Mannosylated brush copolymers based on poly(ethylene glycol) and poly(ε-caprolactone) as multivalent lectin-binding nanomaterials

• Stefania Ordanini,
• Wanda Celentano,
• Anna Bernardi and
• Francesco Cellesi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2192–2206, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.212

• aggregates (e.g., micelles and vesicles) above their critical aggregation concentration (CAC). The resulting self-assembled nanoparticles can act as drug carriers and delivery systems, being able to accommodate a hydrophobic drug within their hydrophobic core [22], or chemically bind bioactive agents [23][24

Synthesis and potent cytotoxic activity of a novel diosgenin derivative and its phytosomes against lung cancer cells

• Liang Xu,
• Dekang Xu,
• Ziying Li,
• Yu Gao and
• Haijun Chen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1933–1942, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.189

• ingredients could undergo self-assembly into stable vesicles in aqueous solution, which could act as a vehicle to facilitate membrane transport [29]. Compared to liposomes, phytosomes can load more drug molecules, and showed enhanced stability in the lyophilization and reconstitution processes prior to use

• film. Before hydration, the lipid film was dried in a vacuum drying chamber at 27 °C for 12 h. The hydrated multilamellar vesicles were sonicated by a sonicator for 20 min. Blank lipid nanoparticles (P) were also prepared with the same process without adding Di or P2. Characterization of phytosomes

Lipid nanostructures for antioxidant delivery: a comparative preformulation study

• Elisabetta Esposito,
• Maddalena Sguizzato,
• Markus Drechsler,
• Paolo Mariani,
• Federica Carducci,
• Claudio Nastruzzi,
• Giuseppe Valacchi and
• Rita Cortesi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1789–1801, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.174

• triangular structures were observed. At last, in the case of suppocire NLCs, besides the presence of some irregular structures (Figure 2F), spherical structures were detected (inset of Figure 2F), resembling vesicles rather than to solid particles. The inner morphology of the NLCs was further characterized

• an ordered structural organization inside the NLC, while suppocire is not able to preserve such an organization. According to the cryo-TEM findings, vesicles rather than nanoparticles probably form in this condition. The analysis of the position of the peaks observed in tristearin-based NLCs allowed

• values were found in the case of NLC S10-TOC and NLC T10-RA. In the case of suppocire, TOC EE values decreased from 88 to 60% by doubling the lipid phase concentration, suggesting that the presence of vesicles instead of nanoparticles prevented high loading of the antioxidant within their structure

Materials nanoarchitectonics at two-dimensional liquid interfaces

• Katsuhiko Ariga,
• Michio Matsumoto,
• Taizo Mori and
• Lok Kumar Shrestha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1559–1587, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.153

Effects of gold and PCL- or PLLA-coated silica nanoparticles on brain endothelial cells and the blood–brain barrier

• Aniela Bittner,
• Angélique D. Ducray,
• Hans Rudolf Widmer,
• Michael H. Stoffel and
• Meike Mevissen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 941–954, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.95

• -like cells in membrane-surrounded vesicles and the cytoplasm. Studies in organotypic brain slices revealed that NPs were only taken up by microglial cells but not by astrocytes or neurons [9]. NPs were taken up in a time- and concentration-dependent manner and were found in the endoplasmic reticulum

• these three NP types. Both PLLA- and PCL-NPs were taken up to a high extent after 2 and 24 h of exposure, respectively. They tended to form clusters and were detected freely in the cytosol or in membrane-bound vesicles (Figure 2A,D and Figure 2B,E). On the other hand, Au-NPs could not be found inside

• , B, C) and higher magnification (D, E, F); analyzed by TEM. PLLA- and PCL-NPs were found in clusters inside the cells (arrows) (A, B; scale bar: 5 µm) and were present freely in the cytoplasm (arrows) or in membrane-bound vesicles (arrow head) (D, E; scale bar: 1 µm). Single Au-NPs were taken up by

The nanoscaled metal-organic framework ICR-2 as a carrier of porphyrins for photodynamic therapy

• Jan Hynek,
• Sebastian Jurík,
• Martina Koncošová,
• Jaroslav Zelenka,
• Ivana Křížová,
• Tomáš Ruml,
• Kaplan Kirakci,
• Ivo Jakubec,
• František Kovanda,
• Kamil Lang and
• Jan Demel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2960–2967, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.275

• using confocal microscopy. Figure 7 clearly shows that the nanoparticles accumulate in intracellular vesicles, which strongly co-localize with the fluorescent marker of lysosomes. This is similar to the results of a previous study performed with PCN-222 nanoparticles [22]. Toxicity and phototoxicity

Enhanced antineoplastic/therapeutic efficacy using 5-fluorouracil-loaded calcium phosphate nanoparticles

