Comparative study of post-growth annealing of Cu(hfac)₂, Co₂(CO)₈ and Me₂Au(acac) metal precursors deposited by FEBID

• Marcos V. Puydinger dos Santos,
• Aleksandra Szkudlarek,
• Artur Rydosz,
• Carlos Guerra-Nuñez,
• Fanny Béron,
• Kleber R. Pirota,
• Stanislav Moshkalev,
• José Alexandre Diniz and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 91–101, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.11

• annealing protocol at 100, 200, and 300 °C under high vacuum on deposits obtained from Co2(CO)8, Cu(II)(hfac)2, and Me2Au(acac) to study improvements on composition and electrical conductivity. Although the as-deposited material was similar for all precursors, metal grains embedded in a carbonaceous matrix

• nanocrystalline graphite with comparable crystal sizes of 12–14 nm at 300 °C annealing temperature. However, we observed a more effective formation of graphite clusters in Co- than in Cu- and Au-containing deposits. The graphitisation has a minor influence on the electrical conductivity improvements of Co–C

• deposits, which is attributed to the high as-deposited Co content and the related metal grain percolation. On the contrary, electrical conductivity improvements by factors of 30 and 12 for, respectively, Cu–C and Au–C deposits with low metal content are mainly attributed to the graphitisation. This

Electron-driven and thermal chemistry during water-assisted purification of platinum nanomaterials generated by electron beam induced deposition

• Ziyan Warneke,
• Markus Rohdenburg,
• Jonas Warneke,
• Janina Kopyra and
• Petra Swiderek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 77–90, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.10

• MeCpPtMe3 have a nanogranular structure, i.e., they consist of nanoscale Pt particles embedded in a carbonaceous matrix [12]. While FEBID-based PtC metal-matrix nanocomposites can serve, for instance, as transducing elements for humidity sensing [13], other applications call for high electrical conductivity

Response under low-energy electron irradiation of a thin film of a potential copper precursor for focused electron beam induced deposition (FEBID)

• Leo Sala,
• Iwona B. Szymańska,
• Céline Dablemont,
• Anne Lafosse and
• Lionel Amiaud

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 57–65, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.8

• for ligands fragmentation allow one to envisage the use of the two precursors for FEBID studies. Keywords: amines; copper(II); electron-stimulated desorption; FEBID precursors; HREELS; low-energy electrons; perfluorinated carboxylates; Introduction The high electrical conductivity of copper makes it

The rational design of a Au(I) precursor for focused electron beam induced deposition

• Ali Marashdeh,
• Thiadrik Tiesma,
• Niels J. C. van Velzen,
• Sjoerd Harder,
• Remco W. A. Havenith,
• Jeff T. M. De Hosson and
• Willem F. van Dorp

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2753–2765, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.274

• electrical conductivity [31]. Many applications require pure metal deposition, and widespread use by non-expert users asks for a simple and fast process. While purification is possible by adding gases [32][33][34][35][36] or post-treatment [37], these methods only work for selected precursors and selected

Ab initio study of adsorption and diffusion of lithium on transition metal dichalcogenide monolayers

• Xiaoli Sun and
• Zhiguo Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2711–2718, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.270

• the adsorption of Li atoms onto two-dimensional materials. Different from the situation where Li atoms are trapped by the defects in graphene, the presence of structural defects does not affect the diffusion of lithium [19]. The main drawback of MoS2 is its poor electrical conductivity. Various

• ][33][47], MoX2 [33][40][47][50][51][52][53][54][55], HfX2 [33][47] and WX2 [33][40][47][50][55][56][57][58]. The metallic MX2 monolayers have good electrical conductivity, which may make them good anode materials. As shown in Figure 3a and Figure 3b, there are two stable adsorption sites, that is, the

One-step chemical vapor deposition synthesis and supercapacitor performance of nitrogen-doped porous carbon–carbon nanotube hybrids

• Egor V. Lobiak,
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva,
• Ekaterina O. Fedorovskaya,
• Yury V. Shubin,
• Pavel E. Plyusnin,
• Pierre Lonchambon,
• Boris V. Senkovskiy,
• Zinfer R. Ismagilov,
• Emmanuel Flahaut and
• Alexander V. Okotrub

