A few-layer graphene/chlorin e6 hybrid nanomaterial and its application in photodynamic therapy against Candida albicans

• Selene Acosta,
• Carlos Moreno-Aguilar,
• Dania Hernández-Sánchez,
• Beatriz Morales-Cruzado,
• Erick Sarmiento-Gomez,
• Carla Bittencourt,
• Luis Octavio Sánchez-Vargas and
• Mildred Quintana

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1054–1061, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.90

• environment. ROS refer to molecules like singlet oxygen, superoxide anion, and radicals, which are responsible for producing oxidative stress in cells followed by cell death [4]. Photosensitizer molecules must be nontoxic before irradiated with light, must produce high amounts of ROS when irradiated with

Identification of physicochemical properties that modulate nanoparticle aggregation in blood

• Ludovica Soddu,
• Duong N. Trinh,
• Eimear Dunne,
• Dermot Kenny,
• Giorgia Bernardini,
• Ida Kokalari,
• Arianna Marucco,
• Marco P. Monopoli and
• Ivana Fenoglio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 550–567, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.44

• platelets [16]. Additionally, SNPs were found to induce pre-thrombotic states through surface-driven activation of the coagulation factor XII [17][18]. Finally, SNPs are known to induce oxidative stress in several cell lines including endothelial cells [19] and leucocytes [20][21], a process that in vivo

Luminescent gold nanoclusters for bioimaging applications

• Nonappa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 533–546, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.42

• of protamine also lowered the minimum inhibitory concentration by two orders of magnitude. This is attributed to the enhanced catalytic activity upon binding with protamine, which resulted in altered oxidative stress and a higher generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Kurdekar et al. developed

Multilayer capsules made of weak polyelectrolytes: a review on the preparation, functionalization and applications in drug delivery

• Varsha Sharma and
• Anandhakumar Sundaramurthy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 508–532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.41

Poly(1-vinylimidazole) polyplexes as novel therapeutic gene carriers for lung cancer therapy

• Gayathri Kandasamy,
• Elena N. Danilovtseva,
• Vadim V. Annenkov and
• Uma Maheswari Krishnan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 354–369, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.26

• mediated through oxidative stress. Hence, it is likely that the down-regulation of VEGF may have contributed to the reduced expression of LCLAT1 in the polyplex-treated cells. RFC5 (replication factor C 5) is generally associated with the proliferation of cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) [48] and has also been

Facile biogenic fabrication of hydroxyapatite nanorods using cuttlefish bone and their bactericidal and biocompatibility study

• Satheeshkumar Balu,
• Manisha Vidyavathy Sundaradoss,
• Swetha Andra and
• Jaison Jeevanandam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 285–295, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.21

• and 200 µg/mL, respectively, was added to the blood samples. This indicates that the nanorods may exhibit a slight hemolytic behavior at a higher CB-Hap NR concentration. The hemolytic activity at higher concentrations can be attributed to the oxidative stress induced by introducing CB-Hap nanorods

• result in oxidative stress [61]. Conclusion This study is a pioneering work in the preparation of hydroxyapatite nanorods using marine waste cuttlefish bones using an oil-bath-mediated precipitation method. The resultant powders from the precipitation process were investigated via systematic

Toxicity and safety study of silver and gold nanoparticles functionalized with cysteine and glutathione

• Barbara Pem,
• Igor M. Pongrac,
• Lea Ulm,
• Ivan Pavičić,
• Valerije Vrček,
• Darija Domazet Jurašin,
• Marija Ljubojević,
• Adela Krivohlavek and
• Ivana Vinković Vrček

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1802–1817, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.175

• studies indicating that AgNPs negatively impact cell membranes, interfere with signaling pathways, disrupt the cell cycle, and cause mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, DNA damage and apoptosis [7][8][9]. Many reports on AgNP toxicity attribute it fully or partially to dissolved or released ionic

