The influence of porosity on nanoparticle formation in hierarchical aluminophosphates

• Matthew E. Potter,
• Lauren N. Riley,
• Alice E. Oakley,
• Panashe M. Mhembere,
• June Callison and
• Robert Raja

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1952–1957, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.191

• the influence of synthesis protocols on active site design. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) data (Figure 4) was in good agreement with the XAS data, as Au/HP-SAPO-5 IW and Au/HP-SAPO-5 AE systems were exclusively fit with Au0 features (Figure 4B). However, the corresponding microporous systems

• required additional Au1 features to be accurately fit, in agreement with the Auδ+ species observed from XANES (Figure 4A). As XPS has a limited penetration depth, it will accentuate surface species, which are more likely to contain Au1 species, over the bulk [22]. In both cases the weak signal from the low

• the k3-weighted Fourier transform for the XAS data of the Au-deposited microporous MP-SAPO-5 (A) and hierarchical HP-SAPO-5 (B) compared to the Au foil. Associated scattering paths, with a single Au–Au feature are included. Stacked XPS data for Au-doped microporous MP-SAPO-5 (A) and hierarchical HP

Facile synthesis of carbon nanotube-supported NiO//Fe₂O₃ for all-solid-state supercapacitors

• Shengming Zhang,
• Xuhui Wang,
• Yan Li,
• Xuemei Mu,
• Yaxiong Zhang,
• Jingwei Du,
• Guo Liu,
• Xiaohui Hua,
• Yingzhuo Sheng,
• Erqing Xie and
• Zhenxing Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1923–1932, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.188

• both XRD pattern and Raman spectra indicate that Fe2O3 is not well crystallized since it was formed at 70 °C in the drying oven without further annealing. The XPS spectrum in Figure S5a (Supporting Information File 1) shows the existence of Fe, O, and C elements in CC-CNT@Fe2O3. The Fe 2p spectrum

• 530.13 eV, corresponding to C–O, Fe–O–C, and Fe–O, respectively [30]. The XPS results strongly support the XRD and Raman results and confirm Fe2O3 on the CC-CNT. A three-electrode system was used to examine the electrochemical characteristics of the CC-CNT@Fe2O3 with Pt foil as a counter electrode, SCE

• 490 cm−1 of CC-CNT@NiO, when compared to the pure CC-CNT substrate, verifying successful synthesis of NiO on the CC-CNT substrate (Figure 6b) [35]. The XPS spectrum in Figure S5b (Supporting Information File 1) also demonstrates the existence of Ni, O, and C in CC-CNT@NiO. The spectrum of Ni 2p

Synthesis of nickel/gallium nanoalloys using a dual-source approach in 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazole ionic liquids

• Ilka Simon,
• Julius Hornung,
• Juri Barthel,
• Jörg Thomas,
• Maik Finze,
• Roland A. Fischer and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1754–1767, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.171

• (HAADF-STEM) and supported by energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX), selected-area energy diffraction (SAED) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). NiGa@[BMIm][NTf2] catalyze the semihydrogenation of 4-octyne to 4-octene with 100% selectivity towards (E)-4-octene over five runs, but with poor

• ESCALAB 200X XP-spectrometer, operating at 70–80 °C, a pressure of 7.0 × 10–9 bar and a sample angle of 33°. Spectra were recorded using polychromatic Al Kα excitation (11 kV, 20 mA) and an emission angle of 0°. Calibration of the XPS was carried out by recording spectra with Al Kα X-rays from clean

Remarkable electronic and optical anisotropy of layered 1T’-WTe₂ 2D materials

• Qiankun Zhang,
• Rongjie Zhang,
• Jiancui Chen,
• Wanfu Shen,
• Chunhua An,
• Xiaodong Hu,
• Mingli Dong,
• Jing Liu and
• Lianqing Zhu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1745–1753, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.170

