Nanoporous water oxidation electrodes with a low loading of laser-deposited Ru/C exhibit enhanced corrosion stability

• Sandra Haschke,
• Dmitrii Pankin,
• Vladimir Mikhailovskii,
• Maïssa K. S. Barr,
• Adriana Both-Engel,
• Alina Manshina and
• Julien Bachmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 157–167, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.15

• Ru3(CO)12 solutions. SEM images of planar samples coated with laser-induced Ru/C films in cross-section (a) and top-view (b). Laser-irradiation of Ru3(CO)12 solutions results in continuous and rough thin films deposited on ITO. Preparation of nanostructured Ru/C electrodes. (a) Anodization of Al in 1

• deposition areas of 2 mm diameter on an anodic alumina substrate of 16 mm diameter. (d) Sputter-coating of the ITO backside contact. Scanning electron micrographs of a nanostructured Ru/C sample after all preparation steps in top view (a) and cross-section (b). EDX spectrum recorded over the whole sample

• length L = 24 μm (c). EDX profile taken along the cross-section (d). Laser-irradiation of Ru3(CO)12 solutions results in thin ruthenium containing coatings along the whole length of Al2O3 pores. Raman spectra of a nanostructured template coated with Ru/C films, without ITO contact (a) and of the solid

Graphene–graphite hybrid epoxy composites with controllable workability for thermal management

• Idan Levy,
• Eyal Merary Wormser,
• Maxim Varenik,
• Matat Buzaglo,
• Roey Nadiv and
• Oren Regev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 95–104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.9

• difference in applicative TC performances caused by the different rheological behaviors of the two samples. A SEM micrograph of a cross-section of sample Y (the higher viscosity TIM, solid mixing) showed interfacial defects in the form of voids between the Cu plates and the composite (Figure 6b). These voids

Pull-off and friction forces of micropatterned elastomers on soft substrates: the effects of pattern length scale and stiffness

• Peter van Assenbergh,
• Marike Fokker,
• Julian Langowski,
• Jan van Esch,
• Marleen Kamperman and
• Dimitra Dodou

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 79–94, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.8

• successfully expanded to fabricate adhesives with two geometries, namely dimples with and without a terminal layer. Dimples without a terminal layer were fabricated on two length scales, namely with sub-microscale and microscale dimple diameters. The cross section of samples with a terminal layer showed voids

• = 100) (Figure 3, left). The depth of dimples from microscale particles could not be accurately determined from microscopic cross-section images, as it is unknown whether a dimple was sectioned through its center, where the diameter is largest. From the cross section shown at Figure 3 (left, inset), the

• dimple depth was equal to half of the dimple diameter. The cross section of samples with a terminal layer showed voids with a spherical shape, separated by hourglass-shaped walls (Figure 3, right, inset). These voids penetrate the terminal layer, resulting in an array of holes at the surface (Figure 3

Contact splitting in dry adhesion and friction: reducing the influence of roughness

• Jae-Kang Kim and
• Michael Varenberg

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1–8, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.1

• the power of three in determination of the area moment of inertia for the flap cross-section). Assuming that flaps of 5 µm in thickness are not able to adapt to surface irregularities having a wavelength of less than 10 µm, we used this latter value as a cut-off length to filter out the waviness

A new bioinspired method for pressure and flow sensing based on the underwater air-retaining surface of the backswimmer Notonecta

• Matthias Mail,
• Adrian Klein,
• Horst Bleckmann,
• Anke Schmitz,
• Torsten Scherer,
• Peter T. Rühr,
• Goran Lovric,
• Robin Fröhlingsdorf,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Wilhelm Barthlott

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 3039–3047, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.282

• socket septum (ss) is attached to the tip of the dendrite where the tubular body is located. a) Three-dimensional reconstruction of a hemelytron µCT scan. The tomography data allowed an analysis of the outer and inner structures of the hemelytron. b) Digital cross section through a SR-µCT scan of a

• hemelytron. c) Part of the cross section, where the dendritic canal below the setal base is visible, indicating an innervation of the seta. d–h) A stack of µCT-images used for tracking single seta and identifying the corresponding setal base and setal tip. Toluidine blue/borax stained semi-thin sections

• ) Projection through a stack of images using confocal laser scanning microscopy. The picture shows the structure of the setae and the reflecting air layer in between the club-setae. d) Cross section through the image stack at the position of the blue line in (c) at ambient pressure. The shape of the air–water

Femtosecond laser-assisted fabrication of chalcopyrite micro-concentrator photovoltaics

• Franziska Ringleb,
• Stefan Andree,
• Berit Heidmann,
• Jörn Bonse,
• Katharina Eylers,
• Owen Ernst,
• Torsten Boeck,
• Martina Schmid and
• Jörg Krüger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 3025–3038, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.281

