Cross-sectional Kelvin probe force microscopy on III–V epitaxial multilayer stacks: challenges and perspectives

• Mattia da Lisca,
• José Alvarez,
• James P. Connolly,
• Nicolas Vaissiere,
• Karim Mekhazni,
• Jean Decobert and
• Jean-Paul Kleider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 725–737, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.59

• ), and arsine (AsH3) were the source materials, with hydrogen (H2) as a carrier gas. Diethylzinc (DEZn) was used as a source of Zn for p-type doping the InP:Zn and the phosphorus-based quaternary (GaInAsP:Zn) and GaInAs:Zn layers. The precursor flow was varied to cover a doping level range from 1 × 1018

A graphene quantum dots–glassy carbon electrode-based electrochemical sensor for monitoring malathion

• Sanju Tanwar,
• Aditi Sharma and
• Dhirendra Mathur

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 701–710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.56

• hydrothermal process with glucose as a precursor undergoing carbonization. Different spectroscopic techniques were used to analyze the optical characteristics of GQDs, including UV–visible, photoluminescence, FTIR, and Raman spectroscopy. Atomic force microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray

• organophosphate pesticide malathion. Graphene quantum dots were synthesized hydrothermally using glucose as precursor. The glassy carbon electrode that served as working electrode in the electrochemical cell was modified with graphene quantum dots by drop casting. To evaluate the modified electrode’s oxidation

• were taken from Fisher Scientific. For all experimental work and the preparation of stock solutions, deionized (DI) water was used. Synthesis of graphene quantum dots Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) were synthesized using glucose as a precursor material via a hydrothermal route [29] with some

Titania nanoparticles for photocatalytic degradation of ethanol under simulated solar light

• Evghenii Goncearenco,
• Iuliana P. Morjan,
• Claudiu Teodor Fleaca,
• Florian Dumitrache,
• Elena Dutu,
• Monica Scarisoreanu,
• Valentin Serban Teodorescu,
• Alexandra Sandulescu,
• Crina Anastasescu and
• Ioan Balint

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 616–630, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.51

• ) that yield the highest photocatalytic decomposition of ethanol as harmful compound in gaseous or liquid media, that is air and wastewater. Results and Discussion Powder characterization The main chemical reaction of the TiCl4 precursor in laser pyrolysis in the presence of synthetic air can be

• . Ethylene was used to absorb the infrared laser radiation and transfer the energy to the precursor molecules, thus playing the role of a sensitizer. The reaction took place in the volume delimited by the orthogonally intersection of the laser beam with the precursor flow (Figure 12). The precursors were

• injected through the central nozzle. The reactive flow was a mixture of synthetic air (Siad 99.99% purity) as oxidizer, C2H4 (Siad 99.5% purity) as sensitizer, and TiCl4 vapor (Aldrich 98% purity) as Ti precursor. Synthetic air was used as carrier of gaseous TiCl4 from a liquid reservoir (via a bubbler

ZnO-decorated SiC@C hybrids with strong electromagnetic absorption

• Liqun Duan,
• Zhiqian Yang,
• Yilu Xia,
• Xiaoqing Dai,
• Jian’an Wu and
• Minqian Sun

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 565–573, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.47

• , which has been rarely investigated before. Herein, we describe a new strategy for preparing ternary hybrids (SiC@C-ZnO, SCZ) by growing ZnO particles on carbon surfaces derived from SiC nanowires. The influence of ZnO precursor (ZnNO3·6H2O) dosage on composition, microstructure and electromagnetic

• . Figure 5 shows that the increase of the dosage of ZnNO3·6H2O does not lead to an increased dielectric tangent loss, suggesting that a moderate content of ZnO precursor is needed to synthesize SiC@C-ZnO with relatively good dielectric performance for microwave absorption. Although the SCZ0.5 sample has

Nanoarchitectonics to entrap living cells in silica-based systems: encapsulations with yolk–shell and sepiolite nanomaterials

• Celia Martín-Morales,
• Jorge Fernández-Méndez,
• Pilar Aranda and
• Eduardo Ruiz-Hitzky

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 522–534, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.43

• various issues regarding the replacement of toxic precursor components and by-products by non-toxic substances in order to improve viability and/or growth of the entrapped cells. In fact, new organic, inorganic, and hybrid materials for cell entrapment need to be optimised regarding characteristics such

