Theranostic potential of self-luminescent branched polyethyleneimine-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles

• Rouhollah Khodadust,
• Ozlem Unal and
• Havva Yagci Acar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 82–95, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.6

• when attached to the iron oxide surface since SPIONs have strong absorption in the UV and visible range of the spectrum [33]. Alternatively, PEI-bound luminescent nanoparticles, such as quantum dots or graphene nanoparticles, are also being studied to combine optical imaging and gene transfection

Nanoscale friction and wear of a polymer coated with graphene

• Robin Vacher and
• Astrid S. de Wijn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 63–73, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.4

• challenging problem due to the complex viscoelastic properties and structure. Using molecular dynamics simulations, we investigate how a graphene sheet on top of the semicrystalline polymer polyvinyl alcohol affects the friction and wear. Our setup is meant to resemble an AFM experiment with a silicon tip. We

• have used two different graphene sheets, namely an unstrained, flat sheet, and one that has been crumpled before being deposited on the polymer. The graphene protects the top layer of the polymer from wear and reduces the friction. The unstrained flat graphene is stiffer, and we find that it constrains

• the polymer chains and reduces the indentation depth. Keywords: friction; graphene; molecular dynamics; polymer; Introduction Graphene is a two dimensional material that has remarkable properties, both electronic [1][2] and mechanical [3][4]. Even before anything was known about graphene, the

Sputtering onto liquids: a critical review

• Anastasiya Sergievskaya,
• Adrien Chauvin and
• Stephanos Konstantinidis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 10–53, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.2

Enhancement of the piezoelectric coefficient in PVDF-TrFe/CoFe₂O₄ nanocomposites through DC magnetic poling

• Marco Fortunato,
• Alessio Tamburrano,
• Maria Paola Bracciale,
• Maria Laura Santarelli and
• Maria Sabrina Sarto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1262–1270, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.93

• . These included mechanical stretching [19][20], spin coating [21], quenching [22], a combination of the latter two techniques [2], and the addition of external additives to the PVDF matrix, such as metal nanocomposites [14][23], ceramic filler [24], and graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) and their combination

A review on slip boundary conditions at the nanoscale: recent development and applications

• Ruifei Wang,
• Jin Chai,
• Bobo Luo,
• Xiong Liu,
• Jianting Zhang,
• Min Wu,
• Mingdan Wei and
• Zhuanyue Ma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1237–1251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.91

• limited, thus leading to the reduction of water slippage. Figure 3 shows that although water shows similar wetting properties on surfaces of boron nitride and graphene, the friction coefficient (or slip length) of water on boron nitride is much larger (or lower) than that on graphene due to a more

•  1d was redrawn from [50]. Variation of slip length with static contact angle for water flow on different types of smooth surfaces. The graph depicted in Figure 2 was redrawn from data in [62][63][64][65]. Comparison between the friction coefficients of water on graphene and boron nitride surfaces

Morphology-driven gas sensing by fabricated fractals: A review

• Vishal Kamathe and
• Rupali Nagar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1187–1208, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.88

• fractal dimension of 1.79. Tungsten oxide-based fractals A very recent study on the sensing of NO2, acetone, and carbon monoxide was reported by Simon and co-workers. They used Ni nanoparticles to decorate a reduced graphene oxide/WO3 nanocomposite [78]. The WO3 sample annealed at 600 °C shows the

• hydrothermal method to synthesize reduced graphene oxide and pine dendritic BiVO4 composite with an average length of 1–1.5 μm and about 0.6 μm width [82]. In the hybrid composite rGO nanosheets were draped with a pine dendritic morphology. Figure 20 shows the SEM images of GO (Figure 20a), rGO (Figure 20b

Assessment of the optical and electrical properties of light-emitting diodes containing carbon-based nanostructures and plasmonic nanoparticles: a review

• Keshav Nagpal,
• Erwan Rauwel,
• Frédérique Ducroquet and
• Protima Rauwel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1078–1092, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.80

• . This review surveys the diverse possibilities to combine various inorganic, organic, and carbon nanostructures along with plasmonic nanoparticles. Such combinations would allow an enhancement in the overall properties of LED. Keywords: carbon nanotubes (CNT); graphene; light-emitting diodes (LED

• (CNT), and graphene (GR) towards producing cost-effective and efficient LED. A second strategy consisting of enhancing the optical and electrical properties of LED via SPR of MNP is also surveyed. The LED covered in this review include inorganic LED, OLED, inorganic/organic LED, and HyLED. The

• operational lifetime of LED. Therefore, in order to obtain adequate performances from LED, proper thermal management of the device is required. In this regard, graphene at the anode tends to alleviate self-heating issues as it disperses the heat away from the active layer. This in turn also reduces the