• of 1T’-WTe2. The tungsten atoms deviate from the ideal octahedral sites in the octahedron due to the very strong chemical bonding, forming the distorted octahedral structure. Consequently, the Te atom layers become buckled in the distorted octahedral structure. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS

• photodetectors. Conclusion In summary, with the combination of XPS spectroscopy, HR-TEM, Raman spectroscopy, ADRDM and angle-resolved electrical measurements, we successfully revealed the in-plane optical and electrical anisotropy of 2D layered 1T’-WTe2. Furthermore, we presented the highly anisotropic

• covered with 285 nm of SiO2 for Raman spectroscopy, ADRDM and electrical characterization. The substrate had pre-patterned alignment grids and 12 electrodes (20 nm Gr/180 nm Au). XPS analysis was performed on a VG Scientific ESCALAB 250 device. The TEM images and SAED patterns were performed with on a FEI

TiO₂/GO-coated functional separator to suppress polysulfide migration in lithium–sulfur batteries

• Ning Liu,
• Lu Wang,
• Taizhe Tan,
• Yan Zhao and
• Yongguang Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1726–1736, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.168

• ]. To further investigate the interaction between TiO2 and the polysulfides during the charge/discharge process, the XPS spectra of the Li/S batteries with the TiO2/GO-coated separator were recorded before and after 100 cycles, as shown in Figure 11. A broadened Ti 2p1/2 peak at ≈464 eV after cycling

• analysis (SDTQ600) was taken under air flow (RT to 800 °C, 10 °C min−1). The N2 adsorption/desorption tests were analyzed using Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) theory on a Micromeritics ASAP 2020 device. The surface composition was analyzed by XPS (VG ESCALAB MK II USA). The binding energies of all the

• ) after cycling. Optical images of the diffusion process of the polysulfides through the (a) pristine separator and the (b) TiO2/GO-coated separator. (a) Raman and (b) FTIR spectra of the Li2S6-treated TiO2/GO composite. XPS spectra (Ti 2p) of the battery with a TiO2/GO-coated separator before and after

Tuning the performance of vanadium redox flow batteries by modifying the structural defects of the carbon felt electrode

• Ditty Dixon,
• Deepu Joseph Babu,
• Aiswarya Bhaskar,
• Hans-Michael Bruns,
• Joerg J. Schneider,
• Frieder Scheiba and
• Helmut Ehrenberg

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1698–1706, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.165

• 2690 cm−1 a symmetric second order D-band (2D) is visible for both samples. Careful analysis reveals that the 2D peak intensity is lower for the plasma-treated sample, indicating possible doping [17]. In order to investigate the N-doping in a plasma-treated felt, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS

• ) analysis of the samples was carried out. The N2-plasma-treated sample was characterized by a N 1s peak with maxima around 399 eV. The N 1s peak could be deconvoluted into pyridinic and pyrrolic N contributions, with maxima at 398.3 and 399.8 eV, respectively. The XPS results, as well as the quantification

• of various groups on the surface of the felt are shown in Figure 2. Thus, from these results, it can be concluded that N2 plasma treatment can be applied to induce N-doping defects. Both pyrrolic as well as pyridinic N observed in the XPS spectra are incorporated into the graphene layer [19][20]. The

Materials nanoarchitectonics at two-dimensional liquid interfaces

• Katsuhiko Ariga,
• Michio Matsumoto,
• Taizo Mori and
• Lok Kumar Shrestha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1559–1587, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.153

• water phase, yielding a monolayer sheet of the two-dimensional nickel–iron cyanide grid network. Characterizations of the extended network by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), FTIR spectroscopy, SQUID magnetometry, X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS), and grazing incidence synchrotron X-ray

High-temperature resistive gas sensors based on ZnO/SiC nanocomposites

• Vadim B. Platonov,
• Marina N. Rumyantseva,
• Alexander S. Frolov,
• Alexey D. Yapryntsev and
• Alexander M. Gaskov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1537–1547, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.151

