Seebeck coefficient of silicon nanowire forests doped by thermal diffusion

• Shaimaa Elyamny,
• Elisabetta Dimaggio and
• Giovanni Pennelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1707–1713, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.153

• require an oxidation of the surface for the trapping of the doping species. However, the reduction of the thermal conductivity, which is the aim of the nanoscale structuring, relies on the roughness of the nanowire surfaces, and the smoothing produced by the oxide growth would heavily reduce this effect

• applications, we cannot afford an oxidization process, because it would smooth the surfaces. The reduction of the thermal conductivity, which is essential for good thermoelectric features, relies on the roughness of the surfaces, which would be compromised by an oxidation step. Hence, the best solution is to

Out-of-plane surface patterning by subsurface processing of polymer substrates with focused ion beams

• Serguei Chiriaev,
• Luciana Tavares,
• Vadzim Adashkevich,
• Arkadiusz J. Goszczak and
• Horst-Günter Rubahn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1693–1703, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.151

• cm−2, the values of the root-mean-square (RMS) roughness, measured with AFM in the irradiated areas, were approx. 0.7 and 4.4 nm for irradiation with He+ and Ga+ ions, respectively. The RMS roughness value of the pristine sample was approx. 0.6 nm. The irradiation with Ne+ ions also significantly

• roughens the surface and sputters away the metal film. The RMS roughness was approx. 3.1 nm after the irradiation with Ne+ FIB at a fluence of 2.0 × 1015 cm−2. The sputtering efficiency of Ga+ and Ne+ ions is substantially higher than that of He+ ions [3] due to the significantly higher mass values of Ne

The influence of an interfacial hBN layer on the fluorescence of an organic molecule

• Christine Brülke,
• Oliver Bauer and
• Moritz M. Sokolowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1663–1684, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.149

• (varying by a factor of up to ca. 7). This indicates that the specific local surface quality, for example, the surface roughness at the spot where the Raman scattering occurred, influences the intensity of the Raman modes. Hence, we cannot draw quantitative conclusions here. Nevertheless, we gain some

• effect as a function of the roughness on a surface [48]. They found that on an inhomogeneously rough surface, the Raman spectrum is dominated by the enhanced signals from molecules located at features that exhibit a maximum in roughness. We can support this interpretation by results from a previous

• morphology on a micrometer scale [60]. We propose that the defect-rich regions exhibit a large step density due to impurities and/or grain boundaries. Consequently, we assume that the hot spots are related to an inhomogeneous mesoscopic roughness of the Cu(111) surface, which is remnant after sputtering and

Fabrication of nano/microstructures for SERS substrates using an electrochemical method

• Jingran Zhang,
• Tianqi Jia,
• Xiaoping Li,
• Junjie Yang,
• Zhengkai Li,
• Guangfeng Shi,
• Xinming Zhang and
• Zuobin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1568–1576, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.139

• mechanical stirring cooling system. To study the influence of surface conditions (e.g., porosity and roughness) on the SERS intensity, the duration of the PEO treatment was set as the single variable (1, 2, and 5 min), as shown in Table 1. The structured Mg surfaces were coated with Au of varying thickness

• nanopores. Results and Discussion Fabrication of arrayed nanopores on the Mg surface Surface roughness and chemical composition have a strong influence on the intensity of Raman signals. PEO was employed to fabricate a porous oxide layer on a Mg alloy surface, which benefits from the increase of surface

• roughness and shows the potential for storing micro- or nanoparticles. During PEO treatment, the intrinsic passivation layer of the Mg alloy is disrupted in random positions through local melting during electrical breakdowns. After cooling by the electrolyte, a stable oxide layer containing arrayed pores is

Wafer-level integration of self-aligned high aspect ratio silicon 3D structures using the MACE method with Au, Pd, Pt, Cu, and Ir

• Mathias Franz,
• Romy Junghans,
• Paul Schmitt,
• Adriana Szeghalmi and
• Stefan E. Schulz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1439–1449, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.128

• catalytic metal that supports the wet etching of silicon. However, copper dissolves in the harsh HF/H2O2 solution too fast for the etching of high aspect ratio templates. On the other side, this metal can be used to increase surface roughness. The complete dissolution of copper leaves a clean metal-free