• reduces or increases their safety. For this purpose, the efficiency of NP uptake, cell viability, apoptosis induction, oxidative stress response and genotoxicity parameters of L929 cells treated with prepared NPs were determined and compared with control cells. A range of NP concentrations were tested for

• significant number of late apoptotic cells, while CYS- and GSH-coated AgNPs were shown to be safer than expected. In both cases, more than 88% of fibroblasts survived the treatment with the highest dose applied (10 mg Ag L−1). As the exposure to NPs is known to induce oxidative stress in cells [75][76], ROS

Lipid nanostructures for antioxidant delivery: a comparative preformulation study

• Elisabetta Esposito,
• Maddalena Sguizzato,
• Markus Drechsler,
• Paolo Mariani,
• Federica Carducci,
• Claudio Nastruzzi,
• Giuseppe Valacchi and
• Rita Cortesi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1789–1801, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.174

• oxidative stress [7]. The release of reactive oxygen species from tobacco smoke provokes a series of systemic immunomodulatory effects that leads to a compromised inflammatory response. These destructive mechanisms also affect collagen synthesis and the skin cellular reparative effects [8][9]. It has been

• size and the EE of TOC. Antioxidant effect of NLCs containing TOC Following the results obtained in the 2D cell model, the study of the protective effect of NLC T10-TOC was carried out on HSE. CS contains many components able to elicit oxidative stress, which can induce the cytoprotective enzyme heme

Scavenging of reactive oxygen species by phenolic compound-modified maghemite nanoparticles

• Małgorzata Świętek,
• Yi-Chin Lu,
• Rafał Konefał,
• Liliana P. Ferreira,
• M. Margarida Cruz,
• Yunn-Hwa Ma and
• Daniel Horák

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1073–1088, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.108

• . In conclusion, the high cellular uptake and the antioxidant properties associated with the phenolic moieties in the modified particles allow for a potential application in biomedical areas. Keywords: antioxidants; chitosan; maghemite nanoparticles; oxidative stress; phenolic compound; Introduction

• induce oxidative stress in living organisms via the Fenton reaction. Therefore, it is crucially important in biological applications of iron oxide nanoparticles to counteract this undesirable effect by antioxidants. The combination of magnetic targetability with antioxidant properties is an interesting

• most potent free radical scavenging activity measured by using the DPPH assay, all three phenolic compound-modified nanoparticles reduced intracellular ROS levels in a similar manner as the control, as indicated by flow cytometry. Because intracellular oxidative stress has been shown to be elevated in

Effects of gold and PCL- or PLLA-coated silica nanoparticles on brain endothelial cells and the blood–brain barrier

• Aniela Bittner,
• Angélique D. Ducray,
• Hans Rudolf Widmer,
• Michael H. Stoffel and
• Meike Mevissen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 941–954, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.95

• and lysosomes in microglia [10]. None of the NPs investigated resulted in cytotoxicity, decreased cell viability, apoptosis, autophagy or inflammation. However, exposure to NPs led to oxidative stress via depletion of cellular glutathione and to a downregulation of neuronal differentiation markers in

• , oxidative stress and an increase in inflammatory cytokines in dopaminergic neuron-like cells. In vivo intranasal administration of these NPs corroborated these findings and showed localization of Si-NPs mainly in the striatum and hippocampus [13]. As LTS finds its application in vessels of the brain, the

• cytotoxicity in HUVECs. Furthermore, Si-NPs were shown to induce oxidative stress and inflammation mediated by mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) [21] pathways that are related to cell proliferation and differentiation but also to

The systemic effect of PEG-nGO-induced oxidative stress in vivo in a rodent model

• Qura Tul Ain,
• Samina Hyder Haq,
• Abeer Alshammari,
• Moudhi Abdullah Al-Mutlaq and
• Muhammad Naeem Anjum

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 901–911, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.91

• , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 10.3762/bjnano.10.91 Abstract Oxidative stress (OS) plays an important role in the pathology of certain human diseases. Scientists have developed great interest regarding the determination of oxidative stress caused after the administration of nano-graphene composites (PEG-nGO

