibition

Polymer nanoparticles from low-energy nanoemulsions for biomedical applications

• Santiago Grijalvo and
• Carlos Rodriguez-Abreu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 339–350, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.29

• targeting Renilla luciferase mRNA. Gene inhibition showed an optimum efficiency (40%) at a given nanoparticle/antisense oligonucleotide ratio, which is promising for in vitro cell transfection. When water was replaced with PBS (0.16 M) for the PIC preparation of nanoemulsions starting from

• cells incubated with the loaded nanoparticles were close to 100% for GAL concentrations of 0.3 mg/mL. The pharmacological activity of GAL was preserved after encapsulation (as measured by the acetylcholinesterase inhibition test). PLGA nanoparticles prepared from a 0.16 M PBS (W)/Polysorbate 80 (S)/(4

• content is not subject to CC BY 4.0. Luciferase activity inhibition (%) for complexes formulated with PLGA nanoparticles from nanoemulsions and a second-generation dendron at a nanoparticle/antisense oligonucleotide ratio of 0.75. Lipofectamine 2000 was used as the positive control and a scrambled

Recent progress in cancer cell membrane-based nanoparticles for biomedical applications

• Qixiong Lin,
• Yueyou Peng,
• Yanyan Wen,
• Xiaoqiong Li,
• Donglian Du,
• Weibin Dai,
• Wei Tian and
• Yanfeng Meng

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 262–279, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.24

• tumor tissues. This effective inhibition of the TME improves antitumor efficiency by depleting GSH and generating ROS [39]. Similarly, chemodynamic therapy (CDT) can utilize the Fenton reaction to convert endogenous H2O2 into ROS, resulting in a toxic effect on cancer cells [108]. Biomimetic NPs of

Nanotechnology – a robust tool for fighting the challenges of drug resistance in non-small cell lung cancer

• Filip Gorachinov,
• Fatima Mraiche,
• Diala Alhaj Moustafa,
• Ola Hishari,
• Yomna Ismail,
• Jensa Joseph,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska,
• Marija Glavas Dodov,
• Nikola Geskovski and
• Katerina Goracinova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 240–261, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.23

• pathways to prevent cross talk between multiple growth factor receptors have emerged as valid approaches that could be used to tackle cancer resistance and maximize the efficacy of EGFR inhibition. Presently, a combinatorial therapeutic strategy is believed to be a rational approach to combat the

• the adverse effects. Inhibitors of multiple targets within a single pathway exerting synergistic effects Amplification, overexpression, and mutation of MET and HER2 are heavily involved in EGFR TKI resistance development, and the cross talk of these receptors is a way to avoid TK inhibition in many

• , erlotinib, and afatinib) and EGFR-specific siRNA. The authors noted that combined therapy with the potent irreversible EGFR/HER TKI afatinib and EGFR-specific siRNA resulted in enhanced growth inhibition and apoptosis due to the inhibitory effect of the EGFR-specific siRNA on the overall EGFR oncogenic

Cyclodextrins as eminent constituents in nanoarchitectonics for drug delivery systems

• Makoto Komiyama

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 218–232, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.21

• transferrin (tumor-targeting protein) which bears poly(ʟ-lysine), mitochondrion-targeting peptide, poly(ethylene glycol), and arylazopyrazole (trans isomer) [89]. Under irradiation with NIR light (808 nm), the photothermal effect disrupted mitochondrial function, leading to inhibition of tumor growth. 6 Some

Antimicrobial and mechanical properties of functionalized textile by nanoarchitectured photoinduced Ag@polymer coating

• Jessica Plé,
• Marine Dabert,
• Helene Lecoq,
• Sophie Hellé,
• Lydie Ploux and
• Lavinia Balan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 95–109, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.11

• activity of the functionalized textiles was quantified via a liquid diffusion assay, while a plate diffusion assay was used to visualize the microbial growth inhibition. Preliminary tests showed that the Ag@PEG600DA-coated textile does not stay flat during immersion into microbial suspensions, despite