• (XPS). The electrophysical and gas sensing properties of the materials were investigated by in situ conductivity measurements in the presence of the reducing gases CO and NH3 (20 ppm), in dry conditions (relative humidity at 25 °C RH25 = 0) and in humid air (RH25 = 30%) in the temperature range 400–550

• the SiC peaks naturally increases with increasing silicon carbide content in the nanocomposites. The study of the surface composition of the synthesized materials was carried out using FTIR and XPS methods. Figure 4 shows the IR absorption spectra of ZnO, SiC, and ZnO/SiC nanocomposites. The spectrum

• photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Figure 5 and Figure 6 show the XPS spectra of ZnO, SiC and the ZnO/SiC_15 nanocomposite in the Zn 2p, O 1s, Si 2p, and C 1s binding energy regions. The survey spectra are provided in Supporting Information File 1 (Figure S1). For the SiC sample, it was found that the Si 2p

Rapid thermal annealing for high-quality ITO thin films deposited by radio-frequency magnetron sputtering

• Petronela Prepelita,
• Ionel Stavarache,
• Doina Craciun,
• Florin Garoi,
• Catalin Negrila,
• Beatrice Gabriela Sbarcea and
• Valentin Craciun

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1511–1522, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.149

• spectroscopy (XPS) method. A SPECS spectrometer with a PHOIBOS RX 150 analyzer and a Specs XR–50 M source was operated with a monochromatic Al anode (hν = 1486.61 eV) at 300 W. The charging effect of the sample deposited onto the quartz substrate is compensated for with a Specs FG15/40 flood gun. The chemical

• composition values of the component elements were determined from the XPS spectra using the Avantage software (version 5.978). The crystalline structure of the ITO thin films on amorphous quartz substrates was investigated by grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (XRD, Bruker AXS D8 Discover diffractometer

• the increase in the crystallite size (Table 2) and the reduction of structural defects. To evaluate the chemical composition of the surface for the as-deposited and RTA-processed films, the XPS spectra were recorded, as shown in Figure 3a–c. The spectra were recorded over a wide range of binding

Synthesis of P- and N-doped carbon catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction via controlled phosphoric acid treatment of folic acid

• Rieko Kobayashi,
• Takafumi Ishii,
• Yasuo Imashiro and
• Jun-ichi Ozaki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1497–1510, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.148

• . The results of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis demonstrated that when pretreatment was performed in the absence of PA, the N content of the carbon materials decreased with increasing temperature. On the other hand, in the presence of PA, the N/C atomic ratio initially increased with

• will be discussed in the “Discussion” section. The chemical states of N in P-series precursors were studied by XPS (Figure 3a,b), which revealed that the shapes of N 1s spectra depended on the pretreatment temperature and the presence/absence of PA. H-series precursors featured N 1s spectra with two

• pronounced in the case of P-series precursors, e.g., the intensity of this peak was higher for H-1000 than for P-1000. The P 2p XPS spectra of the P-series precursors are presented in Figure 3c. The peak shifted from 134.2 to 133.0 eV with the increase of the CPAT temperature. The figure also includes the

Flexible freestanding MoS₂-based composite paper for energy conversion and storage

• Florian Zoller,
• Jan Luxa,
• Thomas Bein,
• Dina Fattakhova-Rohlfing,
• Daniel Bouša and
• Zdeněk Sofer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1488–1496, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.147

• identified (Supporting Information File 1, Table S1) that there was about 2.1 wt % of iron in the sample. This contamination originates from the carbon nanotubes, where iron usually serves as a catalyst for their growth [36]. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to track the degree of degradation

• the measurements. High-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was performed using an ESCAProbeP spectrometer (Omicron Nanotechnology Ltd, Germany) with a monochromatic aluminum X-ray radiation source (1486.7 eV). Wide-scan surveys of all elements were performed (0–1000 eV, step 0.5 eV) with

