Comparative study of post-growth annealing of Cu(hfac)₂, Co₂(CO)₈ and Me₂Au(acac) metal precursors deposited by FEBID

• Marcos V. Puydinger dos Santos,
• Aleksandra Szkudlarek,
• Artur Rydosz,
• Carlos Guerra-Nuñez,
• Fanny Béron,
• Kleber R. Pirota,
• Stanislav Moshkalev,
• José Alexandre Diniz and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 91–101, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.11

• (Table 1). In particular, the Co–C FEBID material exhibits a strong variation in composition during thermal annealing. Improvements in Co content from 67 atom % for as-deposited films to 78 atom % at 100 °C and 84 atom % at 200 and 300 °C annealing temperature occurred predominantly due to oxygen release

Electron-driven and thermal chemistry during water-assisted purification of platinum nanomaterials generated by electron beam induced deposition

• Ziyan Warneke,
• Markus Rohdenburg,
• Jonas Warneke,
• Janina Kopyra and
• Petra Swiderek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 77–90, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.10

• precursor molecules were removed from the surface by thermal annealing to 450 K. The annealing step also initiates the thermal reactions that contribute to deposit formation in an actual FEBID process as obvious from our TDS data shown in Figure 4 and Figure 7. In total, more than 500 monolayers of the

The role of ligands in coinage-metal nanoparticles for electronics

• Ioannis Kanelidis and
• Tobias Kraus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2625–2639, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.263

• , materials that combine conductivity at lower percolation thresholds and mechanical flexibility, improved conductivity was achieved by means of conventional thermal annealing [129] or plasma treatment [130]. Gold nanowires (AuNW) with core diameters below 2 nm were arranged into a mesh on PET substrates

Laser-assisted fabrication of gold nanoparticle-composed structures embedded in borosilicate glass

• Nikolay Nedyalkov,
• Mihaela Koleva,
• Nadya Stankova,
• Rosen Nikov,
• Mitsuhiro Terakawa,
• Yasutaka Nakajima,
• Lyubomir Aleksandrov and
• Reni Iordanova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2454–2463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.244

• ., silicate, phosphate and borate glasses, titanium and aluminum oxides, and polymers) are processed by laser radiation with appropriate parameters. Metal nanoparticles are formed within the irradiated area after a subsequent thermal annealing. This photoreduction process has been achieved by using CW lasers

• samples were studied via their absorbance spectra (HR 4000 spectrometer, Ocean Optics) in the range 200–1000 nm. The experimental procedure included thermal annealing of the glass samples in a standard controllable oven. The glass transition temperature and the thermal stability of the glass samples

• prepared were determined by differential thermal analysis (DTA) (Setaram, Labsys Evo 1600) at a heating rate of 10 °C/min (±1 K) in air. The glass structure after the laser processing and thermal annealing was investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) (JEOL JEM 2100). The EMCAT/EMFIT computer

Increasing the stability of DNA nanostructure templates by atomic layer deposition of Al₂O₃ and its application in imprinting lithography

• Hyojeong Kim,
• Kristin Arbutina,
• Anqin Xu and
• Haitao Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2363–2375, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.236

• Al2O3 onto the nanostructures followed by thermal annealing [36]. In addition to the 2D pattern transfer processes, gold nanoparticles with specified 3D shapes were synthesized by growing seed particles in the internal cavities of 3D DNA nanostructures [37][38]. Compared to the above developments, there

A systematic study of the controlled generation of crystalline iron oxide nanoparticles on graphene using a chemical etching process

• Peter Krauß,
• Jörg Engstler and
• Jörg J. Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2017–2025, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.202

• ][34]. As graphene is close to or even atomically thin, even very minor amounts of contamination can affect its electronic properties [22][33][34]. Additional processing such as thermal annealing in vacuum or hydrogen atmosphere is required to completely remove the protective layer, making polymer

• of iron oxide nanoparticles on graphene; a,b) before and c,d) after thermal annealing at 450 °C for 24 h in a hydrogen atmosphere. The nanoparticles are highly mobile and tend to agglomerate during the heat treatment procedure. Iron oxide decorated graphene layer on a SiO2/Si wafer for CNT growth

Carbon nano-onions as fluorescent on/off modulated nanoprobes for diagnostics

• Stefania Lettieri,
• Marta d’Amora,
• Adalberto Camisasca,
• Alberto Diaspro and
• Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1878–1888, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.188