Proximity effect in [Nb(1.5 nm)/Fe(x)]₁₀/Nb(50 nm) superconductor/ferromagnet heterostructures

• Yury Khaydukov,
• Sabine Pütter,
• Laura Guasco,
• Roman Morari,
• Gideok Kim,
• Thomas Keller,
• Anatolie Sidorenko and
• Bernhard Keimer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1254–1263, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.109

• interdiffusion does not depend strongly on the deposition temperature TSL. We fitted experimental curves to models with varying SLD, thickness, and rms roughness of all layers and varying magnetization of the Fe layer. The resulting depth profiles ρ0(z) and M(z) are shown in Figure 5b. According to our model the

Revealing the local crystallinity of single silicon core–shell nanowires using tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

• Marius van den Berg,
• Ardeshir Moeinian,
• Arne Kobald,
• Yu-Ting Chen,
• Anke Horneber,
• Steffen Strehle,
• Alfred J. Meixner and
• Dai Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1147–1156, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.99

• popular method to investigate structural properties of silicon samples [16][17]. Mizoguchi et al. [18] and Hopkins et al. [19] utilized it to show the influence of stress on the crystal lattice orientation angles and to determine the degree of surface roughness. Kolb et al. measured the lattice

Atomic layer deposition for efficient oxygen evolution reaction at Pt/Ir catalyst layers

• Stefanie Schlicht,
• Korcan Percin,
• Stefanie Kriescher,
• André Hofer,
• Claudia Weidlich,
• Matthias Wessling and
• Julien Bachmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 952–959, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.79

• consider here two distinct catalyst preparation methods. As a standard method used in the engineering context, we perform an acid etch of the titanium fibers (to generate surface roughness and thereby increase the specific surface area), followed by dip-coating of a noble metal salt precursor solution on

• porosities, which in the following we will call A and B) were pretreated in acid (12 M HCl at 85 °C) in order to generate surface roughness, then dip-coated with the catalyst precursor solution and dried. The dip-coating was repeated until the desired loading was achieved as determined by gravimetric methods

• etching. The surface roughness has increased, thereby increasing the specific surface area. The acid treatment also generates a homogeneously thin and stable TiO2 layer, which provides corrosion resistance while maintaining low transfer coefficients [24]. After coating with the catalyst layer (Figure 1c

A 3D-polyphenylalanine network inside porous alumina: Synthesis and characterization of an inorganic–organic composite membrane

• Jonathan Stott and
• Jörg J. Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 938–951, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.78

• temperature for 24 hours. SEM characterization and contact angle measurements of pPA-functionalized ALOX-membranes The analysis of the SEM results shows a significant change of morphology of the grafted polymer films (see Figure 4) due to the use of different solvent mixtures. The observed surface roughness

• roughness of the outer surface [52][53][54]. where θ is the Young contact angle on smooth surfaces, rf is the roughness ratio, which is defined by the ratio of the true surface area and the apparent surface area of the solid–liquid interface, and f is the fraction of the projected area of the solid that is

• wetted by the liquid. Equation 1 shows that the Young contact angle on smooth and hydrophobic surfaces (θ > 90°) is further increased by increasing the surface roughness ratio rf. If the fraction of the projected area of the outer surface (which is wetted by the water droplet) becomes about 100% (f = 1

Band tail state related photoluminescence and photoresponse of ZnMgO solid solution nanostructured films

• Vadim Morari,
• Aida Pantazi,
• Nicolai Curmei,
• Vitalie Postolache,
• Emil V. Rusu,
• Marius Enachescu,
• Ion M. Tiginyanu and
• Veaceslav V. Ursaki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 899–910, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.75

• . Results and Discussion Figure 1a compares the morphology of ZnMgO films deposited by spin coating and aerosol spray pyrolysis methods. Both methods produce thin films with uniform morphology. However, the roughness of films prepared by spin coating is larger as compared to those prepared by aerosol spray

