Understanding nanoparticle flow with a new in vitro experimental and computational approach using hydrogel channels

• Armel Boutchuen,
• Dell Zimmerman,
• Abdollah Arabshahi,
• John Melnyczuk and
• Soubantika Palchoudhury

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 296–309, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.22

• vascular constructs. Therefore, we first synthesized a series of chemically cross-linked pHEMA hydrogels and investigated their structural properties and water absorption capability to find the best suitable formulation for fabricating flow channels mimicking a soft vascular platform. In this study, we

• NPs. The pHEMA hydrogel prepared with 1.3 mL of DI water was considered the most suitable formulation, in terms of mechanical flexibility, mechanical strength, and surface smoothness, for mimicking physiologically relevant microenvironments. This hydrogel also showed the highest capacity to retain

• ). The swelling behavior was highly influenced by the pH value of the solution. The selected gel formulation synthesized with 1.3 mL DI water showed an increased mass of 25% at pH 2, 30% at pH 13, and a maximum of 60% at pH 11. Figure 3 shows the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the different

Rational design of block copolymer self-assemblies in photodynamic therapy

• Maxime Demazeau,
• Laure Gibot,
• Anne-Françoise Mingotaud,
• Patricia Vicendo,
• Clément Roux and
• Barbara Lonetti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 180–212, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.15

• photosensitizer formulation, light dosimetry, to planning and monitoring the treatment [15][18][19][20][21][22]. Some of these points have been recently reviewed: ideal photosensitizers [23], challenges in formulating photosensitizers, and choosing the right light dosimetry [24], as well as monitoring the

• reported in Tables 1, 2 and 3 for the examples described in this section. Formulation optimization As mentioned in the introduction of this review, there are many requirements an optimized nanovector needs to fulfil, i.e., biocompatibility, a controlled size between 20 and 200 nm, the highest possible

• mentioned before, and the disassembly of the nanovector is necessary. This short introduction clearly shows the very high complexity of vector development for PDT. In the subsequent paragraphs, we will thus examine each strategy for optimizing the vector formulation. Figure 7 presents the different

Nonclassical dynamic modeling of nano/microparticles during nanomanipulation processes

• Moharam Habibnejad Korayem,
• Ali Asghar Farid and
• Rouzbeh Nouhi Hefzabad

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 147–166, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.13

• the resonance frequencies and sensitivity of the AFM cantilever using the modified couple stress theory (MCST). An analytical formulation was derived for natural frequencies by writing the differential equations of cantilever motion. They found that when the dimensionless thickness of beam is less

The different ways to chitosan/hyaluronic acid nanoparticles: templated vs direct complexation. Influence of particle preparation on morphology, cell uptake and silencing efficiency

• Arianna Gennari,
• Julio M. Rios de la Rosa,
• Erwin Hohn,
• Maria Pelliccia,
• Enrique Lallana,
• Roberto Donno,
• Annalisa Tirella and
• Nicola Tirelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2594–2608, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.250

• irreversible [29]. It is therefore important to assess whether in the same formulation HA nanoparticles are present together with unbound HA, which could potentially reduce binding and efficacy of the payload-carrying nanoparticles. Using AFM, we have shown that dialysis through membranes with a large MWCO

• , chitosanase and heparin treatment. Free, non-encapsulated siRNA was used as a control. The siRNA content in the particles was 25 wt % in relation to chitosan. Right: Plot of the band intensities relative to the signal of the negative control (no RNAse I treatment) for each formulation. Error bars represent

Bombesin receptor-targeted liposomes for enhanced delivery to lung cancer cells

• Mohammad J. Akbar,
• Pâmela C. Lukasewicz Ferreira,
• Melania Giorgetti,
• Leanne Stokes and
• Christopher J. Morris

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2553–2562, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.246

• ]. In the lung cancer field, cisplatin formulated as a pegylated liposomal formulation (Lipoplatin®) has delivered comparable antitumour response against non-small cell lung cancer tumours with reduced side effects when delivered in combination with paclitaxel compared to when cisplatin and paclitaxel

• manner – a key feature of a targeting ligand to enable high tumour localisation. Formulation of a GRP-targeted liposomal carrier Having validated GRPR as a functional target on the surface of SCLC cells we next prepared a targeted liposomal carrier. The presence of a single thiol group in the cystabn