• sensing applications [7], multishell fullerenes, known as carbon nano-onions (CNOs) [8][9], prepared by thermal annealing of detonation nanodiamonds (d-NDs) [10], are an attractive class of carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) for imaging, diagnostic and therapeutic applications, due to their unique properties

• procedure [25][26]. The condensation with dimethylaminobenzaldehyde led to the NIR-BODIPY derivative 3. The surface functionalization of 5 nm pristine CNOs (p-CNOs), synthetized by thermal annealing of d-NDs, was obtained by an oxidation process using a 3 M solution of nitric acid under reflux condition

• , 124.50, 117.67, 115.33, 113.93, 112.67, 19.84, 13.65. See Supporting Information File 1, Figure S4. HRMS-ESI m/z: [M+H]+ calcd for C39H41N4OBF2, 630.3341; found, 630.3363. p-CNOs The synthesis of small, pristine carbon nano-onions (p-CNOs) was performed by thermal annealing of detonation nanodiamonds (d

Parylene C as a versatile dielectric material for organic field-effect transistors

• Tomasz Marszalek,
• Maciej Gazicki-Lipman and
• Jacek Ulanski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1532–1545, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.155

• temperature, indicates that more ordered polymer chains are formed at higher temperatures. This is due to higher energy available for chain motion and crystallization during thermal annealing. The size of crystalline domains is controlled by a number of defect mechanisms in the polymerization process. The

• ]. It appears that adhesion forces of Parylene C not only depend on the type of substrate, but they can also be easily modified by surface processing, such as oxygen plasma treatment or thermal annealing [64]. Which procedure is to be applied strongly depends on the material used and on the further

• sensitive to high-temperature treatment, such as thermal annealing, has been discussed in one of the previous chapters. When heated, this material becomes harder, more rigid and more brittle. A simple explanation of this effect is the increase of the degree of polymer crystallinity at elevated temperatures

A biofunctionalizable ink platform composed of catechol-modified chitosan and reduced graphene oxide/platinum nanocomposite

• Peter Sobolewski,
• Agata Goszczyńska,
• Małgorzata Aleksandrzak,
• Karolina Urbaś,
• Joanna Derkowska,
• Agnieszka Bartoszewska,
• Jacek Podolski,
• Ewa Mijowska and
• Mirosława El Fray

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1508–1514, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.151

• with Pt nanoparticles dispersed in ethylene glycol, admixed with an aqueous solution of catechol-modified chitosan. Using our commercial piezoelectric microplotter, the ink formed an excellent fluid bridge and was readily printable. Following thermal annealing, the resultant chitosan/graphene

• work of Torrisi et al. with NMP [12], in order to avoid “coffee ring” formation, EG, which has a similar boiling point as NMP, was removed by thermal annealing in an oven at 170 °C for 5 min. Printed patterns were imaged using dark field microscopy (Nikon MM-40). Biofunctionalization of printed

Preparation of thick silica coatings on carbon fibers with fine-structured silica nanotubes induced by a self-assembly process

• Benjamin Baumgärtner,
• Hendrik Möller,
• Thomas Neumann and
• Dirk Volkmer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1145–1155, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.116

• calcination process at a temperature of 800 °C. However, the fine-structure will be sintered by thermal annealing at higher temperatures, what restricts the usability for catalytic applications at higher temperatures. For instance, this can be observed for isothermal treatment at 1100 °C for 15 h in an argon

Hierarchically structured nanoporous carbon tubes for high pressure carbon dioxide adsorption

• Julia Patzsch,
• Deepu J. Babu and
• Jörg J. Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1135–1144, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.115

• [49] might be one reason for the observed changes in the pore size distribution. Interestingly, changes in the pore structure induced by the high pressure CO2 adsorption are similar to the porosity changes caused by thermal annealing (Table 1). Annealing, similar to high pressure CO2 adsorption, leads

• to a decrease in the total micropore volume and an increase in the mesopore content. The similarity of the carbon tube material (4) after CO2 adsorption with 4 carbonized at a high temperature of 1300 °C or 1600 °C is also observed in the Raman spectra (Figure 11). After the thermal annealing of 4

CVD transfer-free graphene for sensing applications

• Chiara Schiattarella,
• Sten Vollebregt,
• Tiziana Polichetti,
• Brigida Alfano,
• Ettore Massera,
• Maria Lucia Miglietta,
• Girolamo Di Francia and
• Pasqualina Maria Sarro

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1015–1022, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.102