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2669–2679, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.267

• possess a high surface area available for electrolyte ions, good wettability and electrical conductivity. Carbon is a traditional material for electrochemical applications owing to its mechanical and chemical stability, light weight, as well as the possibility to control the properties depending on the

• , and nanostructured CaCO3 as a template [16]. The electrodes from the synthesis products exhibited a good reversible capacity and long-term cycling stability. The role of CNTs in such hybrids was to enhance the electrical conductivity and to act as a physical barrier, blocking large pores in the second

• electrical conductivity of the material. Similar results have been reported in [53], where the Rct value increased as the nitrogen content in the carbon material decreased. The slope angle of the Warburg impedance is between 80° and 86° (Table 2), which indicates a high rate capability of the CNx electrodes

The role of ligands in coinage-metal nanoparticles for electronics

• Ioannis Kanelidis and
• Tobias Kraus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2625–2639, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.263

• , prevents metallic contact in the deposited layers, and leads to low electrical conductivity [30][34]. Layers prepared from concentrated nanosized coinage-metal inks usually only become electrically conductive after a post-deposition sintering that removes ligands and fuses the metal nanoparticles

• thiophene ring is shown to form a bond with the silver NPs and resulted in a uniform distribution of the nanoparticles in the composite. Films of the composite prepared by spin coating exhibited a 1.5-times higher electrical conductivity (176 S/cm) compared to films prepared only from the PEDOT:PSS mixture

• higher conductivities than films filled with spheres. Both rods and spheres were capped with PEG-SH (Figure 2), a non-conductive ligand that was chosen because ethylene glycol (EG) is miscible with aqueous PEDOT:PSS solutions and the addition of EG to pure PEDOT:PSS films increases the electrical

Au nanostructure fabrication by pulsed laser deposition in open air: Influence of the deposition geometry

• Rumen G. Nikov,
• Anna Og. Dikovska,
• Nikolay N. Nedyalkov,
• Georgi V. Avdeev and
• Petar A. Atanasov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2438–2445, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.242

• predominantly discrete character of these structures led to a lower electrical conductivity compared to the other samples. The accumulation of ablated material on the substrate resulted in the formation of denser structures with higher conductivity and lower transparency. The use of in situ monitoring of the

Surfactant-induced enhancement of droplet adhesion in superhydrophobic soybean (Glycine max L.) leaves

• Oliver Hagedorn,
• Ingo Fleute-Schlachter,
• Hans Georg Mainx,
• Viktoria Zeisler-Diehl and
• Kerstin Koch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2345–2356, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.234

• freezing chamber, preparation chamber with integrated micromanipulator, sublimation unit and sputter coater. Cryo-preparation and glycerol substitution were used to avoid alterations in cell shape wax structure. Glycerol substitution ensures high electrical conductivity of the specimen and minimizes

Substrate and Mg doping effects in GaAs nanowires

• Perumal Kannappan,
• Nabiha Ben Sedrine,
• Jennifer P. Teixeira,
• Maria R. Soares,
• Bruno P. Falcão,
• Maria R. Correia,
• Nestor Cifuentes,
• Emilson R. Viana,
• Marcus V. B. Moreira,
• Geraldo M. Ribeiro,
• Alfredo G. de Oliveira,
• Juan C. González and
• Joaquim P. Leitão

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2126–2138, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.212

• Abstract Mg doping of GaAs nanowires has been established as a viable alternative to Be doping in order to achieve p-type electrical conductivity. Although reports on the optical properties are available, few reports exist about the physical properties of intermediate-to-high Mg doping in GaAs nanowires

• and the p-type electrical conductivity was measured with free hole concentration ranging from 2.7 × 1016 cm−3 to 1.4 × 1017 cm−3. The estimated electrical mobility was in the range ≈0.3–39 cm2/Vs and the dominant scattering mechanism is ascribed to the WZ/ZB interfaces. Electrical and optical