• . Cross section of a CISe micro absorber island after processing to a micro cell imaged by tilted-view SEM. Note that the different materials were artificially post-colorized to enhance their visibility. The height of the CISe absorber is ca.1 µm. Electrical characterization with different light

Size limits of magnetic-domain engineering in continuous in-plane exchange-bias prototype films

• Alexander Gaul,
• Daniel Emmrich,
• Timo Ueltzhöffer,
• Henning Huckfeldt,
• Hatice Doğanay,
• Johanna Hackl,
• Muhammad Imtiaz Khan,
• Daniel M. Gottlob,
• Gregor Hartmann,
• André Beyer,
• Dennis Holzinger,
• Slavomír Nemšák,
• Claus M. Schneider,
• Armin Gölzhäuser,
• Günter Reiss and
• Arno Ehresmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2968–2979, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.276

• nm. The white line indicates a cross section of the phase contrast signal along a stripe at a y-position of 6 μm averaged over 4 μm width. The black boxes above the measurement data highlight the position of the different areas containing set stripe patterns with widths of 5 μm, 2 μm, 1 μm, 500 nm

Time-resolved universal temperature measurements using NaYF₄:Er³⁺,Yb³⁺ upconverting nanoparticles in an electrospray jet

• Kristina Shrestha,
• Arwa A. Alaulamie,
• Ali Rafiei Miandashti and
• Hugh H. Richardson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2916–2924, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.270

• absorption cross section of water at 980 nm (3 × 10−28 m2/molecule) [38], Nw is the number density of water (3.33 × 1028 molecules/m3). The rate of heat loss is given by Equation 3 where h and S are the heat-transfer coefficient and surface concentration of water perpendicular to the direction of heat

• total photoluminescence intensity of UCNPs versus distance from the tip of a Taylor cone (xtip = 0). Both sampling time and intensity follow an r2-dependence along the jet where r is the radius of the cross section perpendicular to x. Distance x and radius r are related by r = x tanθ where θ is the

The effect of flexible joint-like elements on the adhesive performance of nature-inspired bent mushroom-like fibers

• Elliot Geikowsky,
• Serdar Gorumlu and
• Burak Aksak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2893–2905, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.268

• constant cross-section for the entire composite fiber. Prior to peel, the boundary condition for the fiber is fixed–fixed. Assuming that the problem is linear, and for simplicity that the fiber is tilted but straight, the compatibility equation such that the null slope at the tip due to the fixed boundary

Site-controlled formation of single Si nanocrystals in a buried SiO₂ matrix using ion beam mixing

• Xiaomo Xu,
• Thomas Prüfer,
• Daniel Wolf,
• Hans-Jürgen Engelmann,
• Lothar Bischoff,
• René Hübner,
• Karl-Heinz Heinig,
• Wolfhard Möller,
• Stefan Facsko,
• Johannes von Borany and
• Gregor Hlawacek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2883–2892, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.267

• recoil atom generated at x, and dσ/dl the differential cross section for the generation of such a recoil. To calculate the 1D mixing efficiency by means of static BCA computer simulation, the number of displacements Nd in a depth interval Δx at x with a displacement between l and l + Δl is counted for a

• predefined number Ni of incident ions, being related to the cross section according to where n(x) denotes the local atomic density. Thus, the mixing efficiency results as where xi and xf denote the initial and final depths, respectively, of each recoil generated within Δx. In Figure 4a the so obtained depth

• mixing efficiency can be defined as where d2σ/(dzdl) now denotes the differential cross section of recoil generation at (x,z) with a displacement l along x. Correspondingly, from the BCA simulation, can be used. The result for this case is given in Figure 4b as the 2D projection of the mixing efficiency

Disorder in H⁺-irradiated HOPG: effect of impinging energy and dose on Raman D-band splitting and surface topography

• Lisandro Venosta,
• Noelia Bajales,
• Sergio Suárez and
• Paula G. Bercoff

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2708–2717, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.253

• -stacking also contribute to the Raman spectrum [17][18]. On the other hand, it is worth noting that even when most of the carbon bonds in hydrogenated graphene are sp3-hybridized, their contribution to the Raman spectrum is not expected due to the negligible cross section of C–C sp3 bonds at visible

• structural disorder from hydrogenation is not possible, because the cross section of C–C sp3 bonds in visible Raman characterization is negligible [9][18][21]. Besides, the observed shapes of the ID/IG ratio and the G band are consistent with those corresponding to graphite-like hydrogenated amorphous carbon

• identification of not only structural and topological disorder, but also of C–H and C–C sp3 bonds [15], a task which is not feasible with visible Raman spectroscopy, because the cross section of sp3-hybridized bonds for visible light excitation is negligible. Hydrogenated graphene Raman spectra have also been

Polarization-dependent strong coupling between silver nanorods and photochromic molecules

• Gwénaëlle Lamri,
• Alessandro Veltri,
• Jean Aubard,
• Pierre-Michel Adam,
• Nordin Felidj and
• Anne-Laure Baudrion