Progress and innovation of nanostructured sulfur cathodes and metal-free anodes for room-temperature Na–S batteries

• Marina Tabuyo-Martínez,
• Bernd Wicklein and
• Pilar Aranda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 995–1020, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.75

• discharge process. Ma et al. [34] reported a conductive and flexible graphene aerogel cathode that effectively tolerated the volume changes under stabilization of the structure and led to an outstanding performance, showing an initial discharge capacity of 572.8 mAh·g−1 at 5C and an extremely low average

• that exhibited a capacity of 906 mAh·g−1 at 0.1C and a long cycling life. Another carbon–Co structure was reported by Ma et al. [34] who developed a cathode made of a flexible graphene aerogel matrix that shows an extremely low capacity fading of 0.01% per cycle from 200 to 1000 cycles (Figure 6B

• in the presence of graphene [55]. One advantage of this method over vapor impregnation routes is that it can yield very high sulfur loads of up to 90 wt % resulting in a high cathode capacity of 555 mAh·g−1 at 5C [55]. Wet chemistry synthesis routes can also produce nanostructured sulfur. Lu et al

Molecular assemblies on surfaces: towards physical and electronic decoupling of organic molecules

• Sabine Maier and
• Meike Stöhr

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 950–956, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.71

• substrate and the organic building blocks. Recently, two-dimensional (2D) materials, including hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) [22][23], graphene [24][25][26][27], and MoS2 [28], have emerged as monatomically thin decoupling layers. Van der Waals 2D materials are generally well suited due to their chemical

• , or metals [83]. Rothe et al. [84] demonstrated that semimetallic graphene is an appropriate buffer layer for the physical and chemical decoupling of rubrene from Pt(111). The strong molecule–surface interaction on Pt(111) is expressed by hit-and-stick adsorption due to a substantial diffusion barrier

• . In contrast, on graphene/Pt(111) the growth of molecular domains is facilitated. Electronically, the width of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) resonance is reduced by a factor of ten on graphene/Pt(111) compared to bare Pt(111) due to a reduction of the molecule–surface hybridization

The role of convolutional neural networks in scanning probe microscopy: a review

• Ido Azuri,
• Irit Rosenhek-Goldian,
• Neta Regev-Rudzki,
• Georg Fantner and
• Sidney R. Cohen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 878–901, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.66

• crystals (van der Waals heterostructures, graphene, hBN, MoS2, and WTe2) was demonstrated. The detection algorithm enables real-time detection of the 2D materials (running for 200 ms on a 1024 × 1024 optical image) and is insensitive to variations in microscopy conditions such as illumination and color

• scattered on a graphene surface. In this work two different CNNs were applied, first a larger scale “sniffer” to locate areas in the atomic lattice displaying irregularities and then an “atom finder” to characterize the unique chemical arrangement near the defect found in first network. The second network

Effects of temperature and repeat layer spacing on mechanical properties of graphene/polycrystalline copper nanolaminated composites under shear loading

• Chia-Wei Huang,
• Man-Ping Chang and
• Te-Hua Fang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 863–877, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.65

• Chia-Wei Huang Man-Ping Chang Te-Hua Fang Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 807618, Taiwan 10.3762/bjnano.12.65 Abstract In the present study, the characteristics of graphene/polycrystalline copper nanolaminated (GPCuNL

• ) composites under shear loading are investigated by molecular dynamics simulations. The effects of different temperatures, graphene chirality, repeat layer spacing, and grain size on the mechanical properties, such as failure mechanism, dislocation, and shear modulus, are observed. The results indicate that

• . Keywords: dislocation; graphene/Cu; molecular dynamics; shear; self-healing; Introduction Graphene is a monolayered hexagonal thin film composed of sp2-bonded carbon atoms and has extraordinary properties for applications in nanoelectronics [1][2][3][4][5][6]. However, because of the two-dimensional

Comprehensive review on ultrasound-responsive theranostic nanomaterials: mechanisms, structures and medical applications

• Sepand Tehrani Fateh,
• Lida Moradi,
• Elmira Kohan,
• Michael R. Hamblin and
• Amin Shiralizadeh Dezfuli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 808–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.64

Reducing molecular simulation time for AFM images based on super-resolution methods

• Zhipeng Dou,
• Jianqiang Qian,
• Yingzi Li,
• Rui Lin,
• Jianhai Wang,
• Peng Cheng and
• Zeyu Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 775–785, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.61

• schematic of the AM mode simulation model with conical tip apex is illustrated in Figure 1. The bottom layer atoms of the substrate are fixed to keep the sample stable. For the graphite substrate, the carbon–carbon interactions within each graphene layer are described by the AIREBO potential [55]. The