• a function of the source–drain voltage (Vds) from 50 to 500 mV. All transfer curves show a p-type electrical conductivity for the Mg-doped single GaAs nanowire. For low values of Vds, the electrical field along the source–drain channel does not significantly affect the transport of the free carriers

High-stress study of bioinspired multifunctional PEDOT:PSS/nanoclay nanocomposites using AFM, SEM and numerical simulation

• Alfredo J. Diaz,
• Hanaul Noh,
• Tobias Meier and
• Santiago D. Solares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2069–2082, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.207

• sensing humidity [21] and for temperature-dependent switching of electrochemical behavior using nanoclay substitutes [22]. Recently, nacre-mimetic electrically conductive nanocomposites have been reported, one of which exhibited good electrical conductivity and excellent mechanical properties [23] and the

• AFM, which is expected to modify the spacing of the embedded nanoclay particles, causing a change in the electrical conductivity and local mechanical properties. Bimodal AFM, together with numerical AFM simulation and SEM, is used to infer the internal distribution of the nanoclay. Finally, a one

• -dimensional multibarrier potential is used to explain the changes in electrical conductivity across the coating under the application of pressure. The study is carried out for two different nanoclays, namely Laponite RD and Cloisite Na+. Results and Discussion Transparency and electromechanical properties

Growth and characterization of textured well-faceted ZnO on planar Si(100), planar Si(111), and textured Si(100) substrates for solar cell applications

• Chin-Yi Tsai,
• Jyong-Di Lai,
• Shih-Wei Feng,
• Chien-Jung Huang,
• Chien-Hsun Chen,
• Fann-Wei Yang,
• Hsiang-Chen Wang and
• Li-Wei Tu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1939–1945, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.194

• . Keywords: atomic force microscopy; cathode luminescence; scanning electron microscopy; silicon solar cells; transparent conducting oxide; X-ray diffraction; ZnO; Introduction Transparent conductive oxides (TCOs), with both high electrical conductivity and optical transparency, could be used as a

Freestanding graphene/MnO₂ cathodes for Li-ion batteries

• Şeyma Özcan,
• Aslıhan Güler,
• Tugrul Cetinkaya,
• Mehmet O. Guler and
• Hatem Akbulut

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1932–1938, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.193

• stability, large specific surface area and high mechanical strength have made graphene one of the most promising materials for energy storage devices [16]. In recent reports, MnO2/graphene composite electrodes have been used in order to enhance the electrical conductivity and prevent volume change during

•  6c). The specific capacity of both graphene-reinforced β-MnO2 and γ-MnO2 electrodes decreased dramatically with increasing number of cycles. This could be attributed to the poor electrical conductivity and the textural modification during Li+ intercalation and de-intercalation processes. Cheng et. al

Enhancement of mechanical and electrical properties of continuous-fiber-reinforced epoxy composites with stacked graphene

• Naum Naveh,
• Olga Shepelev and
• Samuel Kenig

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1909–1918, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.191

• an epoxy resin containing surface-active agents (SAAs) enhanced the intercalation of epoxy monomer between EG layers and led to further exfoliation of the graphite, resulting in stacks of few graphene layers, so-called “stacked” graphene (SG). This process enabled electrical conductivity of cured

• of graphene, along with the high electrical conductivity, promote percolation thresholds much lower than with metallic powders, carbon fibers or carbon black [13]. Epoxy resins are used as a matrix in high-performance composite materials for aerospace structures, coatings and adhesives for a variety

• impregnation in an epoxy/surfactant mixture, allowing on to downsize the nanoplatelets to "stacked" graphene (SG) or few graphene layers (FGL) platelets. The effect of such exfoliation on continuous-fiber-reinforced epoxy composites was studied in terms of electrical conductivity and thermo-mechanical

Oxidative stabilization of polyacrylonitrile nanofibers and carbon nanofibers containing graphene oxide (GO): a spectroscopic and electrochemical study

• İlknur Gergin,
• Ezgi Ismar and
• A. Sezai Sarac

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1616–1628, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.161

• micrometers and exhibit a high surface area and a high electrical conductivity. Also, nanofibers can be used with polymeric structures to generate composite materials to improve the electrochemical properties of polymeric structures [1][2][3]. Nanofiber-reinforced polymeric structures present improved