• pyrolysis. The roughness parameters of films were determined from the analysis of AFM images as published in our previous paper [28]. Graphical representations of the AFM profiles for films prepared by spin coating and aerosol spray pyrolysis are presented in Figure 1b. The RMS values deduced from the AFM

• °C with the morphology of the film prepared by spin coating annealed at 650 °C. The analysis of the morphology in Figure 2a and Figure 2b corroborate the results of the AFM analysis revealing a larger roughness of films prepared by spin coating as compared to those prepared by aerosol spray pyrolysis

Templating effect of single-layer graphene supported by an insulating substrate on the molecular orientation of lead phthalocyanine

• K. Priya Madhuri,
• Abhay A. Sagade,
• Pralay K. Santra and
• Neena S. John

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 814–820, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.66

• surface of a single-layer graphene sheet. The size of the PbPc grains is 80–100 nm. The figures show that the film is quite continuous and uniform. Figure 5c shows the profile section taken from the inset of Figure 5a indicating the height variations across the film. The rms roughness of the film was

• found to be 2.82 nm. Wang et al. carried out a similar study by depositing a 10 nm thin ZnPc film on a graphene/SiO2/Si substrate to study the effects of the molecular orientation on the interfacial electronic properties. The roughness of the film was reported to be 2.47 ± 0.28 nm [19]. The crystallite

A set of empirical equations describing the observed colours of metal–anodic aluminium oxide–Al nanostructures

• Cristina V. Manzano,
• Jakob J. Schwiedrzik,
• Gerhard Bürki,
• Laszlo Pethö,
• Johann Michler and
• Laetitia Philippe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 798–806, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.64

• samples with 8 nm Cr sputtered onto these films. It should be noted that measuring the thickness of the thin films as well as obtaining accurate values is very difficult due to the roughness and large surface area (2.5 cm2 in diameter) of the AAO films. This can be seen in the FESEM images of the cross

Quantitative determination of the interaction potential between two surfaces using frequency-modulated atomic force microscopy

• Nicholas Chan,
• Carrie Lin,
• Tevis Jacobs,
• Robert W. Carpick and
• Philip Egberts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 729–739, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.60

• high mechanical stiffness, chemical inertness and stability, and interest for tribological applications [38]. It also is a good representation for other hard engineering materials and coatings, including having a low but finite surface roughness, as specified below. Spectroscopy measurements were

• shows topographical roughness on the crystal. However, the calculated height variation and RMS roughness are relatively low, being 3.90 nm and 0.78 nm, respectively. When acquiring the subsequent force–distance curves, the surface was divided into an equally spaced 8 × 8 grid (62.5 nm wide squares

• , the values for the Wadh and z0 in our experiments were plotted spatially. Specifically, Figure 6a and Figure 6b show the averaged best-fit Wadh and z0 values, respectively, over a 500 × 500 nm2 scan area. One hypothesis for these variations in Wadh and z0 is that localized roughness of the diamond

Structural optical and electrical properties of a transparent conductive ITO/Al–Ag/ITO multilayer contact

• Aliyu Kabiru Isiyaku,
• Ahmad Hadi Ali and
• Nafarizal Nayan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 695–702, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.57

• area of 1 μm × 1 μm as shown in Figure 3. A low surface roughness with increased root mean square (Rrms) and average roughness (Ra) values for both IAAI and ITO films after annealing were observed. As determined using the Nanoscope Analysis software, the average grain size increased from 53.53 nm (as

• -deposited) to 60.03 nm (annealed) for the IAAI film and from 27.59 nm (as-deposited) to 31.18 nm (annealed) for the ITO film. Similarly, after annealing treatment, the IAAI Rrms and Ra roughness values increased from 1.569 nm and 1.257 nm to 1.663 nm and 1.339 nm, respectively. The increase in surface

• roughness is attributed to the increasing grain sizes [35]. The large grain sizes of IAAI films reduce the number of grain boundaries and thus the scattering at grain boundaries. This improves the carrier mobility leading to an increased electrical conductivity of the films. The surface morphology of the

Preparation, characterization and photocatalytic performance of heterostructured CuO–ZnO-loaded composite nanofiber membranes

• Wei Fang,
• Liang Yu and
• Lan Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 631–650, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.50