• polyethylene glycol (PEG). PEGylation of nGO was confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV spectroscopy and TEM. The average size distribution of nGO and PEG-nGO was determined by using dynamic light scattering (DLS). Subsequently, an in vivo study measuring a marker for oxidative stress

• increased OS even after 4 h. In conclusion increased OS induced by PEG-nGO could be detrimental to brain, heart and kidneys. Keywords: nano-graphene oxide; nanomedicine; oxidative stress; PEGylation; Introduction The recent progress in nanoscience and nanotechnology that has facilitated the synthesis of

Wet chemistry route for the decoration of carbon nanotubes with iron oxide nanoparticles for gas sensing

• Hussam M. Elnabawy,
• Juan Casanova-Chafer,
• Badawi Anis,
• Mostafa Fedawy,
• Mattia Scardamaglia,
• Carla Bittencourt,
• Ahmed S. G. Khalil,
• Eduard Llobet and
• Xavier Vilanova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 105–118, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.10

• conditions. As research studies show, exposure to this gas can lead to an increase in oxidative stress in the body, resulting in behavioral and learning-memory impairments. Also, there is a consistent relationship between NO2 and respiratory and asthmatic problems at mean daily concentrations (20–80 ppb

Enhanced antineoplastic/therapeutic efficacy using 5-fluorouracil-loaded calcium phosphate nanoparticles

• Shanid Mohiyuddin,
• Saba Naqvi and
• Gopinath Packirisamy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2499–2515, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.233

• a pivotal role in homeostatic regulation, growth and response in oxidative stress conditions in order to control or repair diseased cells by initiating apoptosis. As expected, the elevated expression of p53 up to 1.44-fold (Figure 8A) clearly suggests that apoptotic induction occurred in the treated

• CellROX deep red fluorescence intensity through flow cytometry following the manufacturer’s protocol. The oxidative stress upon CaP@5-FU NP treatment in the HCT-15 cell line was characterized by this assay. Briefly, HCT-15 cells were grown in a 35 mm dish followed by treatment with an IC50 concentration

• cell death involves the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) molecules (e.g., O2−, OH·, H2O2) [44]. The elevated level of ROS species interferes with the normal metabolism of the cells by disrupting cell structures such as lipids, proteins and DNA [45]. This increased oxidative

Review on nanoparticles and nanostructured materials: history, sources, toxicity and regulations

• Jaison Jeevanandam,
• Ahmed Barhoum,
• Yen S. Chan,
• Alain Dufresne and
• Michael K. Danquah

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1050–1074, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.98

• reactions associated with NPs and NSMs and the regulations implemented by different countries to reduce the associated risks are also discussed. Keywords: nanomaterial classification; nanomaterial history; nanotoxicity; oxidative stress; reactive oxygen species; regulations; Review Introduction

• cells can cause granulomatous reactions, oxidative stress and inflammation, leading to fibroplasia and neoplasia in lungs. The results also suggested that humans are routinely exposed to carbon nanotubes and showed that the outcome is similar to the vehicle exhaust samples collected in Paris, ambient

Evaluating the toxicity of TiO₂-based nanoparticles to Chinese hamster ovary cells and Escherichia coli: a complementary experimental and computational approach

• Alicja Mikolajczyk,
• Natalia Sizochenko,
• Ewa Mulkiewicz,
• Anna Malankowska,
• Michal Nischk,
• Przemyslaw Jurczak,
• Seishiro Hirano,
• Grzegorz Nowaczyk,
• Adriana Zaleska-Medynska,
• Jerzy Leszczynski,
• Agnieszka Gajewicz and
• Tomasz Puzyn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2171–2180, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.216

• release of ions from the TiO2 surface, the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the subsequently induced oxidative stress [4][46]. For example, according to Li et al. [4] and Qiu et al. [47], the cytotoxicity of Au NPs occurs via the generation of ROS and the peroxidation of lipids. Katsumiti