Growth of lithium hydride thin films from solutions: Towards solution atomic layer deposition of lithiated films

• Ivan Kundrata,
• Karol Fröhlich,
• Lubomír Vančo,
• Matej Mičušík and
• Julien Bachmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1443–1451, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.142

• . Point Auger spectra were collected from different areas on the surface of the sample after 20 s cleaning with 500 eV Ar+ ions. Dwell time during the acquisitions was 100 ms with 1 eV measurement steps with an energy resolution of ΔE/E of 0.5 %. XPS signals were recorded using a Thermo Scientific K-Alpha

• XPS system (Thermo Fisher Scientific, UK) equipped with a micro-focused, monochromatic Al Kα X-ray source (1486.7 eV). An X-ray beam of 400 mm size was used at 6 mA and 12 kV. The spectra were acquired in the constant analyser energy mode with pass energy of 200 eV for the survey. Narrow regions were

• calibration routine and the internal Au, Ag and Cu standards supplied with the K-Alpha system. Argon etching was done with ion gun (1.4 µA of 2 keV Ar+ ions over 8 mm2). The samples indented to be used in XPS and Auger were coated with an additional layer of SiO2 inside of the deposition chamber. This

Selective gas detection using Mn₃O₄/WO₃ composites as a sensing layer

• Yongjiao Sun,
• Zhichao Yu,
• Wenda Wang,
• Pengwei Li,
• Gang Li,
• Wendong Zhang,
• Lin Chen,
• Serge Zhuivkov and
• Jie Hu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1423–1433, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.140

• increased quantity of nanoparticles and decreased quantity of nanorods. Further information on the surface chemical composition of 5 atom % Mn3O4/WO3 composites was examined by XPS. The complete spectrum of the sample is displayed in Figure 5a, which confirms the presence of W, C, O and Mn. The high

• -resolution XPS spectrum of W 4f is shown in Figure 5b, which exhibits two symmetric peaks with binding energies around 35.4 eV and at 37.6 eV, originating from W 4f7/2 and W 4f5/2, respectively. These values are indicative of stoichiometric WO3, indicating the presence of W6+ ions [17]. The detailed O 1s XPS

• , the peaks at a binding energy of 641.1 eV and 653 eV are attributed to Mn 2p3/2 and Mn 2p1/2 with a splitting of 11.9 eV, which matches well with Mn3O4 [16][19][20]. The XPS results confirm the existence of crystalline Mn3O4. Gas sensing properties Since the electron mobility in the conduction band is

BiOCl/TiO₂/diatomite composites with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity for the degradation of rhodamine B

• Minlin Ao,
• Kun Liu,
• Xuekun Tang,
• Zishun Li,
• Qian Peng and
• Jing Huang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1412–1422, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.139

• electron spectrometer was used to observe X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results. A monochromatic Al Kα source (1486.7 eV) and a 300 × 500 μm spot size was used to collect the spectra. In 77 K nitrogen atmosphere, the specific surface area and pore size distribution of the sample were determined by

• indicates that BiOCl and TiO2 are mainly dispersed on the surface of diatomite, but not in the pores. The larger pore volume will be beneficial to the enrichment and degradation of dyes, thus showing a higher catalytic performance [33]. The surface chemical state of BTD was characterized by XPS. The survey

• /2, respectively [36]. In addition, no other chemical contact points have been found for the time being, which is similar to other reports on BiOCl/TiO2 [29][37]. The XPS results of recovered BTD (Figure S1, Supporting Information File 1) show that the signals of Ti, O, Cl, Bi and Si can still be

Gas sensing properties of individual SnO₂ nanowires and SnO₂ sol–gel nanocomposites

• Alexey V. Shaposhnik,
• Dmitry A. Shaposhnik,
• Sergey Yu. Turishchev,
• Olga A. Chuvenkova,
• Stanislav V. Ryabtsev,
• Alexey A. Vasiliev,
• Xavier Vilanova,
• Francisco Hernandez-Ramirez and
• Joan R. Morante