• (MFI) attributable to cell-surface adsorption of liposomes at 4 °C, to yield a “normalised cell MFI” at each time point and for each formulation. For non-targeted FL-Control-lipo, there was a modest increase in normalised fluorescence over time (blue bars, Figure 4a). In contrast, the fluorescence of

Frontiers in pharmaceutical nanotechnology

• Matthias G. Wacker

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2538–2540, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.244

• is a very dynamic and evolving research area that integrates a wide variety of disciplines such as chemical, biological and biomedical science. At the frontier of knowledge, nanoparticles, exosomes and even more advanced drug delivery systems [1] blur the line between drug discovery and formulation

• production of nanocrystals. To date, the nanomilling platform of Elan Drug Technologies is widely used for the formulation of poorly soluble compounds [11]. Also, with regards to the topical administration route, nanometer-scale excipients have been rarely associated with safety issues and have been widely

• materials with a long history of medical use [12]. Pharmaceutical nanotechnology is not limited to translational research but, after many years of trial and error, we have to accept that reliable pharmacological and toxicological effects are a key element of industrial formulation development. Understanding

Design of a nanostructured mucoadhesive system containing curcumin for buccal application: from physicochemical to biological aspects

• Sabrina Barbosa de Souza Ferreira,
• Gustavo Braga,
• Évelin Lemos Oliveira,
• Jéssica Bassi da Silva,
• Hélen Cássia Rosseto,
• Lidiane Vizioli de Castro Hoshino,
• Mauro Luciano Baesso,
• Wilker Caetano,
• Craig Murdoch,
• Helen Elizabeth Colley and
• Marcos Luciano Bruschi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2304–2328, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.222

• , including the cool storage temperature in refrigerator (10 °C), administration temperature of the formulation to the patient (25 °C), body temperature (37 °C) and over body temperature (45 °C) at pH 7, but also at pH 5 and 10 at 37 °C [46]. The formulations composed of P407, C974P and CUR showed pH 5 during

• cohesiveness results for the formulations with or without CUR at 25 and 37 °C are given in Figure 8. In addition, the effects of the presence of CUR and the increase in temperature were statistically evaluated for each parameter. Hardness is an indicator of the ability to remove the formulation from the

• packaging material and its subsequent spreadability on the mucous tissue in a uniform layer to avoid any discomfort to the patient. Conversely, compressibility expresses the application of the formulation in the buccal cavity. Low compressibility and hardness values are desirable in order to facilitate the

Microfluidics as tool to prepare size-tunable PLGA nanoparticles with high curcumin encapsulation for efficient mucus penetration

• Nashrawan Lababidi,
• Valentin Sigal,
• Aljoscha Koenneke,
• Konrad Schwarzkopf,
• Andreas Manz and
• Marc Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2280–2293, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.220

• sub-micrometer particles, because it is a simple and straightforward technique, without the involvement of any chemical additives, and also does not require harsh formulation parameters, such as high energy input or mechanical shear stress (e.g., by sonification) [30][31]. Nonetheless, the preparation

Targeted therapeutic effect against the breast cancer cell line MCF-7 with a CuFe₂O₄/silica/cisplatin nanocomposite formulation

• B. Rabindran Jermy,
• Vijaya Ravinayagam,
• Widyan A. Alamoudi,
• Dana Almohazey,
• Hatim Dafalla,
• Lina Hussain Allehaibi,
• Abdulhadi Baykal,
• Muhammet S. Toprak and
• Thirunavukkarasu Somanathan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2217–2228, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.214

• /HYPS was applied as the support. An in vitro experiment was conducted to determine the potential of CuFe2O4/HYPS as an anticancer agent against the human breast cancer cell line MCF-7. The results show that the nanoparticle formulation can effectively target cancerous cells and could be an effective

• ability using the HYPS support was found to be higher than when AlMSU-F and silicalite were used. The treatment of the breast cancer cell line MCF-7 with cisplatin/CuFe2O4/HYPS (Group E) showed a significant cytotoxic effect. It is also expected that the nanocomposite formulation will be able to

BergaCare SmartLipids: commercial lipophilic active concentrates for improved performance of dermal products

• Florence Olechowski,
• Rainer H. Müller and
• Sung Min Pyo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2152–2162, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.208

• needed to improve the performance of dermal formulations. There are also requirements from the formulation manufacturer regarding perfected delivery systems. The primary requirements for an optimized carrier system are: Sufficiently high loading capacity allowing for the utilization of low amounts of