• fungicidal effect. This is similar to the efficacy of acetic acid and can be classified as slightly fungicidal [53][54]. The inhibition rate of microorganism growth was determined from the OD600nm measurements, for suspensions in contact with 3 wt % and 5 wt % AgNO3-loaded samples. The results are presented

• in Figure 11a for E. coli and remarkably a total inhibition of growth was reached within 24 hours. The silver concentration has no significant impact on antibacterial activity, which indicates that a mere 3 wt % Ag-loaded sample is sufficient to obtain complete elimination of bacteria. The released

Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles toward highly efficient photocatalysis and antibacterial application

• Vo Thi Thu Nhu,
• Nguyen Duy Dat,
• Le-Minh Tam and
• Nguyen Hoang Phuong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1108–1119, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.94

• the amount of E. coli that survived (i.e., by counting colonies). Each experiment was repeated three times. The E. coli inhibition percentage was calculated via Equation 4: where c0 is the initial number of E. coli cells and ci is the average number of E. coli cells/plate. Results and Discussion

• synthesized ZnO NPs The experimental results on antibacterial performance of synthesized materials are presented in Table 2, the E. coli inhibition percentage was calculated via Equation 4. Figure 10a shows the results of inhibition efficiency of E. coli at an initial concentration of 5·104 CFU/mL by ZnO NPs

• reached 99.83 and 100%, respectively. When the dose of the photocatalyst increased to 10 mg/mL, the E. coli inhibition efficiency reached 99.35% with a contact time of 1 h and the efficiency was 100% when the contact time was 3 h. The results of E. coli bacteria inhibition by ZnO NPs synthesized by the

Recent advances in green carbon dots (2015–2022): synthesis, metal ion sensing, and biological applications

• Aisha Kanwal,
• Naheed Bibi,
• Sajjad Hyder,
• Arif Muhammad,
• Hao Ren,
• Jiangtao Liu and
• Zhongli Lei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1068–1107, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.93

Biomimetic chitosan with biocomposite nanomaterials for bone tissue repair and regeneration

• Se-Kwon Kim,
• Sesha Subramanian Murugan,
• Pandurang Appana Dalavi,
• Sebanti Gupta,
• Sukumaran Anil,
• Gi Hun Seong and
• Jayachandran Venkatesan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1051–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.92

• and coated with different quantities of chitosan (0.125 and 0.25 g) to achieve higher compressive strength and toughness. The antibacterial activity of the composites was tested against Gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and the results show excellent activity and inhibition of bacterial

• composites was 36.4 ± 0.7 MPa. The antibacterial activity of chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol/graphene oxide/hydroxyapatite/gold was investigated against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus with a zone of inhibition of 3–7 mm as compared to Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococcus faecalis. The alkaline

• osteoblasts and inhibition of the development of osteosarcoma cancer cells in the work by Sumathra et al. (2018). The in vitro experiment was carried out by using the osteosarcoma MG-63 cell line. The MTT assay for the composites showed cell expansion and growth. The anticancer activity of cisplatin-loaded

Bioselectivity of silk protein-based materials and their bio-inspired applications

• Hendrik Bargel,
• Vanessa T. Trossmann,
• Christoph Sommer and
• Thomas Scheibel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 902–921, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.81

• . Biofouling can be defined as the undesired attachment and growth of life on artificial surfaces [49]. One general strategy to inhibit biofilm formation and microbial colonialization is microbial repellence since it targets a direct inhibition of bacterial adherence on a surface. Various approaches can be

• through direct antimicrobial activity, (2) inhibiting biofilm-specific signalling pathways, and (3) modulating the innate immune responses resulting in the inhibition of potentially harmful inflammation reactions [85][86][88]. In order to highlight the multifaceted nature of AMPs, the term host defense