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1380–1390, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.136

• was used for the fabrication of well-faceted wire-like crystals with diameters ranging between 15–100 nm. The sol–gel method allowed us to obtain fragile gels from powders with grain sizes of about 5 nm. By means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) it was proven that the nanowires contain

• ; gas transport method; nanowires; quasi-one-dimensional materials; sol–gel synthesis; tin dioxide; X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES); X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS); Introduction Semiconductor sensor functionality relies on heterogeneous catalytic chemical processes, which makes the

• calcination as follows: Figure 2 shows a TEM image of the obtained material. The particle diameter derived from this measurement was found to be 4–6 nm. X-ray spectroscopy of the materials In the present study, we used the non-destructive techniques, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray absorption

Construction of a 0D/1D composite based on Au nanoparticles/CuBi₂O₄ microrods for efficient visible-light-driven photocatalytic activity

• Weilong Shi,
• Mingyang Li,
• Hongji Ren,
• Feng Guo,
• Xiliu Huang,
• Yu Shi and
• Yubin Tang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1360–1367, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.134

• heterojunction was formed in the composite photocatalyst. The chemical and electronic states of the elements on the Au/CBO surface were characterized by XPS. In the Au 4f XPS spectrum (Figure 5a) peaks at binding energies of 84.1 and 87.7 eV pertaining to Au 4f7/2 and Au 4f5/2, respectively, indicate that the

• region (Figure 5c), two peaks at 158.5 and 164 eV are assigned to the Bi 4f7/2 and Bi 4f5/2, respectively, which affirms Bi3+ in CBO [32]. Figure 5d shows the XPS spectrum of O 1s composed of two main peaks at 529.8 and 531.6 eV [33][34]. The main peak at 529.8 eV be can attributed to lattice oxygen, and

• /CBO composite. (a) TEM and (b) HRTEM images of the 2.5 wt % Au/CBO composite. XPS high-resolution spectra of the 2.5 wt % Au/CBO composite: (a) Au 4f; (b) Cu 2p; (c) Bi 4f and (d) O 1s. (a) TC degradation dynamics under visible-light irradiation. (b) Changes of the characteristic absorption of TC when

A biomimetic nanofluidic diode based on surface-modified polymeric carbon nitride nanotubes

• Kai Xiao,
• Baris Kumru,
• Lu Chen,
• Lei Jiang,
• Bernhard V. K. J. Schmidt and
• Markus Antonietti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1316–1323, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.130

• , high-resolution XPS spectra of C 1s and N 1s were illustrated in Figure 2c and Figure 2d, which further confirm the tri-s-triazine-based carbon nitride structure. The C 1s spectra can be deconvoluted into three peaks centered at 284.8, 286.4, and 287.9 eV, while N 1s spectrum can be deconvoluted into

• purchased from Merck Millipore. Characterizations: The released CNNM was transferred to a quartz glass substrate and analyzed. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was performed by an ESCALab220i-XL electron spectrometer from VG Scientific using 300W Al Kα radiation, while the base pressure was about 3

• after removing the AAO substrate. (b) FTIR spectra before and after polymerization. (c) High-resolution XPS C 1s spectra of carbon nitride nanotubes, indicating two typical C 1s peaks at 284.8 and 287.9 eV. The former can be assigned to the sp2-hybridized carbon atoms in the N-containing aromatic ring

A silver-nanoparticle/cellulose-nanofiber composite as a highly effective substrate for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

• Yongxin Lu,
• Yan Luo,
• Zehao Lin and
• Jianguo Huang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1270–1279, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.126

• particle size [62]. These results are in accordance with the electron microscopy observations discussed above. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) survey spectrum of sample Ag-NP/cellulose-NF–C is shown in Figure 3c, showing the distinct peaks of carbon, oxygen and silver. Figure 3d shows the