• carrier, so as to not distinctly affect the properties of the formulation, e.g., skin feeling; physical stability, i.e., firm inclusion of active agents and remaining integrity of the carriers in the final formulation during shelf life; effective protection and stabilization of chemically labile active

• suspensions is controlled by the particle concentration in the suspension. The formation of a film can also be concluded by measuring the decrease in transepidermal water loss (TEWL) after application of the lipid particles in a formulation. Following this model, any lipid particle can be used to repair the

Gold-coated plant virus as computed tomography imaging contrast agent

• Alaa A. A. Aljabali,
• Mazhar S. Al Zoubi,
• Khalid M. Al-Batanyeh,
• Ali Al-Radaideh,
• Mohammad A. Obeid,
• Abeer Al Sharabi,
• Walhan Alshaer,
• Bayan AbuFares,
• Tasnim Al-Zanati,
• Murtaza M. Tambuwala,
• Naveed Akbar and
• David J. Evans

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1983–1993, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.195

• 17.7 wt % of iodine at a dose of 170 mg of iodine per kilogram were able to show an attenuation of 150 HU in the heart [19], 57 HU in the liver and 90 HU in the spleen [20]. The development of AuNPs as imaging agents was invigorated after Hainfeld reported the formulation of a 1.9 nm contrast X-ray

Synthesis and potent cytotoxic activity of a novel diosgenin derivative and its phytosomes against lung cancer cells

• Liang Xu,
• Dekang Xu,
• Ziying Li,
• Yu Gao and
• Haijun Chen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1933–1942, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.189

• efficiently than Di phytosomes after 72 h of incubation time by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. The results indicated that P2Ps could be a promising anticancer formulation for non-small-cell lung cancer. Keywords: diosgenin; non-small-cell lung cancer; phytosomes; sterol structure; Introduction

• size distribution of phytosomes seems a little broad. We used the thin-film hydration method followed by sonication to prepare the phytosomes in this study. The mean size and size distribution are significantly influenced by the sonication conditions. Further optimization of the formulation and the

• anticancer formulation for lung cancer. Experimental Materials 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), DNA-free RNaseA, and propidium iodide (PI) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St Louis, USA). Di was obtained from Energy Chemical (Shanghai, China). RPMI 1640 medium and trypsin

Preservation of rutin nanosuspensions without the use of preservatives

• Pascal L. Stahr and
• Cornelia M. Keck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1902–1913, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.185

• well-known formulation principle to overcome poor aqueous solubility and poor bioavailability of class-II and class-VI active ingredients of the biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS) [6][7]. Nanocrystals are already used in various pharmaceutical drug products for oral use. Examples are Rapamune

• final drug product, in most cases nanosuspensions need to be formulated into other, more convenient, dosage forms. Depending on the route of administration this could be tablets, pellets, powders, gels or creams. However, prior to the formulation into final drug products, the aqueous nanosuspensions

• incompatibility of these preservatives with other excipients in the final formulation are inconvenient for a successful formulation of nanosuspensions. Therefore, to enable a more convenient formulation of nanocrystals in the future, this work aimed at investigating an alternative method to maintain the microbial

Microfluidic manufacturing of different niosomes nanoparticles for curcumin encapsulation: Physical characteristics, encapsulation efficacy, and drug release

• Mohammad A. Obeid,
• Ibrahim Khadra,
• Abdullah Albaloushi,
• Margaret Mullin,
• Hanin Alyamani and
• Valerie A. Ferro

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1826–1832, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.177

• encapsulation efficiency Following removal of the non-encapsulated curcumin by dialysis, 100 µL of each niosome formulation (removed from the dialysis tubing) was lysed with methanol in order to release the encapsulated curcumin, which was then quantified at UV absorbance at 421 nm. The encapsulation efficiency

• (EE) of curcumin was determined according to the following equation: The experiments were performed in triplicate and the mean ± SD is reported. In vitro release profile of curcumin After removal of the non-encapsulated curcumin, 3 mL of each formulation loaded with curcumin were placed in separate

• dialysis tubes and dialysed against ten times the volume of deionised water, at 37 °C under continuous stirring. Samples were taken every day for a total of 21 days. At each time point, 1 mL from the dialysis media from each niosomes formulation was taken and replaced with fresh 1 mL deionised water