Two-dimensional carbon-based nanocomposites for photocatalytic energy generation and environmental remediation applications

• Suneel Kumar,
• Ashish Kumar,
• Ashish Bahuguna,
• Vipul Sharma and
• Venkata Krishnan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1571–1600, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.159

• form graphene oxide (GO) [49]. GO contains carboxyl, epoxides and hydroxyl groups covalently attached to the graphene sheet. This leads to the loss of electrical conductivity and limits the application of GO in many areas. However, the presence of polar functional groups in GO makes it hydrophilic in

• nature and it is responsible for the easy dispersal in many solvents such as water, which is helpful for the formation of various composites [50]. The reduction of GO in various reducing conditions forms reduced graphene oxide (RGO) in which electrical conductivity is partly revived. This RGO is also

• band gap of GO with increasing degree of reduction has been illustrated in Figure 6. Its electrical conductivity decreases with increasing oxidation level, meaning fully oxidized GO acts as an insulator and partially oxidized GO acts as a semiconductor [108]. The conduction band edge of GO is mainly

The effect of the electrical double layer on hydrodynamic lubrication: a non-monotonic trend with increasing zeta potential

• Dalei Jing,
• Yunlu Pan and
• Xiaoming Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1515–1522, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.152

• dependent on the electrical conductivity of the lubricant [26][27], which inevitably affects the hydrodynamic lubrication. However, most of the previous theoretical works neglected the variation of electrical conductivity of the lubricant considering the effect of the EDL. To solve these problems, this

• paper presents a theoretical study on the effect of the EDL on the hydrodynamic lubrication with the additional consideration of the effect of the EDL on the electrical conductivity of the lubricant. The electrical potential and ion concentration distribution within the EDL are obtained by solving the

• nonlinear PBE without the use of the DHA. On the basis of these assumptions, the effect of the zeta potential on the apparent viscosity of the lubricant is first studied and analyzed. Then, by combining the effects of the EDL on the electrical conductivity and apparent viscosity of the lubricant, the

Light-induced magnetoresistance in solution-processed planar hybrid devices measured under ambient conditions

• Sreetama Banerjee,
• Daniel Bülz,
• Danny Reuter,
• Karla Hiller,
• Dietrich R. T. Zahn and
• Georgeta Salvan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1502–1507, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.150

• different contributions to the device degradation. It was also shown by Jurchescu et al. [16] that pentacene single crystals behave differently when the electrical conductivity is measured in ambient or dry air, with and without illumination. It should be mentioned here that previously we found the decrease

Miniemulsion copolymerization of (meth)acrylates in the presence of functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes for reinforced coating applications

• Bertha T. Pérez-Martínez,
• Lorena Farías-Cepeda,
• Víctor M. Ovando-Medina,
• José M. Asua,
• Lucero Rosales-Marines and
• Radmila Tomovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1328–1337, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.134

• composites maintained the reinforcement, whereas the blends behaved as a liquid-like material. This suggests the formation of a 3D network, in good agreement with the high content of insoluble polymer in the in situ composites. Keywords: electrical conductivity; hybrid polymers; mechanical properties

Oxidative chemical vapor deposition of polyaniline thin films

• Yuriy Y. Smolin,
• Masoud Soroush and
• Kenneth K. S. Lau

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1266–1276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.128

• utility of oCVD in the synthesis of PTh and showed that the polymer conjugation length and electrical conductivity can be tuned by adjusting the oCVD processing conditions [31]. We further deposited ultrathin (4–6 nm) conformal and uniform PTh coatings within porous nanostructures, including anodized

• properties and can be easily processed, and that PANI has many advantages over PEDOT and PTh, including high theoretical capacitance (55% higher than PTh), low monomer cost, better stability, and high electrical conductivity [34][35], the deposition of PANI by oCVD is expected to open up new possibilities

• benzenoid and quinoid groups, which appears as a vivid green (Figure 1b). This emeraldine state is desired from an electrochemical standpoint, because its electrical conductivity is 10 orders of magnitude greater compared with the other two states [36]. Therefore, this work addresses how oCVD can be

