Silica micro/nanospheres for theranostics: from bimodal MRI and fluorescent imaging probes to cancer therapy

• Shanka Walia and
• Amitabha Acharya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 546–558, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.57

• tremendous attention among the researchers in the field of rare-earth-doped NPs for multicolor phosphor applications. The extraordinary enhancement in the luminescent property (ca. 5–6 times of the initial value) of these nanoscale materials was associated with the hybridization of the electronic structure

Raman spectroscopy as a tool to investigate the structure and electronic properties of carbon-atom wires

• Alberto Milani,
• Matteo Tommasini,
• Valeria Russo,
• Andrea Li Bassi,
• Andrea Lucotti,
• Franco Cataldo and
• Carlo S. Casari

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 480–491, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.49

• based on sp2 hybridization of carbon atoms, sp-hybridized carbon-atom wires (CAWs) are intriguing systems with structure-, length- and termination-dependent properties [5]. Similar to graphene (which today is considered the ultimate 2D system (1-atom-thick)), CAWs represent a true 1D system (1-atom

• information on their structure, hybridization state, defects, presence of functionalization and/or doping, and can even quantify the nanotube chirality, the number of layers and the edge structure in graphene [22][23]. In this review we discuss how Raman spectroscopy can be utilized to obtain a wealth of

• Peierls distortion effects [73]. Examples of the extreme sensitivity of Raman spectroscopy to the carbon hybridization state, electronic structure and local order, are shown in Figure 3, where different carbon systems are characterized by well-defined Raman scattering features. In contrast to the other

Overview about the localization of nanoparticles in tissue and cellular context by different imaging techniques

• Anja Ostrowski,
• Daniel Nordmeyer,
• Alexander Boreham,
• Cornelia Holzhausen,
• Lars Mundhenk,
• Christina Graf,
• Martina C. Meinke,
• Annika Vogt,
• Sabrina Hadam,
• Jürgen Lademann,
• Eckart Rühl,
• Ulrike Alexiev and
• Achim D. Gruber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 263–280, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.25

• microscope (0.2 µm) and the grain size of the emulsion [69]. This technique has previously been used, for example, for the localization of specific nucleic acid sequence, e.g., chromosomes or viral infections, by in situ hybridization employing radiolabeled nucleic acid probes [70]. We reasoned that this

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of graphitic carbon nanomaterials doped with heteroatoms

• Toma Susi,
• Thomas Pichler and
• Paola Ayala

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 177–192, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.17

• unique nature of sp2 hybridization [9], strong σ bonds are formed between carbon atoms in fullerenes, nanotubes and graphene (Figure 1), along with delocalized π orbitals [10]. These materials each have superb intrinsic properties. Fullerenes are very stable nanocontainers [11], exhibiting interesting

• expected for different systems, and values reported for graphene often tend to be in the higher end of the range. This may be due to the influence of hybridization between the valence orbitals of N with the underlying substrate [32], which reduces core hole screening and thus raises the binding energy, or

Exploring plasmonic coupling in hole-cap arrays

• Thomas M. Schmidt,
• Maj Frederiksen,
• Vladimir Bochenkov and
• Duncan S. Sutherland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1–10, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.1

• . The interesting and complex coupling between caps and hole arrays reveals the details of the field distribution for these simple to fabricate structures. Keywords: caps; colloidal lithography; hybridization; localized surface plasmon resonance; near field; SRO hole arrays; Introduction The

• explained by the hybridization model which describes the complex plasmonic interactions as a combination of elementary plasmon modes [17]. Good examples of this are seen in the cases of nanorice [4], nanostars [18], semishells [8] and nanoparticle dimers [19][20]. Such hybridized systems have shown promise

• the optical properties of short range ordered arrays of nanocap-holes coupled structures and interpret them in terms of hybridization of their more elementary components. We fabricate these structures utilizing colloidal monolayer masks as a template and compare experimental extinction data to finite

Spectroscopic mapping and selective electronic tuning of molecular orbitals in phosphorescent organometallic complexes – a new strategy for OLED materials

• Pascal R. Ewen,
• Jan Sanning,
• Tobias Koch,
• Nikos L. Doltsinis,
• Cristian A. Strassert and
• Daniel Wegner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2248–2258, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.234