• Shanid Mohiyuddin,
• Saba Naqvi and
• Gopinath Packirisamy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2499–2515, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.233

• track the morphological changes occurring in the cells after treatment with CaP@5-FU NPs in a time-dependent manner. Hoechst 33342 can effectively stain the nucleic acid and specifically identify changes in the nucleus, whereas rhodamine B stains the cytoplasmic vesicles uniformly, enabling the

Block copolymers for designing nanostructured porous coatings

• Roberto Nisticò

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2332–2344, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.218

• micelles, reverse micelles as well as worm-like structures, lamellar sheets, and vesicles (Figure 5). As mentioned previously, the thermodynamic incompatibility between the blocks forming the polymer chains is the driving force behind the formation of such nanostructures [4][35]. In this context, this

The structural and chemical basis of temporary adhesion in the sea star Asterina gibbosa

• Birgit Lengerer,
• Marie Bonneel,
• Mathilde Lefevre,
• Elise Hennebert,
• Philippe Leclère,
• Emmanuel Gosselin,
• Peter Ladurner and
• Patrick Flammang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2071–2086, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.196

• adhesive vesicles was found to react with the lectin PNA, indicating the presence of galactose(ß 1-3) N-acetylgalactosamine [44]. In contrast to A. gibbosa, galactose(ß 1-3) N-acetylgalactosamine residues were also detected in M. lignano footprints (Lengerer pers. observation). Many known proteins involved

The nanofluidic confinement apparatus: studying confinement-dependent nanoparticle behavior and diffusion

• Stefan Fringes,
• Felix Holzner and
• Armin W. Knoll

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 301–310, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.30

• nanoparticles and vesicles in nanofluidic systems [13]. In a follow-up experiment, it was shown that crucial information on the trapping potential can be gained by using an AFM-type system and a micro-capillary to adjust the gap distance [14]. Another example of a strongly gap-dependent behavior is the lateral

Involvement of two uptake mechanisms of gold and iron oxide nanoparticles in a co-exposure scenario using mouse macrophages

• Dimitri Vanhecke,
• Dagmar A. Kuhn,
• Dorleta Jimenez de Aberasturi,
• Sandor Balog,
• Ana Milosevic,
• Dominic Urban,
• Diana Peckys,
• Niels de Jonge,
• Wolfgang J. Parak,
• Alke Petri-Fink and
• Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2396–2409, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.239

• , and clathrin- and caveolin-independent endocytosis, involving the ingestion of fluid, molecules, and NPs via small vesicles (<0.15 µm in diameter) [9]. Although NPs have been shown to be taken up by the cells mainly by pinocytotis [9], many factors have been shown to influence the interaction with

• experiments revealed that the AuNPs were localised in their membranes rather than in the cores of the vesicles [21][22]. However, indications exist of alternative pathways for particles to enter cells, as studies have reported intracellular NPs of diverse materials lacking surrounding membranes [23][24

• observed. Colocalisation of both particle types in intracellular compartments 24 h after exposure was confirmed by TEM (Figure 4). Intracellular particles were found only in vesicles and in the co-exposure experiments, both particle types were observed in the same vesicle. In the immediate extracellular

Self-assembly of chiral fluorescent nanoparticles based on water-soluble L-tryptophan derivatives of p-tert-butylthiacalix[4]arene

• Pavel L. Padnya,
• Irina A. Khripunova,
• Olga A. Mostovaya,
• Timur A. Mukhametzyanov,
• Vladimir G. Evtugyn,
• Vyacheslav V. Vorobev,
• Yuri N. Osin and
• Ivan I. Stoikov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1825–1835, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.184

• solution. The conformers of the 1,3-alternate (the compounds 9 and 11) have a fundamentally different structure with hydrophilic fragments located on both sides of the macrocyclic system (Figure 1). As a result, they form extended vesicles with a hydrophobic part disposed between two layers of polar

Low uptake of silica nanoparticles in Caco-2 intestinal epithelial barriers

• Dong Ye,
• Mattia Bramini,
• Delyan R. Hristov,
• Sha Wan,
• Anna Salvati,
• Christoffer Åberg and
• Kenneth A. Dawson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1396–1406, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.141

• in vesicles along the endo-lysosomal pathways, including in endosomes (Figure 3c) and lysosomes (Figure 3d and f). Furthermore, Figure 3e shows a single nanoparticle within a vesicle close to the basolateral membrane, where another vesicle has docked. Although rare, we occasionally made such

• events may occur. Some internalisation events were also seen for 150 nm SiO2-NPs (Figure 4), with particles found in vesicles and lysosomes in both 0 and 10% serum (Figure 4b and d, respectively) as described for the smaller nanoparticles (Figure 3). Finally, we performed transport studies to determine