Growth, structure and stability of sputter-deposited MoS₂ thin films

• Reinhard Kaindl,
• Bernhard C. Bayer,
• Roland Resel,
• Thomas Müller,
• Viera Skakalova,
• Gerlinde Habler,
• Rainer Abart,
• Alexey S. Cherevan,
• Dominik Eder,
• Maxime Blatter,
• Fabian Fischer,
• Jannik C. Meyer,
• Dmitry K. Polyushkin and
• Wolfgang Waldhauser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1115–1126, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.113

• distance. MoS2 films with vertically aligned layers and thereby maximally exposing edge sites were converted from e-beam evaporated, ultrathin Mo films (≈5 nm thick) by a rapid sulfurization process in a horizontal tube furnace [20]. Furthermore, a maximised electrical conductivity in the MoS2 is desired

Fully scalable one-pot method for the production of phosphonic graphene derivatives

• Kamila Żelechowska,
• Marta Prześniak-Welenc,
• Marcin Łapiński,
• Izabela Kondratowicz and
• Tadeusz Miruszewski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1094–1103, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.111

• electrical conductivity (σ) of GO-P was investigated in a temperature range from 25 to 70 °C. The functionalization with simultaneous reduction resulted in a pronounced increase of conductivity compared to pristine GO (Figure 10). As can be seen, the surface conductivity reaches high values (3.4 × 10−2 S·cm

• applied model and experimental results (R2 ≈ 0.998) indicates that the electrical conductivity at higher temperatures of the analyzed GO-P sample can be well described by an Arrhenius temperature dependence model for semiconductors. The results presented in Figure 10 clearly shows that the phosphonated

• spectroscopy, along with UV–vis and XPS spectroscopy results proved the simultaneous restoration of conjugated double bonds in the graphene plane. The functionalized material revealed an electrical conductivity consistent with values reported for chemically or thermally reduced GO. The conducting graphene

Structural properties and thermal stability of cobalt- and chromium-doped α-MnO₂ nanorods

• Romana Cerc Korošec,
• Polona Umek,
• Alexandre Gloter,
• Jana Padežnik Gomilšek and
• Peter Bukovec

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1032–1042, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.104

• improved the electrical conductivity, while nanoflakes and the secondary structure increase the specific surface area, leading to improved electrode kinetics by facilitating mass transport [24]. However, there is a lack of detailed structural studies of these materials in order to understand why cobalt as

BTEX detection with composites of ethylenevinyl acetate and nanostructured carbon

• Santa Stepina,
• Astrida Berzina,
• Gita Sakale and
• Maris Knite

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 982–988, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.100

• use of nanocarbons increases the detection range as well as the electrical conductivity of the chemiresistors and decreases the temperature dependence. Hybrid composites were made of poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) with nanocarbon black (NCB) and carbon nanotubes (CNT) as fillers and these composites

• showed reversible gas-sensing measurements on BTEX. They also point out that the increased electrical conductivity, decreased temperature dependence of conductivity, and stretchability will be useful in stretchable electronics. In our previous works [8][9][20][21][22][23], we determined that the EVA–CB

Synthesis of coaxial nanotubes of polyaniline and poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) by oxidative/initiated chemical vapor deposition

• Alper Balkan,
• Efe Armagan and
• Gozde Ozaydin Ince

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 872–882, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.89

• [18], sensors [23], solar cells [24] and membranes [25] because of its great thermal and environmental stability, ease of synthesis, excellent conductivity, cost-effectiveness and redox-tunability [26][27][28][29]. One of the original aspects of PANI is that its electrical conductivity can be tuned

• has a good conductivity of 1–130 S/cm [30][31]. PANI is a good candidate material for sensor applications due to the change of oxidation/reduction level in response to changes in the environmental conditions, which, in turn, affect the electrical conductivity [32]. However, studies on PANI as humidity

• temperature (25–100 °C), adequate electrical conductivity for a wide range of applications and high-quality conformal CP thin films on various non-planar surfaces [39][40][41]. In this study, the vapor-phase oCVD and iCVD techniques were used to conformally coat the walls of the pores of anodized aluminium