• orbitals of Pt(II) complexes adsorbed on Au(111). The analysis showed that the molecules exhibit a peculiar localized strong hybridization that leads to partial depopulation of a dz² orbital, while the ligand orbitals are almost unchanged. We further found that substitution of functional groups at well

• transfer; density-functional theory; frontier orbitals; hybridization; OLED; Pt(II) complex; scanning tunneling microscopy; scanning tunneling spectroscopy; triplet emitters; Introduction Organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) based on phosphorescent Ir(III) or Pt(II) complexes (also referred to as triplet

• (e.g., host–guest interactions, hybridization at surfaces and interfaces, interaction in aggregates) can significantly change the energetic position and order of molecular orbitals, but CV cannot always provide information on such effects whenever the local environment is not well known. Moreover, CV

Two-dimensional and tubular structures of misfit compounds: Structural and electronic properties

• Tommy Lorenz,
• Jan-Ole Joswig and
• Gotthard Seifert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2171–2178, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.226

• structures and Si–O–Si bond angles of 140°. In this system, a real covalent bond between the two subsystems can be observed, which partly changes the hybridization of the carbon atoms from sp2 to sp3. Conclusion In this review, the structures of misfit layer compounds were discussed. As was illustrated, MLCs

Effect of channel length on the electrical response of carbon nanotube field-effect transistors to deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization

• Hari Krishna Salila Vijayalal Mohan,
• Jianing An,
• Yani Zhang,
• Chee How Wong and
• Lianxi Zheng

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2081–2091, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.217

• .5.217 Abstract A single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) in a field-effect transistor (FET) configuration provides an ideal electronic path for label-free detection of nucleic acid hybridization. The simultaneous influence of more than one response mechanism in hybridization detection causes a variation

• in electrical parameters such as conductance, transconductance, threshold voltage and hysteresis gap. The channel length (L) dependence of each of these parameters necessitates the need to include them when interpreting the effect of L on the response to hybridization. Using the definitions of

• intrinsic effective mobility (µe) and device field-effect mobility (µf), two new parameters were defined to interpret the effect of L on the FET response to hybridization. Our results indicate that FETs with ≈300 µm long SWCNT exhibited the most appreciable response to hybridization, which complied with the

Patterning a hydrogen-bonded molecular monolayer with a hand-controlled scanning probe microscope

• Matthew F. B. Green,
• Taner Esat,
• Christian Wagner,
• Philipp Leinen,
• Alexander Grötsch,
• F. Stefan Tautz and
• Ruslan Temirov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1926–1932, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.203

• through the tip–PTCDA–Ag(111) junction with the effects of de-population and de-hybridization of the LUMO of PTCDA, which occur upon the gradual breaking of the PTCDA–Ag(111) bonds [12][20][21]. Finally, to illustrate the reliability of the HCM, we present a structure “stencilled” into PTCDA/Ag(111) by

Cathode lens spectromicroscopy: methodology and applications

• T. O. Menteş,
• G. Zamborlini,
• A. Sala and
• A. Locatelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1873–1886, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.198

• phase shows a negligible DOS at the K point of the π-band. These results point to the disruption of the Dirac cones and the formation of a metal-like DOS. Surprisingly, the hybridization of the π-band with Ir states is due to the chemisorption of just 11% of the C atoms in the unit cell of the buckled

Silicon and germanium nanocrystals: properties and characterization

• Ivana Capan,
• Alexandra Carvalho and
• José Coutinho

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1787–1794, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.189

• adjustments of the measurement settings, the thermal emission of electrons from the NCs is detected by DLTS (for more explanations on DLTS analysis see [24][36][37][38]). Hybridization between F4-TCNQ and Si NC one-electron states. (a) Isosurface plot of the F4-TCNQ lowest unoccupied state (b2g symmetry), and

Controlling the dispersion of supported polyoxometalate heterogeneous catalysts: impact of hybridization and the role of hydrophilicity–hydrophobicity balance and supramolecularity

• Gijo Raj,
• Colas Swalus,
• Eglantine Arendt,
• Pierre Eloy,
• Michel Devillers and
• Eric M. Gaigneaux

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1749–1759, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.185

• 5819 SPRAM (CEA/CNRS/UJF-Grenoble 1), Laboratoire d’Electronique Moléculaire, Organique et Hybride, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble cedex 9, France 10.3762/bjnano.5.185 Abstract The hybridization of polyoxometalates (POMs) through an organic–inorganic association offers several processing