• Lennard–Jones (LJ) potential is used to describe the interaction between the graphene layers and the tip substrate. The LJ parameters for C–C are εC–C = 2.84 meV, σC–C = 0.34 nm and for Si–C the parameters are εSi–C = 8.909 meV, σSi–C = 0.3326 nm (ε is the depth of the potential well, σ is the finite

Recent progress in actuation technologies of micro/nanorobots

• Ke Xu and
• Bing Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 756–765, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.59

• controlled, so as to make the robot move along the surface of a graphene film in a desired trajectory. This study provided a lot of useful insight in the design of nanorobots. In the future, such designed nanorobots could be integrated into a silicon-based chip to perform specific actions. Also they could be

Prediction of Co and Ru nanocluster morphology on 2D MoS₂ from interaction energies

• Cara-Lena Nies and
• Michael Nolan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 704–724, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.56

• is a naturally occurring transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) and one of the most frequently studied 2D materials. Unlike graphene, MoS2 is a semiconductor, which gives it an increased number of possible applications [11][29]. Our previous first principles study [28] of the interaction of Cu species

Electromigration-induced formation of percolating adsorbate islands during condensation from the gaseous phase: a computational study

• Alina V. Dvornichenko,
• Vasyl O. Kharchenko and
• Dmitrii O. Kharchenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 694–703, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.55

• [42], control of surface roughness [43] and morphology of islands or nanowires [26][44][45][46][47], as well as control of adsorbate transfer to graphene [48]. Thus, the effects of EM induced by the presence of a potential difference on opposite sides of the substrate can significantly affect the

Nanogenerator-based self-powered sensors for data collection

• Yicheng Shao,
• Maoliang Shen,
• Yuankai Zhou,
• Xin Cui,
• Lijie Li and
• Yan Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 680–693, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.54

• signals, the researchers proposed a single-electrode TENG (SE-TENG) as an intelligent neuromorphic sensor using reduced graphene oxide [90]. Reduced graphene oxide can act as electronic trap, and the output information of the sensor contains real-time stimulation information and information about previous

• intelligence. Wang et al. proposed a hydrophobic polytetrafluoroethylene film and sponge-like graphene/polydimethylsiloxane composite material to prepare a multifunctional self-powered sensor [51]. The sensor can infer the performance of the material through the difference in the output of the electrical

A review of defect engineering, ion implantation, and nanofabrication using the helium ion microscope

• Frances I. Allen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 633–664, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.52

• analysis of these substrate effects can be found in [18]. Electrical and electronic properties The majority of defect engineering studies using the HIM have focused on tuning electrical conductivity. First work in this area concentrated on graphene, seeking to locally modulate its 2D electronic structure

• through site-selective irradiation, rather than through chemical functionalization of its surface. Nakaharai et al. irradiated supported single-layer graphene with 30 keV helium ions increasing the dose from ca. 2 × 1015 to 1 × 1016 ions/cm2 (corresponding to an estimated vacancy defect concentration of

• 0.2–1.3%) and, within this dose range, measured a metal–insulator transition [19]. Raman analysis showed that even at the highest dose (i.e., for strongly insulating graphene), the crystal lattice structure of the graphene sheet was essentially preserved. A subsequent study by Moktadir et al

High-yield synthesis of silver nanowires for transparent conducting PET films

• Gul Naz,
• Hafsa Asghar,
• Muhammad Ramzan,
• Muhammad Arshad,
• Rashid Ahmed,
• Muhammad Bilal Tahir,
• Bakhtiar Ul Haq,
• Nadeem Baig and
• Junaid Jalil

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 624–632, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.51

• toxic composition. Moreover, the sputtering process is time-consuming and sputtering make the films brittle, which limits the application in flexible applications [5]. Numerous materials are under consideration to overcome these challenges. In the past few years, certain materials, such as graphene

• , carbon nanotubes (CNT), conductive polymers, and metallic nanowires, have been tested commercially as alternative to ITO films for flexible optoelectronic devices [6][7][8][9]. Amongst them, graphene and carbon materials, particularly CNTs, display low optical transparency and high sheet resistance owing

Properties of graphene deposited on GaN nanowires: influence of nanowire roughness, self-induced nanogating and defects

• Jakub Kierdaszuk,
• Piotr Kaźmierczak,
• Justyna Grzonka,
• Aleksandra Krajewska,
• Aleksandra Przewłoka,
• Wawrzyniec Kaszub,
• Zbigniew R. Zytkiewicz,
• Marta Sobanska,
• Maria Kamińska,
• Andrzej Wysmołek and
• Aneta Drabińska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 566–577, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.47

• Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Lotnikow 32/46, 02-668, Warsaw, Poland 10.3762/bjnano.12.47 Abstract We present detailed Raman studies of graphene deposited on gallium nitride nanowires with different variations in height. Our results indicate that different density and height of

• nanowires impact graphene properties such as roughness, strain, and carrier concentration as well as density and type of induced defects. Tracing the manifestation of those interactions is important for the application of novel heterostructures. A detailed analysis of Raman spectra of graphene deposited on

• different nanowire substrates shows that bigger differences in nanowires height increase graphene strain, while a higher number of nanowires in contact with graphene locally reduces the strain. Moreover, the value of graphene carrier concentration is found to be correlated with the density of nanowires in

Local stiffness and work function variations of hexagonal boron nitride on Cu(111)

• Abhishek Grewal,
• Yuqi Wang,
• Matthias Münks,
• Klaus Kern and
• Markus Ternes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 559–565, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.46

• - and few-layer thick graphene films [1][2]. Unique properties, such as high thermal stability and conductivity, immense intra-sheet stiffness, and excellent dielectric properties, make h-BN interesting for technological applications. For example, thin films of h-BN have been used as a passivating layer

• for graphene and MoS2-based electronics utilising the small lattice mismatch, the large optical phonon modes, and particularly the large bandgap [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. Furthermore, when grown on metal substrates h-BN can be used as a nanoscale template for atoms, molecules, and nanostructures with

Influence of electrospray deposition on C₆₀ molecular assemblies

• Antoine Hinaut,
• Sebastian Scherb,
• Sara Freund,
• Zhao Liu,
• Thilo Glatzel and
• Ernst Meyer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 552–558, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.45

• materials, ranging from metal surfaces [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13], over metal oxides [14] and insulating substrates [15] to graphene monolayers on metals [16]. In HV-ESD-based devices, a solution containing the molecules reaches an emitter located in front of the entrance capillary, as shown in Figure

Reconstruction of a 2D layer of KBr on Ir(111) and electromechanical alteration by graphene

• Zhao Liu,
• Antoine Hinaut,
• Stefan Peeters,
• Sebastian Scherb,
• Ernst Meyer,
• Maria Clelia Righi and
• Thilo Glatzel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 432–439, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.35

• pattern. Comprehensive calculations by DFT, taking into account the observed periodicities, resulted in a new low-energy reconstruction. However, it is fully relaxed into a common cubic structure when a monolayer of graphene is located between substrate and KBr. By using Kelvin probe force microscopy, the

• reduced by the decoupling effect of graphene, thus yielding different electrical and mechanical properties of the top KBr layer. Keywords: DFT; graphene; Ir(111); KBr; KPFM; nc-AFM; surface reconstruction; Introduction Many two-dimensional (2D) materials have excellent optical, mechanical

• topological insulator Bi2Se3 can be used, for example, for the fabrication of 2D layered heterostructures with graphene. Thus, systems can be created to study the unusual interaction of Dirac fermions, opening up new possibilities for novel electronic and spintronic devices [5]. Another famous 2D insulator is

Solution combustion synthesis of a nanometer-scale Co₃O₄ anode material for Li-ion batteries

• Monika Michalska,
• Huajun Xu,
• Qingmin Shan,
• Shiqiang Zhang,
• Yohan Dall'Agnese,
• Yu Gao,
• Amrita Jain and
• Marcin Krajewski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 424–431, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.34

• the formation of composite materials consisting of Co3O4 and different materials, including carbon-based materials, such as graphene [7][8], carbon nanotubes [9], carbon coatings [10], dictyophora indusiata-derived carbon [11], or other transition metal oxides [12]. This approach usually leads to a

Nickel nanoparticle-decorated reduced graphene oxide/WO₃ nanocomposite – a promising candidate for gas sensing

• Ilka Simon,
• Alexandr Savitsky,
• Rolf Mülhaupt,
• Vladimir Pankov and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 343–353, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.28

• /WO3 composite and CO gas, a response time (Tres) of 7 min and a recovery time (Trec) of 2 min was determined. Keywords: gas sensing; magnetic measurements; nickel nanoparticles; reduced graphene oxide; tungsten oxide; Introduction Toxic gases as well as volatile organic compounds (VOC) are known air

• forms a p–n heterojunction, which improves the gas sensing abilities significantly [25]. Carbon-based materials are also promising gas sensors, because of their high surface area and high chemical and thermal stability [26][27]. Pristine graphene is a good conductor but rather inactive for gas sorption

• , because it has only a few functional groups on its surface, which limits the chemisorption of gas molecules [28]. Graphene oxide (graphite oxide, GO), in contrast, has numerous oxygen functionalities and few remaining π bonds and is therefore electrically insulating [29]. GO can be reduced (reduced