• adapting the protocol previously described by Rooke and co-workers [41]. The synthesis conditions were optimised regarding concentration of sodium silicate precursor, temperature, and content of silica nanoparticles (LUDOX® TMA), using a combinatorial exploration of the different synthesis parameters

• precursor could be cast and gelled as thin films or hollow tubular monoliths with thin walls, improving the interaction between the encapsulated cells and a liquid medium in which the material could be placed. In addition to the optimisation of the sol–gel synthesis, the conditions for yolk–shell

Mixed oxides with corundum-type structure obtained from recycling can seals as paint pigments: color stability

• Dienifer F. L. Horsth,
• Julia de O. Primo,
• Nayara Balaba,
• Fauze J. Anaissi and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 467–477, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.37

• interests to produce synthetic inorganic pigments [1] using metallic aluminium scrap as precursor to obtain a white matrix that can then be colored by chromophore ions as an approach within the circular economy of aluminium [1]. Aluminium production has one of the most significant energy consumption

• atmospheres than organic pigments [12]. In addition, inorganic pigments offer the advantage of lower production cost [12] when using recycling materials as a precursor. Global demand for pigments was around 12 million tons in 2020 and is dominated by titanium dioxide white pigment [11]. However, iron oxide

• boehmite (γ-AlO(OH)) obtained from recycling aluminium can seals as a precursor. The boehmite phase was chosen because it is a lamellar phase and can allocate ions between the lamellas. The aluminium recycling process to obtain boehmite is based on the acid digestion of metallic aluminium can seals. After

Molecular nanoarchitectonics: unification of nanotechnology and molecular/materials science

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 434–453, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.35

• molecular structures. Kawai et al. reported that local probe chemistry on an ultrathin NaCl film formed on a Cu(111) surface at 4.3 K led to the conversion of 6,13-dibromopentaleno[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dinaphthalene to a single Sondheimer–Wong diyne (Figure 3) [114]. The structures of the precursor, two

• -workers used 1,4,5,8-tetrabromonaphthalene as a molecular precursor and sequential dehalogenation reactions under mild conditions to synthesize very thin (five carbon atoms wide) armchair graphene nanoribbons on a Au(111) surface [122]. The spatial distribution of the electronic structure and other

• properties were investigated. Müllen, Fasel, and co-workers have succeeded in nanoarchitectonics of graphene nanoribbons with zigzag edges with atomic precision by on-surface synthesis via cyclodehydrogenation of precursor monomers [123]. The physical properties of the graphene nanoribbons, such as band

Plasmonic nanotechnology for photothermal applications – an evaluation

• A. R. Indhu,
• L. Keerthana and
• Gnanaprakash Dharmalingam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 380–419, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.33

Polymer nanoparticles from low-energy nanoemulsions for biomedical applications

• Santiago Grijalvo and
• Carlos Rodriguez-Abreu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 339–350, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.29

• phase, but it is always smaller (ca. 25 nm from TEM) than the precursor nanoemulsion droplets, regardless of the PLGA concentration. DXM can be encapsulated with efficiencies higher than 88% for PLGA concentrations in the 0.5–4 wt % range. The drug release kinetics seems to be slower as the PLGA

• concentration in the precursor nanoemulsions is increased. Cell viabilities (HeLa cells) were higher than 70% when incubated with non-loaded and DXM-loaded PLGA nanoparticles. PLGA nanoparticles have been also produced from nonionic/cationic surfactant nanoemulsions, specifically in the system water

Biocatalytic synthesis and ordered self-assembly of silica nanoparticles via a silica-binding peptide

• Mustafa Gungormus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 280–290, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.25

• demonstrate that the SiBP acts as a multirole agent when used alone or in combination with a strong base catalyst (NH3). When used alone, SiBP catalyzes the hydrolysis of precursor molecules in a dose-dependent manner and produces 17–20 nm SiO2 particles organized in colloidal gels. When used in combination

• (arginine) amino acids. The hypotheses of this study were as follows: (1) The basic serine and arginine residues in the SiBP can facilitate hydrolysis of the precursor molecules and, thus, catalyze the synthesis of SiO2 particles. (2) The affinity of the SiBP to SiO2 can narrow down the size distribution of

• stabilizes the favorable orientation of histidine. Then a nucleophilic attack by serine on the Si–O bond of the precursor molecule results in a Ser–O–Si(OR)3 transitory complex. The hydrolysis is completed by the addition of water, separating the protein and the hydrolyzed precursor molecule, and the release