• hybrid material is deposited on freshly cleaved mica. Finally, a UV–ozone treatment of the hybrid material allows one to obtain highly dispersed isolated POM entities on both hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces. The hybridization strategy to prevent the clustering of POMs on various supports would

• medicine [3], magnetism [4][5][6], electronics [7], electro- and photochromic systems [8][9], and catalysis [10][11][12][13][14]. The hybridization of POM anions in an organic matrix offers several practical advantages. In catalysis, for example, hybridization offers a means to synthesize heterogeneous POM

Numerical investigation of the effect of substrate surface roughness on the performance of zigzag graphene nanoribbon field effect transistors symmetrically doped with BN

• Majid Sanaeepur,
• Arash Yazdanpanah Goharrizi and
• Mohammad Javad Sharifi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1569–1574, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.168

• tight-binding Hamiltonian. Because of the statistical nature of SR an ensemble average is taken over a large number of devices to obtain averaged device characteristics. Model and Methods The sp2 hybridization of carbon atoms in the GNR lattice is preserved in the presence of B or N dopants [34

Synthesis of hydrophobic photoluminescent carbon nanodots by using L-tyrosine and citric acid through a thermal oxidation route

• Venkatesh Gude

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1513–1522, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.164

• : composite materials; fluorescence quenching; hydrophobic; luminescence; upconversion; Introduction The synthesis of fluorescent functional materials raised significant interest in order to understand biological processes such as DNA sequencing, detection of DNA-hybridization, protein sensing, single

Effects of palladium on the optical and hydrogen sensing characteristics of Pd-doped ZnO nanoparticles

• Anh-Thu Thi Do,
• Hong Thai Giang,
• Thu Thi Do,
• Ngan Quang Pham and
• Giang Truong Ho

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1261–1267, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.140

• excited state of PdZn originates from a hole bound to 4d10 shells or an intermediately bound exciton to a neutral d9 configuration due to the hybridization of the Pd4d states with the Zn4s states at the bottom of the conduction band. The electron capture takes place at the neutral PdZn center (i.e., [Pd2

An insight into the mechanism of charge-transfer of hybrid polymer:ternary/quaternary chalcopyrite colloidal nanocrystals

• Parul Chawla,
• Son Singh and
• Shailesh Narain Sharma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1235–1244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.137

• atoms in a tetrahedral fashion and, in turn, the Se atom is tetrahedrally coordinated to two Cu atoms and two In and Ga atoms. This tetrahedral coordination refers to the covalent bonding between group I, III and VI elements, which results in a sp3 hybridization. However, along with the covalent nature

Nanocavity crossbar arrays for parallel electrochemical sensing on a chip

• Enno Kätelhön,
• Dirk Mayer,
• Marko Banzet,
• Andreas Offenhäusser and
• Bernhard Wolfrum

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1137–1143, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.124

• featuring interdigitated electrodes at the intersections [20]. Reported applications include gene-function analysis [18], electroluminescence detection [21], mapping of cell topographies [22], detection of cellular enzyme secretion [19][23], detection of DNA hybridization [24], and evaluation of embryoid

Molecular biology approaches in bioadhesion research

• Marcelo Rodrigues,
• Birgit Lengerer,
• Thomas Ostermann and
• Peter Ladurner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 983–993, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.112

• hybridization screen, and (4) functional analyses of selected genes by using RNA interference knock-down. Furthermore, latest developments in genome-editing are presented as new tools to study gene function. By using this iterative multi-technologies approach, the identification, isolation, expression and

• expression; in situ hybridization; RNA interference; transcriptome; Introduction The capability of an organism to attach to a surface, either temporarily or permanently, is referred to as “bioadhesion”. Bioadhesion occurs in many living organisms that have designed ways to adhere to a range of surfaces [1

• assembled hypothetical complementary DNA originating from isolated messenger RNA) expressed in the region of the animal containing adhesive-producing cells; secondly, in situ hybridization (ISH) screening provides the (temporal and) spatial expression of target transcripts; thirdly, RNA interference (RNAi

Enhancement of photocatalytic H₂ evolution of eosin Y-sensitized reduced graphene oxide through a simple photoreaction

• Weiying Zhang,
• Yuexiang Li,
• Shaoqin Peng and
• Xiang Cai

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 801–811, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.92