Lipid nanostructures for antioxidant delivery: a comparative preformulation study

• Elisabetta Esposito,
• Maddalena Sguizzato,
• Markus Drechsler,
• Paolo Mariani,
• Federica Carducci,
• Claudio Nastruzzi,
• Giuseppe Valacchi and
• Rita Cortesi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1789–1801, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.174

• ]. The choice of the type and concentration of the nanoparticle lipid matrix is crucial since it can affect the physico-chemical aspects of SLNs and NLCs, the encapsulation parameters, as well as the long-term stability of the formulation. Thus, in view of an industrial production, a preliminary

• formulation screening appears imperative [35][36]. The present investigation has been conducted to develop a nanoparticulate approach for counteracting skin pollution. In particular, a preformulation study was performed to select the type and composition of lipid nanoparticles suitable for encapsulation of

• the total weight of lipid phase in the formulation. Determinations were performed six times in independent experiments and the mean values ± standard deviations were calculated. Stability studies After production, the nanoparticles were stored in glass containers at 25 °C for 6 months [42]. To assess

Doxorubicin-loaded human serum albumin nanoparticles overcome transporter-mediated drug resistance in drug-adapted cancer cells

• Hannah Onafuye,
• Sebastian Pieper,
• Dennis Mulac,
• Jindrich Cinatl Jr.,
• Mark N. Wass,
• Klaus Langer and
• Martin Michaelis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1707–1715, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.166

• 40% (HSA 40% nanoparticles), 100% (HSA 100% nanoparticles), or 200% (HSA 200% nanoparticles) of the amino groups that are available in the HSA molecules. A nonstabilised (0% cross-linking) formulation was used as a control. The resulting particle sizes and polydispersity indices are shown in Table 1

Layered double hydroxide/sepiolite hybrid nanoarchitectures for the controlled release of herbicides

• Ediana Paula Rebitski,
• Margarita Darder and
• Pilar Aranda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1679–1690, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.163

• the A-Z@MCPA-LDH/Sep system is slower in the first 8 h than release from non-encapsulated systems, reaching approx. 40% after 48 h. A continuous study of the A-Z@MCPA-LDH/Sep0.5:1_60C formulation over 8 days was carried out, showing a release close to 70% in the presence of the biopolymer matrix. This

• to the formulation, profiting from the high capacity of this clay to adsorb numerous types of molecules. Finally, it is worthy to mention that the coprecipitation method opens the way to the production of other hybrid systems incorporating diverse organic and polymeric anionic species associated with

Nanoporous smartPearls for dermal application – Identification of optimal silica types and a scalable production process as prerequisites for marketed products

• David Hespeler,
• Sanaa El Nomeiri,
• Jonas Kaltenbach and
• Rainer H. Müller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1666–1678, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.162

• . Based on a 10% (w/w) loading and the amorphous solubility of the active agent, for a 100 kg dermal formulation, about 500 g of loaded particles were required. This corresponds to production of 5 kg of loaded smartPearls for a formulation batch size of a ton. The production of 5 kg (i.e., about 25 L of

• systems. A simple but very effective approach is to increase the saturation solubility of these active agents. This leads to an increased concentration gradient between the formulation and skin, Cs–Cskin, and thus to an increased diffusional flux into the skin. Moreover, using complexes with polymers or

• with amorphous rutin dissolved from smartPearls. This implies an increase by about a factor of two higher than the respective raw active agent powder. This higher Cs value leads to an increased concentration gradient between the dermal formulation and skin and thus to an increased flux of rutin into

Enhanced inhibition of influenza virus infection by peptide–noble-metal nanoparticle conjugates

• Zaid K. Alghrair,
• David G. Fernig and
• Bahram Ebrahimi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1038–1047, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.104

• greater antiviral activity than the free peptide, making this a viable tool for the development of a peptide formulation that efficiently combats seasonal, pandemic, and zoonotic influenza infections. Results and Discussion Stability of FluPep functionalised gold nanoparticles The mixed-matrix ligand

• nanoparticles is shown here to be another means to deliver effectively and safely FluPep ligand with enhanced activity in a solvent-free formulation. In relation to the safety of a nanoparticle formulation of FluPep, the fate of nanoparticles delivered in murid rodents has been examined [40][41][42][43][44][45