• diameter distribution, thickness and surface roughness of the CNFMs can lead to the difference in hydrophobicity. Mechanical properties: Mechanical properties of the CNFMs with different PVDF/PAN weight ratios are exhibited in Figure 5. With the decrease of the weight ratio the breaking elongation of the

Formation of nanoripples on ZnO flat substrates and nanorods by gas cluster ion bombardment

• Xiaomei Zeng,
• Vasiliy Pelenovich,
• Bin Xing,
• Rakhim Rakhimov,
• Wenbin Zuo,
• Alexander Tolstogouzov,
• Chuansheng Liu,
• Dejun Fu and
• Xiangheng Xiao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 383–390, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.29

• homogeneously dispersed all over the surface formed (Figure 2b and Figure 3b). These surface features can exhibit overlapped craters formed after collisions of the accelerated clusters with the surface. The surface roughness after normal cluster irradiation slightly decreases from initial 0.8 nm to 0.6 nm

Interactions at the cell membrane and pathways of internalization of nano-sized materials for nanomedicine

• Valentina Francia,
• Daphne Montizaan and
• Anna Salvati

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 338–353, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.25

• side effects [6]. Additionally, nanomedicines can encapsulate different types of hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs, and they can be designed to control their release profile [7]. Several other characteristics of nanomaterials such as size, material, shape, surface charge, hydrophobicity, roughness, and

• possibility of using nano-sized materials to deliver drugs to their target. Nanoparticle design can be tailored to target specific cell types or pathways. Size, charge, shape [107], hydrophobicity [108], rigidity [109][110], roughness [111] and surface functionalization [43][112] of nanomaterials are all

Influence of the epitaxial composition on N-face GaN KOH etch kinetics determined by ICP-OES

• Markus Tautz,
• Maren T. Kuchenbrod,
• Joachim Hertkorn,
• Robert Weinberger,
• Martin Welzel,
• Arno Pfitzner and
• David Díaz Díaz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 41–50, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.4

• be partially removed and roughened later in chip processing. This leads to better device performance. However, to reach the precise etch depth and roughness, process control is of utmost importance. If too much GaN material is removed, valleys in between pyramids can cause shorts in the active layer

An investigation on the drag reduction performance of bioinspired pipeline surfaces with transverse microgrooves

• Weili Liu,
• Hongjian Ni,
• Peng Wang and
• Yi Zhou

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 24–40, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.3

• can be seen in Figure 7c, the effect of the burrs was to increase the surface roughness of the pipeline. Besides, the greater the surface roughness was, the higher the pressure loss of fluid flow was. Therefore, in the experiment, the burrs on the pipeline surface caused pressure loss, which resulted

Antimony deposition onto Au(111) and insertion of Mg

• Lingxing Zan,
• Da Xing,
• Abdelaziz Ali Abd-El-Latif and
• Helmut Baltruschat

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2541–2552, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.245

• than that observed by us. We also observed a smaller peak C1 on a polycrystalline Au electrode. Therefore, this difference is probably due to the roughness of the Au(111) surface, resulting from repeated alloying and dealloying during the cycling to obtain stable voltammetry in [12]. Upon extension of

• layers. A somewhat atypical Stranski–Krastanov growth was thus observed during overpotential deposition. After stripping of Sb at −0.21 V the Au(111) substrate is not smooth again. Figure 8a shows the Au(111) surface after stripping of Sb at −0.21 demonstrating a severe roughness on the atomic scale. As

• shown in Figure 8b and c, the resulting Au(111) surface becomes more and more rough after each further deposition and dissolution process, which is an indication of the alloy formation [10][25][29]. The root mean square of the roughness (RMS roughness) of the terraces were determined to be 0.088, 0.095

Evaluation of click chemistry microarrays for immunosensing of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)

• Seyed Mohammad Mahdi Dadfar,
• Sylwia Sekula-Neuner,
• Vanessa Trouillet,
• Hui-Yu Liu,
• Ravi Kumar,
• Annie K. Powell and
• Michael Hirtz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2505–2515, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.241

• occurring in the spectra at 400.0 eV also result from the successful reactions. To confirm the quality of the functionalized layers, after each step of the functionalization process, the roughness of the samples was monitored by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The results are shown in Supporting Information