Structural, optical, and bioimaging characterization of carbon quantum dots solvothermally synthesized from o-phenylenediamine

• Zoran M. Marković,
• Milica D. Budimir,
• Martin Danko,
• Dušan D. Milivojević,
• Pavel Kubat,
• Danica Z. Zmejkoski,
• Vladimir B. Pavlović,
• Marija M. Mojsin,
• Milena J. Stevanović and
• Biljana M. Todorović Marković

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 165–174, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.17

• characterization methods (AFM, TEM, EDS, FTIR, photoluminescence, and EPR) indicate the significant influence of the precursor on structural, chemical, and optical properties. Antibacterial and cytotoxicity tests showed that these dots did not have any antibacterial potential, because of the low extent of reactive

• oxygen species production, and showed low dark cytotoxicity. By investigating the cellular uptake, it was established that these dots penetrated the HeLa cells and could be used as probes for bioimaging. Keywords: antibacterial; bioimaging; carbon quantum dots; precursor; reactive oxygen species

• activity including the usage in wound healing [24]. Different authors prepared CQDs by using various precursors and reported on their excellent antibacterial activity and good biocompatibility [25][26][27][28][29]. In this study o-phenylenediamine dissolved in toluene was used as precursor for CQDs

Antimicrobial and mechanical properties of functionalized textile by nanoarchitectured photoinduced Ag@polymer coating

• Jessica Plé,
• Marine Dabert,
• Helene Lecoq,
• Sophie Hellé,
• Lydie Ploux and
• Lavinia Balan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 95–109, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.11

• photoinduced approach was investigated for textile functionalization with a silver@polymer self-assembled nanocomposite. By exposing the photosensitive formulation containing a silver precursor, a photoinitiator, and acrylic monomers to a UV source, highly reflective metallic coatings were obtained directly on

• difficult to implement and tend to cause NP self-aggregation. In situ methods are therefore generally preferred and typically require the polymer film surface to be treated with a metal precursor solution (layer-by-layer [37][38], sol–gel [39]) before undergoing thermal [40] or chemical reduction reactions

• (PEG600DA) and pentaerythritol triacrylate monomer (PETIA) used as comonomer (PEG600DA/PETIA with a 1:1 weight ratio) were mixed under magnetic stirring with diphenyl(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)phosphine oxide (0.5 wt %) and the metal precursor AgNO3 (3 wt % and 5 wt %) for 1 h. After complete dissolution, this

Combining physical vapor deposition structuration with dealloying for the creation of a highly efficient SERS platform

• Adrien Chauvin,
• Walter Puglisi,
• Damien Thiry,
• Cristina Satriano,
• Rony Snyders and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 83–94, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.10

• resulting signal intensity tends to strongly vary due to surface contamination [30]. In this paper, a simple synthesis method to design bimodal porous silver substrate for SERS is reported. Magnetron co-sputtering of a silver and aluminum target was used for the deposition of the precursor alloy thin film

Two-step single-reactor synthesis of oleic acid- or undecylenic acid-stabilized magnetic nanoparticles by thermal decomposition

• Mykhailo Nahorniak,
• Pamela Pasetto,
• Jean-Marc Greneche,
• Volodymyr Samaryk,
• Sandy Auguste,
• Anthony Rousseau,
• Nataliya Nosova and
• Serhii Varvarenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 11–22, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.2

• single reactor using Fe(III) acetylacetonate as the initial precursor for the synthesis of Fe(III) oleate or Fe(III) undecylate followed by their thermolysis in situ. We proposed a new approach, according to which the essential magnetite precursor (a complex salt of higher acids – Fe(III) alkanoates) is

• as the initial precursor. The properties of the synthesized materials were studied using various methods. Results and Discussion The physicochemical properties of NPM synthesized via thermal decomposition depend on many factors, such as selection of precursors and organic stabilizers, ligand

• /precursor ratio, solvent, and temperature of the decomposition reaction. Table 1 shows the results of synthesized nanoparticles obtained by variation of solvents and stabilizing agents. All prepared dispersions of the nanoparticles were initially black but slowly turned reddish upon exposure to air [15

Single-step extraction of small-diameter single-walled carbon nanotubes in the presence of riboflavin