Wearable, stable, highly sensitive hydrogel–graphene strain sensors

• Jian Lv,
• Chuncai Kong,
• Chao Yang,
• Lu Yin,
• Itthipon Jeerapan,
• Fangzhao Pu,
• Xiaojing Zhang,
• Sen Yang and
• Zhimao Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 475–480, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.47

• (C7H10N2O2) were purchased from Aladdin (Shanghai, China). The 2 mg/mL aqueous graphene dispersion was purchased from Tanfeng Graphene (Suzhou, China). Silver epoxy was purchased from Ted Pella (Redding, USA). Formulation of the hydrogel: Acrylic acid, acrylamide, ammonium persulfate, methylene-bis

• solution was poured into the mold and irradiated by the UV light for 1 h, the hydrogel substrate was formed. The pure-water hydrogel was formulated in the same way as the binary solvent hydrogel, except that no glycerol was added. Formulation of the graphene/hydrogel: The graphene film was cast on the

Charged particle single nanometre manufacturing

• Philip D. Prewett,
• Cornelis W. Hagen,
• Claudia Lenk,
• Steve Lenk,
• Marcus Kaestner,
• Tzvetan Ivanov,
• Ahmad Ahmad,
• Ivo W. Rangelow,
• Xiaoqing Shi,
• Stuart A. Boden,
• Alex P. G. Robinson,
• Dongxu Yang,
• Sangeetha Hari,
• Marijke Scotuzzi and
• Ejaz Huq

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2855–2882, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.266

Silencing the second harmonic generation from plasmonic nanodimers: A comprehensive discussion

• Jérémy Butet,
• Gabriel D. Bernasconi and
• Olivier J. F. Martin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2674–2683, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.250

• deformed to mimic the presence of defects on the nanorod surfaces. Finally, gold dimers made of rectangular arms are considered. Numerical Methods The linear optical response was calculated using a surface integral formulation [23][24]. All the nanostructures are embedded in a homogeneous medium with

• ][29]. The SH surface currents are obtained by solving the surface integral equation formulation taking into account the nonlinear polarization and enforcing the boundary conditions at the nanostructure surfaces [30]. As the linear surface currents, the SH surface currents are expanded on Rao–Wilton

• –Glisson (RWG) basis functions. The expansion coefficients are found by applying the method of moments with Galerkin’s testing [23][24]. A Poggio–Miller–Chang–Harrington–Wu–Tsai formulation is used to ensure accurate solutions even at resonant conditions [23][24]. The SH electric field is then deduced from

Friction reduction through biologically inspired scale-like laser surface textures

• Johannes Schneider,
• Vergil Djamiykov and
• Christian Greiner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2561–2572, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.238

• resources. In order to do so, new strategies for optimized tribological systems have to be considered. Among them are the formulation of new lubricants [2][3], novel coatings [4][5][6], a more thorough understanding of the basic materials science principles governing friction and wear of bulk materials [7

Enhanced antineoplastic/therapeutic efficacy using 5-fluorouracil-loaded calcium phosphate nanoparticles

• Shanid Mohiyuddin,
• Saba Naqvi and
• Gopinath Packirisamy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2499–2515, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.233

• insignificant drug release. On the other hand, with increased acidic conditions, there is an augmented probability of more H+ ions available to counteract the nanoparticle–drug formulation, thereby reducing the interactions [28]. This property of the proposed nanoparticle drug delivery system significantly

Evidence of friction reduction in laterally graded materials

• Roberto Guarino,
• Gianluca Costagliola,
• Federico Bosia and
• Nicola Maria Pugno

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2443–2456, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.229

• will describe the effects predicted by them in the presence of graded materials. 2D spring-block model We adopt the formulation of the 2D spring-block model introduced in Costagliola et al. [32]. The sliding surface is discretised with Nb = 120 blocks in both the x and y directions, placed at a

• approximates the classic Amontons–Coulomb friction force adopted in the SBM model. The contact between the block and the rigid surface is implemented through a surface-to-surface formulation using the penalty contact method [39]. Here, as opposed to the SBM, the local coefficient of friction is constant over

• Gaussian distribution, i.e., µs(m) and µk(m), respectively. In Figure 2, we show the typical time evolution of the tangential force obtained with the SBM for various σµs. The maximum of the friction force decreases when increasing the statistical dispersion, as in the case of the 1D formulation [30]. The