• -hybridization in the GO layer. As a result, the conductivity of GO decreases greatly compared with that of graphene. Amongst various methods for the reduction of GO to form RGO, photoreaction (photoreduction) is “green” without any toxic chemical reagents. Moreover, it is easy to control the degree of reduction

Nanostructure sensitization of transition metal oxides for visible-light photocatalysis

• Hongjun Chen and
• Lianzhou Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 696–710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.82

• dots [33]. Such superior photocatalytic properties could be attributable to a combination of a few factors including the depression of electron–hole recombination, bandgap narrowing, and increased surface area upon hybridization. Due to the rapid development of nanotechnology, a variety of quantum dots

• solution for the photosensitizers to anchor. The hybridization of exfoliated nanosheets with nanosized photosensitizers often shows a tunable electronic structure and new physicochemical properties. All these features attribute to a promising future of nanostructure sensitization in the ion-exchangeable

Hole-mask colloidal nanolithography combined with tilted-angle-rotation evaporation: A versatile method for fabrication of low-cost and large-area complex plasmonic nanostructures and metamaterials

• Jun Zhao,
• Bettina Frank,
• Frank Neubrech,
• Chunjie Zhang,
• Paul V. Braun and
• Harald Giessen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 577–586, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.68

• hybridization, and the interaction of bright and dark modes, which leads to plasmonic Fano resonances, were discussed [4][5][6][7][8]. The structure geometries went from simple planar dot-like structures to complex, hybrid 3-dimensional (3D) systems. First applications in the area of sensing in the visible and

• mode around 780 nm as well as a small peak at 580 nm for a polarization of 0°, which is along the dimer axis (black curve), and a shorter wavelength mode around 710 nm for perpendicular polarization (red curve). Possible explanations include the hybridization between the two particle plasmons in

• . The smallest disk features the shortest resonance wavelength and oscillator strength, which is present only as a shoulder at 680 nm. Hybridization effects might also influence the spectrum, as can be inferred from simulations (not shown here). At a large spacer thickness of 70 nm, strong phase

CoPc and CoPcF₁₆ on gold: Site-specific charge-transfer processes

• Fotini Petraki,
• Heiko Peisert,
• Johannes Uihlein,
• Umut Aygül and
• Thomas Chassé

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 524–531, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.61

• spectroscopy (UPS) as well as X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). Combined XPS and XAES measurements can be employed as a tool to study the contribution of the polarization energy to chemical shifts at interfaces. XAS gives valuable information about the unoccupied electronic structure and the hybridization

DNA origami deposition on native and passivated molybdenum disulfide substrates

• Xiaoning Zhang,
• Masudur Rahman,
• David Neff and
• Michael L. Norton

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 501–506, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.58

• proposed and implemented by Rothmund in 2006 [1], DNA origami has offered a promising pathway for the construction of precisely programmed molecular architectures [2]. Through programmed, specific oligonucleotide recognition and hybridization, these DNA nanostructures can be used to combine, and therefore

Interaction of iron phthalocyanine with the graphene/Ni(111) system

• Lorenzo Massimi,
• Simone Lisi,
• Daniela Pacilè,
• Carlo Mariani and
• Maria Grazia Betti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 308–312, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.34

• free-standing graphene, the linear dispersion of the π band is preserved close to the K point with only a slight p-doping, which is in agreement with the literature [12][13]. The very tiny doping has also been interpreted as slight hybridization between the Gr-π states and the underlying Ir d bands

• direction perpendicular to ΓK confirm the strong shift of the Dirac point, while the gap opening is attributed to a strong hybridization of the Gr-π* states with the Ni d bands [22]. The photoemission data in the low binding energy region for the iron phthalocyanine molecules deposited on the Gr/Ni surface

• eV BE remains unchanged and shows only a slight intensity reduction. The observed change of the minority d band originates from a hybridization with the graphene π bands [25]. The increased intensity of the lowest BE peak is emphasized by the high excitation cross-section for the C π-bands with

Core level binding energies of functionalized and defective graphene

• Toma Susi,
• Markus Kaukonen,
• Paula Havu,
• Mathias P. Ljungberg,
• Paola Ayala and
• Esko I. Kauppinen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 121–132, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.12

• substitutional doping, which we will not discuss here, the functionalization of graphene by, e.g., hydrogenation [1][2] and oxygenation [3][4] has been a topic of intense research. These treatments result in –H, –O, or –OH groups bonded to the carbon atoms, the orbital hybridization of which is changed from sp2