A nanocomplex of C₆₀ fullerene with cisplatin: design, characterization and toxicity

• Svitlana Prylutska,
• Svitlana Politenkova,
• Kateryna Afanasieva,
• Volodymyr Korolovych,
• Kateryna Bogutska,
• Andriy Sivolob,
• Larysa Skivka,
• Maxim Evstigneev,
• Viktor Kostjukov,
• Yuriy Prylutskyy and
• Uwe Ritter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1494–1501, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.149

• induced by extensive reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation [56][57]. According to Kaeidi et al. [58], preconditioning with mild oxidative stress may enhance some endogenous defense mechanisms and stimulate cellular adaptation to subsequent severe oxidative stress after the treatment with Cis. C60

Needs and challenges for assessing the environmental impacts of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs)

• Michelle Romero-Franco,
• Hilary A. Godwin,
• Muhammad Bilal and
• Yoram Cohen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 989–1014, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.101

• ), oxidative stress, redox activities, etc.) and apical toxic effects (e.g., respiratory effects shown in short-term inhalation studies). The initial tier (0) focuses on gathering data regarding intrinsic material properties (e.g., water solubility, primary particle size (PPS), surface area, composition

Facile fabrication of luminescent organic dots by thermolysis of citric acid in urea melt, and their use for cell staining and polyelectrolyte microcapsule labelling

• Nadezhda M. Zholobak,
• Anton L. Popov,
• Alexander B. Shcherbakov,
• Nelly R. Popova,
• Mykhailo M. Guzyk,
• Valeriy P. Antonovich,
• Alla V. Yegorova,
• Yuliya V. Scrypynets,
• Inna I. Leonenko,
• Alexander Ye. Baranchikov and
• Vladimir K. Ivanov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1905–1917, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.182

• , and cellular luminescence was weak (Figure 5, top). Treatment with hydrogen peroxide (8 μg/mL, 15 min) initiated activation of oxidative stress in the cells; upon such treatment, the cells were stained more intensely (Figure 5, bottom). The use of O-dots allowed a clear visualization of the oxidative

• stress region: A bright glow was observed in the area of preferential localization of mitochondria in the perinuclear space. Increasing the number and size of nucleoli ("ribosomes factories”) correlates with the primary compensatory response of cells to oxidative stress during the first 15 min of contact

• greater sensitivity to oxidative stress. For comparison, a similar staining manipulation was carried out for the same ST cells treated with hydrogen peroxide, but without subsequent fixation (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S20). The micrographs obtained demonstrate that only some of the cells were

Voltammetric determination of polyphenolic content in pomegranate juice using a poly(gallic acid)/multiwalled carbon nanotube modified electrode

• Refat Abdel-Hamid and
• Emad F. Newair

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1104–1112, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.103

• phenolic content; Introduction Gallic acid (GA) is a natural polyphenolic compound found in fruits, vegetables and several other plants [1]. The study of the role of GA in providing better therapeutic outcomes against arsenic-induced toxicity showed that GA is effective against arsenic-induced oxidative

• stress [2]. A facile and ultrasensitive sensor based on gold microclusters electrodeposited on sulfonate-functionalized graphene that was immobilized on the surface of a GCE was fabricated and applied for the simultaneous determination of gallic acid and uric acid [3]. The electrochemical mechanism and

Tight junction between endothelial cells: the interaction between nanoparticles and blood vessels

• Yue Zhang and
• Wan-Xi Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 675–684, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.60

• blood vessels, which are the sites of phosphorylation of tight junction proteins (claudins, occludins, and ZO (Zonula occludens)) proteins, oxidative stress and shear stress. We propose a connection between the presence of nanoparticles and the regulation of the tight junction, which might be the key

• approach for nanoparticles to penetrate endothelial layers and then have an impact on other tissues and organs. Keywords: blood vessels; endothelial cells; nanoparticles; oxidative stress; tight junction; Introduction Products related to nanoparticles (NPs) are increasingly growing in number. We can