• in the context of microbial defense is a matter of debate in the scientific community [137][138]. While some of the inconsistencies seem to be related to methodological aspects of the reports in doubt, a misunderstanding of the distinction between the three mechanisms of biofilm inhibition, namely

A nonenzymatic reduced graphene oxide-based nanosensor for parathion

• Sarani Sen,
• Anurag Roy,
• Ambarish Sanyal and
• Parukuttyamma Sujatha Devi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 730–744, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.65

• , ethyl parathion, fenitrothion, chlorpyrifos, paraoxon, ethion, and acephate) are based on the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity (an indirect method) [8][9][10]. Some organic molecules and metal cations also act as an inhibitor of AChE. Thus, interference-free detection of OP in

Antibacterial activity of a berberine nanoformulation

• Hue Thi Nguyen,
• Tuyet Nhung Pham,
• Anh-Tuan Le,
• Nguyen Thanh Thuy,
• Tran Quang Huy and
• Thuy Thi Thu Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 641–652, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.56

• bacterial cell membrane and inhibiting the synthesis of proteins and DNA [15]. Chu et al. [16] reported that BBR showed no antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in the range of concentrations from 1 to 64 µg/mL. However, inhibition of MRSA biofilm formation was

• least 2.0 mg/mL. Higher concentrations of BBR could be obtained due to the nanoformulation. Thus, the antibacterial activity could be enhanced. In contrast, determining the inhibition zones against E. coli O157:H7 at different concentrations was very difficult (Figure 4b). Therefore, this method is

Stimuli-responsive polypeptide nanogels for trypsin inhibition

• Petr Šálek,
• Jana Dvořáková,
• Sviatoslav Hladysh,
• Diana Oleshchuk,
• Ewa Pavlova,
• Jan Kučka and
• Vladimír Proks

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 538–548, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.45

• Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 128 40 Prague 2, Czech Republic 10.3762/bjnano.13.45 Abstract A new type of hydrophilic, biocompatible, and biodegradable polypeptide nanogel depots loaded with the natural serine protease inhibitor α1-antitrypsin (AAT) was applied for the inhibition of the

• different loading capacities for AAT with the maximum (20%) achieved with Nα-Lys-NG nanogel. In both cases, the nanogel depots demonstrated a burst release of AAT during the first 6 h, which could be favorable for quick inhibition of trypsin. A consequent pilot in vitro inhibition study revealed that both

• of loaded FITC-albumin [18]. Regarding the inhibition of serine proteases and inflammation, AAT, the most abundant inhibitor of serine proteases in human plasma, regulates the proteolytic activity of secreted proteases and is involved in the acute anti-inflammatory response against inflammatory

Ciprofloxacin-loaded dissolving polymeric microneedles as a potential therapeutic for the treatment of S. aureus skin infections

• Sharif Abdelghany,
• Walhan Alshaer,
• Yazan Al Thaher,
• Maram Al Fawares,
• Amal G. Al-Bakri,
• Saja Zuriekat and
• Randa SH. Mansour

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 517–527, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.43

• model. This was evidenced by a zone of inhibition of 29 mm for the microneedle formulation of ciprofloxacin (CIP_MN1) compared to 2 mm for the free gel of ciprofloxacin. Furthermore, the CIP_MN1 showed complete dissolution in human skin after 60 min from application. Finally, the skin deposition of

• , and the zone of inhibition was measured in millimeters using a ruler (Figure 3). Statistical analysis The results are presented as means ± standard deviation. Statistical comparison between microneedles and free CIP gel, in terms of ciprofloxacin permeation, was made using GraphPad Prism software (ver

• mechanical properties of human skin [60]. After incubation of the artificial skin with the S. aureus, a bacterial lawn was obviously formed beneath the untreated skin. As shown in Figure 8, when samples were applied over the artificial skin, a zone of inhibition of 29 mm was observed for CIP_MN1, and one of

Ethosomal (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate as a novel approach to enhance antioxidant, anti-collagenase and anti-elastase effects