• Polina M. Kalachikova,
• Anastasia E. Goldt,
• Eldar M. Khabushev,
• Timofei V. Eremin,
• Timofei S. Zatsepin,
• Elena D. Obraztsova,
• Konstantin V. Larionov,
• Liubov Yu. Antipina,
• Pavel B. Sorokin and
• Albert G. Nasibulin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1564–1571, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.130

• another class of biomolecules that can be potentially utilized as a surfactant for dispersing SWCNTs. Having relatively low solubility in water, flavins are generally innocuous for living cells. Riboflavin (also known as vitamin B2) is a precursor of such coenzymes as flavin mononucleotide phosphate and

In search of cytotoxic selectivity on cancer cells with biogenically synthesized Ag/AgCl nanoparticles

• Mitzi J. Ramírez-Hernández,
• Mario Valera-Zaragoza,
• Omar Viñas-Bravo,
• Ariana A. Huerta-Heredia,
• Miguel A. Peña-Rico,
• Erick A. Juarez-Arellano,
• David Paniagua-Vega,
• Eduardo Ramírez-Vargas and
• Saúl Sánchez-Valdes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1505–1519, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.124

• antibacterial abilities of AgNPs synthesized from pineapple peel. They demonstrated the formation of spherical AgNPs with an average size of 14–20 nm by monitoring the pH values of the reaction and the concentration ratio between the precursor and the extract. Baran et al. [16] investigated the antibacterial

• temperature [22][23][24]. In this way, the ability of secondary metabolites of plant extracts to reduce precursor metal salts to particles with zero charge, and at the same time stabilize nanoparticles already formed, has been demonstrated. Despite this, the phenomenon of interaction of the chemical species

• of the extracts with the precursor salt could be enhanced depending on the temperature, since the kinetic and thermodynamic effects in the reaction system could be maximized [25]. Consequently, the formation of nanoparticles could be faster or more efficient in terms of size and shape of the

Structural studies and selected physical investigations of LiCoO₂ obtained by combustion synthesis

• Monika Michalska,
• Paweł Ławniczak,
• Tomasz Strachowski,
• Adam Ostrowski and
• Waldemar Bednarski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1473–1482, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.121

• . Cobalt and lithium acetate salts were dissolved separately in small amounts of deionized water. Then, the solutions were mixed together and a solution of ᴅ-(+)-glucose was added. The prepared solutions were then evaporated until a gel was obtained. The resulting gel precursor was heated from 450 to 900

Recent trends in Bi-based nanomaterials: challenges, fabrication, enhancement techniques, and environmental applications

• Vishal Dutta,
• Ankush Chauhan,
• Ritesh Verma,
• C. Gopalkrishnan and
• Van-Huy Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1316–1336, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.109

• visible light. Xiao and colleagues have shown a straightforward synthesis approach for fabricating Bi2WO6 nanosheet rods [65]. They discovered that the hydrolysis of the precursor Bi(NO3)3 may quickly result in the formation of Bi6O5(OH)3(NO3)5·3H2O nanorods, which then acted as templates for the

• simple hydrothermal synthesis for preparing 2D BiOCl nanosheets [83]. This was accomplished by altering the pH value of the precursor solution and using of dulcitol (C6H14O6) as surfactant. The pH value substantially influenced the thickness of the nanosheets and the fraction of exposed (001) facets. The

• photodegradation of RhB under visible light. Their research also revealed that 15% SnO2 precursor solution was the most effective concentration for achieving a photocatalytic degradation efficiency of 80% after 180 min of exposure to visible light. Photogenerated holes were found to be responsible for the

Studies of probe tip materials by atomic force microscopy: a review

• Ke Xu and
• Yuzhe Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1256–1267, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.104

• the tip's high spreading ratio and exceptional sharpness. This technique can be applied to other types of metal nanowire probes, and with further development, composite nanowire probes can be generated by different precursor gases. The tungsten nanowire probes have a diameter of about 5–10 nm and

Role of titanium and organic precursors in molecular layer deposition of “titanicone” hybrid materials

• Arbresha Muriqi and
• Michael Nolan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1240–1255, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.103

• prefer the flat lying configuration on all surfaces. This work shows that the choice of the surface and the metallic precursor has a major impact on the behaviour of organic species. DFT findings provide motivation to develop a low temperature rutile TiO2/titanicone film suggesting that the desired film