• in different vesicles along the endolysosomal pathway. Abbreviations: E, endosome; L, lysosome; V, vesicle. Transmission electron micrographs of Caco-2 barriers after exposure to 150 nm SiO2-NPs. Caco-2 barriers cultured for 21 days were exposed for 9 h to 100 µg/mL 150 nm SiO2-NPs dispersed in (a,b

Bright fluorescent silica-nanoparticle probes for high-resolution STED and confocal microscopy

• Isabella Tavernaro,
• Christian Cavelius,
• Henrike Peuschel and
• Annette Kraegeloh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1283–1296, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.130

• suitable for biological nanoparticle uptake experiments and have been used to determine the intracellular migration and nuclear penetration after uptake into Caco-2 cells [44]. They have also been used to analyse their intracellular agglomeration and their association with intracellular vesicles in living

Nano-engineered skin mesenchymal stem cells: potential vehicles for tumour-targeted quantum-dot delivery

• Liga Saulite,
• Dominyka Dapkute,
• Karlis Pleiko,
• Ineta Popena,
• Simona Steponkiene,
• Ricardas Rotomskis and
• Una Riekstina

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1218–1230, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.123

• ]. Lourenco et al. showed that MSC migration towards cancer cells is induced by MIF–CXCR4 chemotaxis [29]. Moreover, in close proximity of the tumour, cancer-associated fibroblast formation is induced by the release of vesicles containing miRNA from cancer cells. This leads to melanoma growth and invasion [30

Nanoscale isoindigo-carriers: self-assembly and tunable properties

• Tatiana N. Pashirova,
• Andrei V. Bogdanov,
• Lenar I. Musin,
• Julia K. Voronina,
• Irek R. Nizameev,
• Marsil K. Kadirov,
• Vladimir F. Mironov,
• Lucia Ya. Zakharova,
• Shamil K. Latypov and
• Oleg G. Sinyashin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 313–324, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.34

• . This is observed in the case of typical surfactants bearing relative large polar fragment and single alkyl chain. If 1/2 < P ≤ 1, the formation of bilayers is predicted, including closed structures, i.e., vesicles. The polar head surface area was calculated as the sum of the area of hexagons and

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering of self-assembled thiol monolayers and supported lipid membranes on thin anodic porous alumina

• Marco Salerno,
• Amirreza Shayganpour,
• Barbara Salis and
• Silvia Dante

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 74–81, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.8

• ), and then with phospholipid vesicles of different composition to form a supported lipid bilayer (SLB). At each step, the SERS substrate functionality was assessed, demonstrating acceptable enhancement (≥100×). The chemisorption of thiols during the first step and the formation of SLB from the vesicles

• was obtained by scanning electron microscope (SEM) imaging with a JSM-7500F (Jeol, Japan) and subsequent grain analysis carried out with Igor 6.22 (Wavemetrics, OR, USA). Incubation of thiols and fabrication of lipid vesicles Different thiols were used in combination with the different lipids to be

• unilamellar vesicles. Preparation of the Raman target analytes: SLBs The lipid vesicles were diluted to 0.5 g/L in the PBS buffer and vortexed immediately before use. The thiol SAM was incubated overnight with the lipid vesicle dispersion, to allow vesicle physisorption and fusion onto the substrate. The

Polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene oxide) copolymers as templates for stacked, spherical large-mesopore silica coatings: dependence of silica pore size on the PS/PEO ratio

• Roberto Nisticò,
• Giuliana Magnacca,
• Sushilkumar A. Jadhav and
• Dominique Scalarone

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1454–1460, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.137

• critical micellar concentration, CMC) amphiphiles can spontaneously self-organize into well-defined supramolecular aggregates (host) which can be classified as normal and reverse micelles, emulsions, vesicles or liquid crystal phases and can shape or pattern other materials (guest), forming spherical

On the pathway of cellular uptake: new insight into the interaction between the cell membrane and very small nanoparticles

• Claudia Messerschmidt,
• Daniel Hofmann,
• Anja Kroeger,
• Katharina Landfester,
• Volker Mailänder and
• Ingo Lieberwirth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1296–1311, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.121

• methods, the respective endolysosomal vesicles frequently have been shown to contain SiNPs, whereas the cell nucleus is only occasionally reported to have engulfed nanoparticles [5][7]. On the contrary, there are observations corroborating the hypothesis of the SiNPs’ ability to passively pass through

• . Looking at the TEM micrographs of the endosomal vesicles it could be speculated that shortly after incorporation the cell collects several of these NPs in early endosome-like structures and fuses those to a larger endocytic structure (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S8). The observation of