• Çiğdem Yücel,
• Gökçe Şeker Karatoprak,
• Sena Yalçıntaş and
• Tuğba Eren Böncü

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 491–502, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.41

• cytotoxicity test revealed that the formulations and the EGCG solution at different concentrations were nontoxic. In terms of cell permeability, enzyme inhibition, and antioxidant activity, the ethosomal formulations yielded better results compared to the EGCG solution. It was observed that the formulations

• ]. Inhibition of collagenase and elastase enzymes At the end of the cell permeation studies, the inhibitory effects of the penetrated amount of EGCG on the collagenase and elastase enzymes were measured with kits. Collagenase enzyme inhibition values upon exposure to the EGCG solution, EGCG-loaded ETHs, and

• ETHG were found to be 68.0 ± 1.54%, 71.9 ± 1.23%, and 71.7 ± 1.52%, respectively. Elastase enzyme inhibition values upon exposure to the EGCG solution, EGCG-loaded ETHs, and ETHG were found to be 67.2 ± 1.60%, 75.2%, and 75.6%, respectively (Figure 6). The inhibition of both enzymes upon exposure to

Engineered titania nanomaterials in advanced clinical applications

• Padmavati Sahare,
• Paulina Govea Alvarez,
• Juan Manual Sanchez Yanez,
• Gabriel Luna-Bárcenas,
• Samik Chakraborty,
• Sujay Paul and
• Miriam Estevez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 201–218, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.15

• TiO2 nps [83]. TiO2 supported on silica nanospheres was checked for its antibacterial activity against E. coli, and the result demonstrated a more effective growth inhibition than that of commercial TiO2-P25 under ultraviolet and visible light [84]. Copper is well known for its antimicrobial properties

• biofilm inhibition and treatment [88][89][90]. The size of the nps impacts the diffusion into the extracellular polymeric substance matrix, with diameters up to 130 nm demonstrating deep penetration into biofilms. Moreover, positively charged nps exert greater biofilm penetration over anionic or uncharged

• and a reduced toxicity to normal cells of free drug molecules. Surface modification of the nanomaterials with polyethylene glycol (PEG) is reported to be advantageous for multiple reasons, such as inhibition of recognition by the mononuclear phagocytic system, elimination of in vitro toxicity, and

Bacterial safety study of the production process of hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers

• Axel Steffen,
• Yu Xiong,
• Radostina Georgieva,
• Ulrich Kalus and
• Hans Bäumler

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 114–126, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.8

• inhibition of bacterial proliferation. There was also no growth during incubation of E. coli upon addition of EDTA at room temperature (Figure 4C). The optical density did not increase at any time point compared to the initial value. In contrast, the bacteria in the control group, in normal medium, grew

• for Gram-negative bacteria, especially E. coli [29][58]. However, EDTA can also lead to inhibition of growth and cell lysis in Gram-positive bacteria [59][60]. In the study presented here, EDTA is used to dissolve the carbonate template during particle preparation at a concentration of 0.2 M. The

Sputtering onto liquids: a critical review

• Anastasiya Sergievskaya,
• Adrien Chauvin and
• Stephanos Konstantinidis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 10–53, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.2

Biocompatibility and cytotoxicity in vitro of surface-functionalized drug-loaded spinel ferrite nanoparticles

• Sadaf Mushtaq,
• Khuram Shahzad,
• Tariq Saeed,
• Anwar Ul-Hamid,
• Bilal Haider Abbasi,
• Nafees Ahmad,
• Waqas Khalid,
• Muhammad Atif,
• Zulqurnain Ali and
• Rashda Abbasi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1339–1364, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.99

• contrast, NFO+MTX and ZFO+MTX exhibited a delay in the S phase (p < 0.005) causing inhibition of cellular replication and progression towards G2/M. Furthermore, a significant (p < 0.05) G2/M phase arrest in FeO+MTX and ZFO+MTX was also observed. Free MTX (0.2 µM) control caused G1 and S phase arrest (p