• electronics, able to perform data analysis [8] or a refresh of the device through UV illumination or thermal annealing [9][10][11][12][13]. All that said, the development of new approaches enabling the direct growth of large-area graphene layers on arbitrary insulating substrates, compatible with conventional

3D Nanoprinting via laser-assisted electron beam induced deposition: growth kinetics, enhanced purity, and electrical resistivity

• Brett B. Lewis,
• Robert Winkler,
• Xiahan Sang,
• Pushpa R. Pudasaini,
• Michael G. Stanford,
• Harald Plank,
• Raymond R. Unocic,
• Jason D. Fowlkes and
• Philip D. Rack

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 801–812, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.83

• current during EBID is PtC5 [61]. Ex situ thermal annealing has been used to remove carbon in the past [47] but causes severe structural distortions due to the large quantity of carbon removed. Thus, in situ purification is necessary for all but the simplest geometries because of severe volumetric

Synthesis of graphene–transition metal oxide hybrid nanoparticles and their application in various fields

• Arpita Jana,
• Elke Scheer and
• Sebastian Polarz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 688–714, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.74

• acid [60]. Despite the chemical reagent reduction, other reduction processes are used for the conversion of GO to graphene, e.g., microwave irradiation [61][62], electrochemical reduction [63][64], thermal annealing [46][65], photocatalytic reduction [66], solvothermal reduction [67][68], thermal

Advances in the fabrication of graphene transistors on flexible substrates

• Gabriele Fisichella,
• Stella Lo Verso,
• Silvestra Di Marco,
• Vincenzo Vinciguerra,
• Emanuela Schilirò,
• Salvatore Di Franco,
• Raffaella Lo Nigro,
• Fabrizio Roccaforte,
• Amaia Zurutuza,
• Alba Centeno,
• Sebastiano Ravesi and
• Filippo Giannazzo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 467–474, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.50

• is worth noting that due to the constrains imposed by the use of a PEN substrate, it is not possible to perform thermal annealing processes (in vacuum or Ar/H2 ambient at temperatures from 300 to 400 °C) or stronger chemical treatments typically used to remove polymeric residues after graphene

Role of oxygen in wetting of copper nanoparticles on silicon surfaces at elevated temperature

• Tapas Ghosh and
• Biswarup Satpati

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 425–433, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.45

• rapid thermal annealing has been performed under various atmospheric conditions. In spite of the general tendency of the agglomeration of nanoparticles to lower the surface energy at elevated temperatures, our plan-view and cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray

• synthesized following different processes such as hydrothermal, chemical precipitation, electrochemical as well as other methods [4][5][6][7][13]. In this context the combination of the galvanic displacement reaction and the rapid thermal annealing process provides a simple and quick route for the synthesis

• easily formed by thermal annealing on indium tin oxide (ITO) or glass [3]; but copper oxidation on a silicon surface may lead to copper silicidation [28]. Papadimitropoulos et al. have observed the formation of copper silicide at low annealing temperatures, and when the temperature is high, pure copper

Ordering of Zn-centered porphyrin and phthalocyanine on TiO₂(011): STM studies

• Piotr Olszowski,
• Lukasz Zajac,
• Szymon Godlewski,
• Bartosz Such,
• Rémy Pawlak,
• Antoine Hinaut,
• Res Jöhr,
• Thilo Glatzel,
• Ernst Meyer and
• Marek Szymonski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 99–107, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.11

• studied copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) and ZnTPP heterostructures. It was found that the central metal atom may play some role in ordering and growth of phthalocyanine/ZnTPP heterostructures, causing differences in stability of upright standing ZnPc versus CuPc molecular chains at given thermal annealing

• and further ordered by thermal annealing at 150–200 °C. Although the structure of the thermally annealed CuPc islands could be characterized with low temperature (LT) scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), indicating that the molecules are predominantly upright-oriented, at room temperature, the

• are rather weakly bound to the wetting layer. The situation can be significantly changed by thermal annealing. The application of 30 min of postdeposition thermal treatment at 150 °C transforms the system into randomly distributed 2D islands which are sufficiently stable to be imaged by STM. A more

Sensitive detection of hydrocarbon gases using electrochemically Pd-modified ZnO chemiresistors

• Elena Dilonardo,
• Michele Penza,
• Marco Alvisi,
• Gennaro Cassano,
• Cinzia Di Franco,
• Francesco Palmisano,
• Luisa Torsi and
• Nicola Cioffi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 82–90, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.9