• organic backbones, e.g., aromatic rings, have been used, the field tends to use the term “metalcone” as a general description for these hybrid materials. One of the most extensively researched metalcones are titanicones. Titanicones are deposited by coupling a titanium inorganic precursor, such as

• the organic precursor in which the molecule lies flat with both termini binding to Ti sites. The thickness and thickness reduction with temperature increment observed for TiCl4–EG films was similar to the thickness and thickness reduction observed for alucone films grown using trimethylaluminium (TMA

Design of surface nanostructures for chirality sensing based on quartz crystal microbalance

• Yinglin Ma,
• Xiangyun Xiao and
• Qingmin Ji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1201–1219, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.100

• deposition (MLD) using diethylzinc (DEZn) as the inorganic precursor and Cys enantiomer as the chiral organic precursor [122]. The Zn/Cys nanostructures showed a size of 15 nm and could tightly aggregate into a homogeneous and continuous film on the QCM surface. The QCM adsorption results indicated that ʟ

Rapid fabrication of MgO@g-C₃N₄ heterojunctions for photocatalytic nitric oxide removal

• Minh-Thuan Pham,
• Duyen P. H. Tran,
• Xuan-Thanh Bui and
• Sheng-Jie You

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1141–1154, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.96

• efficiency for NOx, NO, and NO2 [12]. However, these studies only focused on the synthesis of MgO from Mg(NO3)2·6H2O, increasing time and cost of the synthesis process. Commercial MgO as a precursor material for MgO@g-C3N4 heterojunctions has not been studied. Furthermore, there are no relevant reports on

Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles toward highly efficient photocatalysis and antibacterial application

• Vo Thi Thu Nhu,
• Nguyen Duy Dat,
• Le-Minh Tam and
• Nguyen Hoang Phuong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1108–1119, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.94

• ] used Citrus aurantifolia extracts to synthesize ZnO NPs with a size range of 50–200 nm. Sangeetha et al. and Gunalan et al. used Aloe vera leaves as a precursor to synthesize ZnO with a size range of 25–45 nm [24][25]. Many studies have synthesized nanosized ZnO for antibacterial and photocatalyst

• applications. Nava et al. [26] prepared ZnO NPs using Camellia sinensis extracts and applied ZnO NPs to degrade methylene blue (MB). Ambika et al. [12] synthesized ZnO by a green method using a precursor from the Vitex negundo plant extract and zinc nitrate, and antimicrobial properties of ZnO NPs were

• refining turpentine from Pinus latteri trees to produce turpentine oil, which is usually used as a precursor for many industrial applications such as paints, inks, adhesives, soap, and glue production [28]. Obviously, there is a high potential of using rosin as a green precursor for nanomaterial synthesis

Recent advances in green carbon dots (2015–2022): synthesis, metal ion sensing, and biological applications

• Aisha Kanwal,
• Naheed Bibi,
• Sajjad Hyder,
• Arif Muhammad,
• Hao Ren,
• Jiangtao Liu and
• Zhongli Lei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1068–1107, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.93

• glycol [6], phytic acid [7], phenylenediamine [8], ammonium citrate [9], citric acid [10], ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid [11], carbon nanotubes [12], and graphite [13]. Additionally, graphite, nanodiamonds, and activated carbon can be applied as precursor for the fabrication of CDs [14]. Meanwhile

• -up” approaches are extensively used for the green synthesis of CDs. In this review, CDs have been classified into various categories based on their precursor materials, including plant sources, animal extracts, and food materials. We focus on the CDs obtained using various green precursors and their

• quantum yield is provided in Table 1. Liu et al. used grass as a natural carbon source for the first time to prepare CDs [55]. Bhamore and co-workers reported fluorescent CDs without any surface-passivating agent by using a green precursor Pyrus pyrifolia fruit through a simple hydrothermal method at 180

Spindle-like MIL101(Fe) decorated with Bi₂O₃ nanoparticles for enhanced degradation of chlortetracycline under visible-light irradiation

• Chen-chen Hao,
• Fang-yan Chen,
• Kun Bian,
• Yu-bin Tang and
• Wei-long Shi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1038–1050, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.91

• nucleation rate, (i.e., slow nucleation could increase crystal growth and as a result produce large-sized particles [54]). As a result, Bi2O3 nanoparticles affect the shape and size of MIL101(Fe) and this may be due to the addition of Bi2O3 to the precursor, altering the balance of ligands and simultaneously