• their diameter, that is, NPs are particles between 1 and 100 nanometers in size. Generally, the toxicity of NPs is based on the following mechanisms: oxidative stress, disruption of cell membranes, and unknown effects when they enter organs (Table 1). For instance, gold NPs can cause serious damage in

Unraveling the neurotoxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles: focusing on molecular mechanisms

• Bin Song,
• Yanli Zhang,
• Jia Liu,
• Xiaoli Feng,
• Ting Zhou and
• Longquan Shao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 645–654, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.57

• remain unclear. However, we have concluded from previous studies that these mechanisms mainly consist of oxidative stress (OS), apoptosis, inflammatory response, genotoxicity, and direct impairment of cell components. Meanwhile, other factors such as disturbed distributions of trace elements, disrupted

• that the major mechanisms are oxidative stress (OS), inflammatory responses, apoptosis, genotoxicity, and direct impairment of cell components. However, it appears that TiO2 NPs-induced neurotoxicity results from multiple mechanisms. Furthermore, other minor mechanisms exist and include disturbed

• oxidative stress (OS), inflammatory responses, apoptosis, genotoxicity, and direct impairment of cell components. However, in most situations, neurotoxicity occurs through multiple mechanisms. Furthermore, other minor mechanisms include disturbed distributions of trace elements, disrupted signaling pathways

Application of biclustering of gene expression data and gene set enrichment analysis methods to identify potentially disease causing nanomaterials

• Andrew Williams and
• Sabina Halappanavar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2438–2448, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.252

• fibrosis. The pro-fibrogenic potential of CNTs is well established. Although CB has not been shown to induce fibrosis, it induces stronger inflammatory, oxidative stress and DNA damage responses than nano-TiO2 particles. Conclusion: The results of the analysis correctly identified all NMs to be

An ISA-TAB-Nano based data collection framework to support data-driven modelling of nanotoxicology

• Richard L. Marchese Robinson,
• Mark T. D. Cronin,
• Andrea-Nicole Richarz and
• Robert Rallo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1978–1999, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.202

• . For example, oxidative stress and inflammation might be detected via measuring the level of glutathione or various cytokine biomarkers respectively [97]. (These sub-lethal phenomena would not be considered “cytotoxicity” by all researchers [84].) The manner in which this template was designed to

Predicting cytotoxicity of PAMAM dendrimers using molecular descriptors

• David E. Jones,
• Hamidreza Ghandehari and
• Julio C. Facelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1886–1896, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.192

• materials with expected low levels of toxicity. Cytotoxicity can be determined by a gamut of in vitro toxicity assays focusing on a number of cellular parameters including cell viability, oxidative stress, genotoxicity, and inflammatory response [9]. In this paper, we focus on the cell viability to

NanoE-Tox: New and in-depth database concerning ecotoxicity of nanomaterials

• Katre Juganson,
• Angela Ivask,
• Irina Blinova,
• Monika Mortimer and
• Anne Kahru

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1788–1804, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.183

• reactive oxygen species and resulting induction of oxidative stress, and (iii) toxic effect of released ions from metal/metal oxide ENMs [13][25][28]. Analyses of the information in NanoE-Tox database (Table S2, Supporting Information File 1) revealed that the most often reported potential mechanism of

• ][183], oxidative stress [71][73][89][175][176][184][185], DNA damage/genotoxicity [102][186][187], and binding to sulfhydryl groups [100]. Similar effects were also demonstrated in case of ZnO NPs [84][85][86][188][189][190]. The mechanism of toxic action of insoluble ENMs like CeO2 [109][110], CNTs

• [116][133][191] and TiO2 [153][154][155][156][192] was usually reported as particle-driven mechanical membrane damage. NanoE-Tox database contains only one study suggesting the mechanism of toxicity of fullerenes (oxidative stress) [193] and there are no data about possible mechanism of action of FeOx