• File 1, Figure S1. While the roughness increases slightly over the course of functionalization, overall, the samples remain relatively smooth with root-mean-square roughness values (Rq) below 1 nm, showing a homogeneous reaction built-up without introduction of a nanotexture that might lead to

• bare and functionalized glasses was characterized using surface-sensitive techniques, including atomic force microscopy (AFM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). To map the surface roughness, AFM in tapping mode was conducted with a Dimension Icon (Bruker, Germany) device with HQ:NSC15/Al BS

Self-assembly of a terbium(III) 1D coordination polymer on mica

• Quentin Evrard,
• Giuseppe Cucinotta,
• Felix Houard,
• Guillaume Calvez,
• Yan Suffren,
• Carole Daiguebonne,
• Olivier Guillou,
• Andrea Caneschi,
• Matteo Mannini and
• Kevin Bernot

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2440–2448, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.234

• the observed objects. Results Coordination polymer growth on mica The [Tb(hfac)3·2H2O]n molecular nanochains have been grown via drop casting of a dilute cyclohexane solution on a freshly air-cleaved mica substrate. The mica substrate was chosen because of its low roughness [23] making it particularly

Integration of sharp silicon nitride tips into high-speed SU8 cantilevers in a batch fabrication process

• Nahid Hosseini,
• Matthias Neuenschwander,
• Oliver Peric,
• Santiago H. Andany,
• Jonathan D. Adams and
• Georg E. Fantner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2357–2363, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.226

• sharpness, 20 randomly chosen LSNT-tip SU8 cantilevers have been tested with a polycrystalline titanium roughness sample. The images were taken using a NanoScope-V controller and a Multi-Mode-V AFM with a J scanner (Bruker) in tapping mode. The imaging conditions were as follows: scan size 2 µm, number of

• imaging of the polycrystalline titanium roughness sample (tapping mode, scan size 2 µm, 512 × 512 pixels and scan rate 1 Hz). Figure 2b shows the partial blind estimation of the tip shape for the first and last images after 16 mm tip travel. No obvious degradation occurred. Figure 2c shows the evolution

• tip travel during the AFM imaging of a polycrystalline titanium roughness sample. A suitable tip sharpness and a high wear resistance have been achieved along with a high tracking bandwidth of the fabricated LSNT-tip SU8 cantilevers. A comparison between a commercial silicon cantilever and the LSNT

The role of Ag⁺, Ca²⁺, Pb²⁺ and Al³⁺ adions in the SERS turn-on effect of anionic analytes

• Stefania D. Iancu,
• Andrei Stefancu,
• Vlad Moisoiu,
• Loredana F. Leopold and
• Nicolae Leopold

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2338–2345, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.224

• adsorbate and the metal nanosurface, the coupling to the silver surface being mediated by adsorbed atoms (adatoms) such as Ag+, Cl−, I−, Br− [3][4][5][6]. In this context, several reports explain the SERS enhancement by the formation of stable surface complexes of atomic scale roughness. For example, a Ag

Atomic force acoustic microscopy reveals the influence of substrate stiffness and topography on cell behavior

• Yan Liu,
• Li Li,
• Xing Chen,
• Ying Wang,
• Meng-Nan Liu,
• Jin Yan,
• Liang Cao,
• Lu Wang and
• Zuo-Bin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2329–2337, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.223

• ∙m-1. For each film, about 20 force curves were obtained around the stripe and the unexposed region of the patterns. The root-mean-square roughness of the SU-8 films was determined from the surface morphological images of AFAM. The scan was performed on a field of view of 10 μm × 10 μm at the

• frequency of 1 Hz for surface roughness measurements. Cell culture The L929 cells from the mouse fibroblast cell line were cultured at 37 °C in a minimal essential medium (MEM, Solarbio) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. Before seeding, the SU-8 substrates and the reference glass substrate were

• that the nanopattern, although too small to restrict the cell growth, may enhance the elongation of the cells and affect the cellular arrangement. Moreover, the surface roughness of various samples was investigated using the morphological AFAM images (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S2). The