• , a decrease in Ki-67 expression was observed in treated cells, indicating a potential role in the inhibition of cellular proliferation. A significantly stronger (p < 0.005) decrease in Ki-67 expression was observed in CFO and ZFO nanocarriers (CFO+DOX = 36.9 ± 1.57%, ZFO+DOX = 38.1 ± 1.17%, CFO+MTX

• NPs. The obtained results also suggested a stronger inhibition of Ki-67 by DOX-loaded NPs as compared to NP+MTX in both cell lines. In both cell lines, a decrease in Ki-67 expression may indicate a low proliferative potential of cancer cells after treatment with nanocarriers. However, a variable

Identifying diverse metal oxide nanomaterials with lethal effects on embryonic zebrafish using machine learning

• Richard Liam Marchese Robinson,
• Haralambos Sarimveis,
• Philip Doganis,
• Xiaodong Jia,
• Marianna Kotzabasaki,
• Christiana Gousiadou,
• Stacey Lynn Harper and
• Terry Wilkins

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1297–1325, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.97

• toxicity via a differential ability to bind to the surface of zebrafish embryos or direct inhibition of enzymes by the released cations [60][61]. Further research is required here into the basis for the importance of the Pauling metal atom electronegativity in our models. We note that the fact that

• electronegativity-based descriptors have been used to model diverse ENM data, including LC50 values for some metal oxide ENMs tested at different time points against embryonic zebrafish [67] and metal oxide inhibition of the zebrafish hatching enzyme [60]. However, we are unaware of any previous studies

Self-assembly of amino acids toward functional biomaterials

• Huan Ren,
• Lifang Wu,
• Lina Tan,
• Yanni Bao,
• Yuchen Ma,
• Yong Jin and
• Qianli Zou

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1140–1150, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.85

• showed that the nanoparticles had higher cytotoxicity and better tumor inhibition than curcumin and did not decrease the biocompatibility of the drug. A tumor inhibition rate of 33.2% was observed in mice treated with curcumin (25 mg·kg−1). In contrast, the tumor inhibition rate in mice treated with the

pH-driven enhancement of anti-tubercular drug loading on iron oxide nanoparticles for drug delivery in macrophages

• Karishma Berta Cotta,
• Sarika Mehra and
• Rajdip Bandyopadhyaya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1127–1139, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.84

• have also proven to be beneficial in overcoming multidrug resistance by enabling an increased drug uptake [8]. Similarly, physical combination of stabilized IONPs and anti-tuberculosis drugs improve intracellular drug accumulation through efflux pump inhibition [9] or by enhanced membrane

Use of nanosystems to improve the anticancer effects of curcumin

• Andrea M. Araya-Sibaja,
• Norma J. Salazar-López,
• Krissia Wilhelm Romero,
• José R. Vega-Baudrit,
• J. Abraham Domínguez-Avila,
• Carlos A. Velázquez Contreras,
• Ramón E. Robles-Zepeda,
• Mirtha Navarro-Hoyos and
• Gustavo A. González-Aguilar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1047–1062, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.78

• pathway and induces an antiangiogenic effect in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. The antiangiogenic effects of CUR may be associated to an inhibition of JAK-2 expression, production of pSTAT-3, and decrease in MMP-2 and VEGF, all of which are key vascularization factors. Curcumin also exerts a

• showed a growth inhibition (GI50) value <10 µg/mL, enhanced inhibition of proliferation, and higher cytotoxicity as compared to free CUR (F-CUR) [50]. Hu et al. [51] formulated a nanocrystal with curcumin and yttrium-stabilized zirconium oxide, which maintained the stability of CUR for 60 days (at 25 °C

• the solubility CUR while exerting no in vitro antiproliferative effects against HCT116 cells, in either its free or emulsified form [58]. According to the authors, CUR–PIP was more effective, as compared to CUR and CUR emulsion, while PIP and PIP emulsion did not show inhibition. The CUR–PIP