Functional diversity of resilin in Arthropoda

• Jan Michels,
• Esther Appel and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1241–1259, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.115

Improved biocompatibility and efficient labeling of neural stem cells with poly(L-lysine)-coated maghemite nanoparticles

• Igor M. Pongrac,
• Marina Dobrivojević,
• Lada Brkić Ahmed,
• Michal Babič,
• Miroslav Šlouf,
• Daniel Horák and
• Srećko Gajović

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 926–936, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.84

• micrographs demonstrated that PLL-γ-Fe2O3 or nanomag®-D-spio labeling did not affect the NSC ultrastructure and that both types of the nanoparticles were internalized into the cell vesicles rather than adhering to the cell surface (Figure 6). To determine the mechanism of the uptake of PLL-γ-Fe2O3 and nanomag

• . Transmission electron micrographs of NSCs labeled with PLL-γ-Fe2O3 (PLL, A, B) and nanomag®-D-spio (NM, C, D) nanoparticles, and unlabeled controls (E, F). Arrows indicate the macropinocytotic vesicles. Insets show macropinocytotic vesicles. Scale bar: 1 µm. Macropinocytosis is the mechanism of cellular uptake

Reconstitution of the membrane protein OmpF into biomimetic block copolymer–phospholipid hybrid membranes

• Matthias Bieligmeyer,
• Franjo Artukovic,
• Stephan Nussberger,
• Thomas Hirth,
• Thomas Schiestel and
• Michaela Müller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 881–892, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.80

• strength up to 10 times larger than that of phospholipid bilayers [18][19][20][21][22][23][24]. Vesicles formed by synthetic block polymers (polymersomes) can be modified in a similar way as vesicles made from phospholipids (liposomes) [25][26][27][28]. Although polymer membranes are generally thicker than

• DPhPC, block copolymer–phospholipid vesicles (lipopolymersomes) were prepared by electroformation [53] in aqueous solutions. Confocal fluorescence microscopy of vesicles dyed with fluorescent lipid (TopFluorPC) and nile red showed that blends of 90 mol % PIPEO block copolymers and 10 mol % DPhPC form

• giant vesicles (Figure 2A). Nile red was used as a general hydrophobic dye to visualize the membranes; TopFluorPC was used to assess possible phase separation between lipids and polymers. The molecular weight of PIPEO appeared to have no observable effect on the formation of vesicles despite the

Gold nanoparticles covalently assembled onto vesicle structures as possible biosensing platform

• M. Fátima Barroso,
• M. Alejandra Luna,
• Juan S. Flores Tabares,
• Cristina Delerue-Matos,
• N. Mariano Correa,
• Fernando Moyano and
• Patricia G. Molina

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 655–663, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.58

• bilayers with the aim of using this nanomaterial as platform for the future design of immunosensors. A novel methodology for the self-assembly of AuNPs onto large unilamellar vesicle structures is described. The vesicles were formed with 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) and 1-undecanethiol

• (SH). After, the AuNPs photochemically synthesized in pure glycerol were mixed and anchored onto SH–DOPC vesicles. The data provided by voltammetry, spectrometry and microscopy techniques indicated that the AuNPs were successfully covalently anchored onto the vesicle bilayer and decorated vesicles

• exhibit a spherical shape with a size of 190 ± 10 nm. The developed procedure is easy, rapid and reproducible to start designing a possible immunosensor by using environmentally friendly procedures. Keywords: covalently decorated vesicles; gold nanoparticles; immunosensors design; synthesis

Active multi-point microrheology of cytoskeletal networks

• Tobias Paust,
• Tobias Neckernuss,
• Lina Katinka Mertens,
• Ines Martin,
• Michael Beil,
• Paul Walther,
• Thomas Schimmel and
• Othmar Marti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 484–491, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.42

• migration, reaction to external influences and transport of vesicles. In this work we showed the theoretical idea behind the method, the experimental implementation and in addition its limits via calculations of the SNR. These preliminary results open a wide field of applications in all kinds of different

Fabrication of hybrid graphene oxide/polyelectrolyte capsules by means of layer-by-layer assembly on erythrocyte cell templates

• Joseba Irigoyen,
• Nikolaos Politakos,
• Eleftheria Diamanti,
• Elena Rojas,
• Marco Marradi,
• Raquel Ledezma,
• Layza Arizmendi,
• J. Alberto Rodríguez,
• Ronald F. Ziolo and
• Sergio E. Moya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2310–2318, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.237

• layer-by-layer technique (LbL). Although the technique was originally developed for the alternating assembly of polyelectrolytes (PE) of opposite charge, LbL can be and has been extended to include particles, 2D layered materials, nanostructures, and lipid vesicles, which provide charged surfaces, or