• amount of palladium deposited on ZnO was about 1.0 atom %. The TOAB surfactant was almost completely removed from the Pd surface after annealing. In Figure 3, the SEM images of pristine and Pd-functionalized ZnO NRs after thermal annealing at 550 °C are reported. Pristine and functionalized ZnO reveal a

• components (O–Zn and O–C), with the additional Pd 3d spectrum in Pd@ZnO. SEM images of A) pristine and B) Pd-modified ZnO nanostructures, after thermal annealing at 550 °C. The inset shows the TEM image of Pd@ZnO NRs. A) Time response and B) calibration curves of the change of electrical resistance of

Scanning probe microscopy studies on the adsorption of selected molecular dyes on titania

• Jakub S. Prauzner-Bechcicki,
• Lukasz Zajac,
• Piotr Olszowski,
• Res Jöhr,
• Antoine Hinaut,
• Thilo Glatzel,
• Bartosz Such,
• Ernst Meyer and
• Marek Szymonski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1642–1653, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.156

• structures transmuted into ordered islands of upright standing molecules. The authors observed that the subsequent deposition of molecular material followed by thermal annealing at the same temperature eventually led to the formation of a well-ordered layer of upright standing CuPc molecules that covered the

Nanostructured germanium deposited on heated substrates with enhanced photoelectric properties

• Ionel Stavarache,
• Valentin Adrian Maraloiu,
• Petronela Prepelita and
• Gheorghe Iordache

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1492–1500, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.142

• thin films during deposition at temperatures lower than those necessary for nanostructuring Ge-nps by thermal annealing after deposition. To optimize the substrate temperature, Al/n-Si/Ge:SiO2/ITO photodetector test structures have been fabricated by magnetron sputtering at low temperatures of 300, 400

A composite structure based on reduced graphene oxide and metal oxide nanomaterials for chemical sensors

• Vardan Galstyan,
• Elisabetta Comini,
• Iskandar Kholmanov,
• Andrea Ponzoni,
• Veronica Sberveglieri,
• Nicola Poli,
• Guido Faglia and
• Giorgio Sberveglieri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1421–1427, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.133

• thermal annealing in a furnace at 400 °C as we have described in [25]. We prepared the composite material using the method described in [22]. We produced graphite oxide from natural graphite (SP-1, Bay Carbon) by means of modified Hummers method [26]. Then, we prepared aqueous dispersions of GO by

Reasons and remedies for the agglomeration of multilayered graphene and carbon nanotubes in polymers

• Rasheed Atif and
• Fawad Inam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1174–1196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.109

• are removed from the arc-discharge soot usually by refluxing in HNO3 or thermal annealing in oxygen-containing atmosphere. The metal catalyst particles are removed by treatment with inorganic acids [127]. Figure 14 shows the arc discharge apparatus used by Saito and Uemura for the production of CNTs

Multiwalled carbon nanotube hybrids as MRI contrast agents

• Nikodem Kuźnik and
• Mateusz M. Tomczyk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1086–1103, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.102

• (SPIO/oMWCNT#Wu) [38], while Wang used the thermal annealing method of iron(II) acetate (SPIO/oMWCNT#Wang) [43]. Solvothermal co-precipitation of CoCl2 and FeCl3, also by Wu, led to the non-covalent deposition of magnetic cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4/oMWCNT#Wu) [39]. It was found that a low temperature (180

Assembling semiconducting molecules by covalent attachment to a lamellar crystalline polymer substrate

• Rainhard Machatschek,
• Patrick Ortmann,
• Renate Reiter,
• Stefan Mecking and
• Günter Reiter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 784–798, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.70

• carboxyl groups was achieved during thermal annealing, which, in turn, was only possible upon inclusion of a layer of carboxyl groups into the stack of crystalline lamellae. A detailed description of the morphological changes that could be observed during thermal annealing, side-group inclusion and

• procedure did not yield the same surface enrichment effect for layers of nanocrystals. Due to the high surface to volume ratio of the CPE45 nanocrystals, Ostwald ripening (i.e., fusion of nanocrystals) is expected to take place upon thermal annealing of nanocrystal layers [37][38]. We note that the ratio of

• of accessible carboxyl groups at the crystal surface, allowing the covalent attachment of a compact layer of semiconducting molecules. As opposed to CPE45 nanocrystals, the driving force for the exchange and reorganization of polymer chains during thermal annealing was low, because the fraction of

Synthesis and applications of carbon nanomaterials for energy generation and storage

• Marco Notarianni,
• Jinzhang Liu,
• Kristy Vernon and
• Nunzio Motta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 149–196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.17