• nanoparticle showing the lattice of metallic silver (b). X-ray diffraction patterns (a) and diffuse reflectance UV–vis spectra (b) of Ag-NP/cellulose-NF–A, B, C, D, and E. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) survey spectrum (c) and high-resolution XPS spectrum of the Ag 3d region (d) of sample Ag-NP

Alloyed Pt₃M (M = Co, Ni) nanoparticles supported on S- and N-doped carbon nanotubes for the oxygen reduction reaction

• Stéphane Louisia,
• Yohann R. J. Thomas,
• Pierre Lecante,
• Marie Heitzmann,
• M. Rosa Axet,
• Pierre-André Jacques and
• Philippe Serp

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1251–1269, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.125

• doping. Elemental and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis results are shown in Table 1. The elemental analysis confirmed the efficiency of the doping, and showed that S-CNT contains a significant amount of residual catalyst (iron, encapsulated in the structure of the tubes). An effect of heat

• treatment on the N-CNTs (besides the reduction of disorder) is to decrease the amount of nitrogen, which decreases from 2.9 to 1.6%. XPS analysis confirmed the bulk analyses and showed that the S-CNT sample also contains a significant amount of surface oxygen groups. The introduction of oxygen may

• deconvolution of the main N 1s peak: pyridinic nitrogen, pyrrolic nitrogen, quaternary nitrogen and nitrogen-oxidized species were identified (Table 2, and Supporting Information File 1, Figure S4). XPS analysis also showed the presence of sulfonic acid groups on the surface of N-doped CNTs (Supporting

Playing with covalent triazine framework tiles for improved CO₂ adsorption properties and catalytic performance

• Giulia Tuci,
• Andree Iemhoff,
• Housseinou Ba,
• Lapo Luconi,
• Andrea Rossin,
• Vasiliki Papaefthimiou,
• Regina Palkovits,
• Jens Artz,
• Cuong Pham-Huu and
• Giuliano Giambastiani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1217–1227, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.121

• Information File 1, Figures S2D–E and D′–E′). The N 1s XPS spectra recorded for all new CTF samples are fitted with two main components and a minor shoulder at binding energies (BE) between 398.5 ± 0.2, and 402.5 ± 0.5 eV. (see Supporting Information File 1, Figure S3A–E and Figure S4). While the former

• within the furnace, ampules were charged to a maximum of half of their volume. Elemental analyses were performed using a Thermo FlashEA 1112 Series CHNS-O elemental analyzer and elemental average values for each sample were calculated over three independent runs. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS

• the most representative CTF systems from the literature. Supporting Information Complementing material characterization, such as CHN elemental analysis, nitrogen adsorption−desorption isotherms, differential pore volume distributions, survey spectra and N 1s, O 1s core region XPS analyses, low

A highly efficient porous rod-like Ce-doped ZnO photocatalyst for the degradation of dye contaminants in water

• Binjing Hu,
• Qiang Sun,
• Chengyi Zuo,
• Yunxin Pei,
• Siwei Yang,
• Hui Zheng and
• Fangming Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1157–1165, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.115

• spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy (ICP), respectively. The newly developed, robust, field-only surface integral method was employed to explore the relationship between the remarkable catalytic effect and the catalyst shape and porous

• lattice and substituted into the Zn ion sites [9][11]. XPS spectra of Ce 3d were collected in order to determine the Ce state in CZO-4. All the elements were corrected with C 1s at 284.8 eV. Due to the low percentage of Ce in this catalyst, its signal to noise was low, too. The results are shown in Figure

• , XPS, SEM and ICP, respectively. Furthermore, to supply a helpful reference for large-scale dye degradation, the optimum photocatalytic conditions of undoped and doped catalysts were also screened. Sample preparation Materials and instruments In this study, zinc acetate dihydrate was purchased from

Porous N- and S-doped carbon–carbon composite electrodes by soft-templating for redox flow batteries

• Maike Schnucklake,
• László Eifert,
• Jonathan Schneider,
• Roswitha Zeis and
• Christina Roth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1131–1139, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.113

• obtained inside the macroporous carbon felt. For the investigation of electrode structure and porosity X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and nitrogen sorption (BET) were used. The electrochemical performance of the carbon felts was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry

• nitrogen content as well as the sulfur content become reduced. The composite electrodes, however, contain more nitrogen than the bulk material. Note that the additional nitrogen originates from the PAN fibers. XPS measurements were carried out to further examine the surface functional groups of the

• hydrogen content. The average of the measured values was determined and listed in Table 2. The elemental composition and the chemical state of the elements in the sample surfaces were determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements (CLAM4 electron analyzer from Thermo VG scientific

Glucose-derived carbon materials with tailored properties as electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction

• Rafael Gomes Morais,
• Natalia Rey-Raap,
• José Luís Figueiredo and
• Manuel Fernando Ribeiro Pereira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1089–1102, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.109

• which heteroatoms can be incorporated, and so materials with a lower degree of functionalization are obtained. Further understanding of the functionalities of the carbon materials was achieved by analyzing their surface composition by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The XPS spectra in the C 1s

• elemental analysis (Table 1) was due to the formation of a large number of carboxylic acids, which further reinforces the possible reaction between the defects generated on the sample during the ball milling process and air moisture. The XPS spectra for the C 1s region of the doped samples exhibit the same

• XPS spectra in the O 1s region are shown in Supporting Information File 1, Figure S4. Three main oxygen peaks were identified, attributed to C=O bonds at 530.7 ± 0.3 eV (peak I), C–O groups at 532.0 ± 0.2 eV (peak II) and carboxylic acids at 533.3 ± 0.2 eV (peak III) [27]. Interesting differences are

Concurrent nanoscale surface etching and SnO₂ loading of carbon fibers for vanadium ion redox enhancement

• Jun Maruyama,
• Shohei Maruyama,
• Tomoko Fukuhara,
• Toru Nagaoka and
• Kei Hanafusa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 985–992, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.99

• photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The activity for the vanadium ion redox reactions was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) to demonstrate the enhancement of both the positive and negative electrode reactions. A full cell test of the vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) showed a significant decrease of the

• TGP-CSnPc-650Air, which is in agreement with the FESEM image. Surface species The presence of tin oxide on the thermally oxidized surface of the CSnPc-coated carbon fibers was confirmed by XPS. It should be noted here that the Sn content was below the detection limit for the elemental mapping by

• energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry because the SnO2 particles were of the order of nanometers and present only on the surface of the larger-scale carbon-fiber material. The XPS analysis area was 0.3 × 0.7 mm, yielding average values of the sample. Figure 3 shows the Sn 3d and O 1s XPS spectra of TGP

Structural and optical properties of penicillamine-protected gold nanocluster fractions separated by sequential size-selective fractionation

• Xiupei Yang,
• Zhengli Yang,
• Fenglin Tang,
• Jing Xu,
• Maoxue Zhang and
• Martin M. F. Choi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 955–966, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.96

• size and the ratio of Au atoms to ligands of AuNCs. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) has also been applied to observe the molecular dependence on the gold and sulfur chemical state of organosulfur monolayers of the fractions. The photoluminescence spectra of these AuNCs in the range of 900–790 nm

• fractionation, the crude AuNCs and fractions obtained from SSSP have been investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and UV–vis absorption together with photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. Experimental Chemicals and

• -flight mass spectrometer (MALDI-TOF MS) (Autoflex, Bruker, Germany). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements were conducted with a Leybold Heraeus SKL-12 X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (Shenyang, China) modified with a VG CLAM 4 multichannel hemispherical analyzer using a Mg Kα excitation