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2657–2664, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.247

• black curve represents the spectral position of the maximum of the extinction cross-section of the ellipsoids in the SPY medium (the corresponding maps are not shown here) and the horizontal dashed white line corresponds to the MC absorption band. On both maps, a clear anti-crossing is then observed

• ) recorded experimentally and the corresponding Lorentzian fitted peaks (red curves). The peaks are located at 551 and 602 nm and their spectral width are equal to 129 and 50 nm, leading to linewidths of 527 and 171 meV. Figure 4b shows the scattering cross-section spectrum obtained with our analytical model

• transverse (90°) plasmonic peak as a function of the rod width for a fixed length of 110 nm. (b) Calculated extinction cross-section map for the corresponding ellipsoids as a function of the wavelength and the ellipsoid width. (c) Experimental spectral evolution of the longitudinal (0°) plasmonic peak as a

Impact of the anodization time on the photocatalytic activity of TiO₂ nanotubes

• Jesús A. Díaz-Real,
• Geyla C. Dubed-Bandomo,
• Juan Galindo-de-la-Rosa,
• Luis G. Arriaga,
• Janet Ledesma-García and
• Nicolas Alonso-Vante

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2628–2643, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.244

• ) equipped with a CCD detector and holographic grating of 1200 grooves/mm. SEM images, a) top and b) cross section, of TNTs for each of the anodization times (ta): c) 0.5 h, d) 1 h, e) 2 h, and f) 4 h. g) EDS spectra of a TNT array after 0.5 h of anodization. High-resolution XPS spectra for Ti 2p, O 1s, F 1s

Characterization of the microscopic tribological properties of sandfish (Scincus scincus) scales by atomic force microscopy

• Weibin Wu,
• Christian Lutz,
• Simon Mersch,
• Richard Thelen,
• Christian Greiner,
• Guillaume Gomard and
• Hendrik Hölscher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2618–2627, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.243

• gives the averaged frictional force . The corresponding frictional coefficient μ was obtained by subsequently fitting the data with Ffric = Fad + µ·Fload. Cantilevers and the cross section of a sandfish dorsal scale were imaged by scanning electron microscopy (SEM, SUPRA 60 VP, Zeiss, Germany

• . Nonetheless, larger images frequently reveal very fine groves, which might originate from scratches. A cross section of a dorsal scale imaged by electron microscopy is displayed in Figure 3c and shows an inner structure that suggest that the scale consists of several thin layers. Wetting properties Some

• -tooth like shape magnified in the inset. (b) The topography of a ventral scale does not reveal steps. However, tiny scratches are sometimes visible. (c) A cross section of a dorsal scale recorded by scanning electron microscopy suggests that sandfish scales have a layered internal structure. (a) Typical

Enhancement of X-ray emission from nanocolloidal gold suspensions under double-pulse excitation

• Wei-Hung Hsu,
• Frances Camille P. Masim,
• Armandas Balčytis,
• Hsin-Hui Huang,
• Tetsu Yonezawa,
• Aleksandr A. Kuchmizhak,
• Saulius Juodkazis and
• Koji Hatanaka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2609–2617, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.242

• great interest, due to the efficient conversion of the absorbed energy into energetic ions, electrons and X-rays [12][13][14]. Plasmonic nanoparticles are expected to be highly useful for femtosecond laser-based X-ray emission due to high functionality, large absorption cross section and spectral

Au–Si plasmonic platforms: synthesis, structure and FDTD simulations

• Anna Gapska,
• Marcin Łapiński,
• Paweł Syty,
• Wojciech Sadowski,
• Józef E. Sienkiewicz and
• Barbara Kościelska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2599–2608, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.241

• qualitative. The most uniform nanostructures, both in terms of size and distribution on the surface, occur in the sample obtained from a layer of 2.8 nm thickness annealed at 550 °C for 15 min. AFM image and cross section of this sample are shown in Figure 6. Based on the AFM image, the RMS value (root mean

• square) of the film was calculated to be 5.7 nm. The grains are slightly oval, which was not shown in the SEM pictures. From the cross section it follows that the height of the nanoparticles is smaller than the horizontal width. The crystalline structure of as-deposited layers and nanoparticles formed

• nanoparticles and b) average diameter of nanoparticles as function of the Au film thickness on Si(111) substrates annealed at 550 °C for 15 min. Errors are below 5%. Left: AFM image of a 2.8 nm Au film on a Si(111) substrate annealed at 550 °C for 15 min; right: cross section of a selected nanoisland. XRD

Pattern generation for direct-write three-dimensional nanoscale structures via focused electron beam induced deposition

• Lukas Keller and
• Michael Huth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2581–2598, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.240

• deposition rate in a DE area depends on the precursor density and the secondary electron flux density for a given effective dissociation cross section [8][30]. The most simple implementation of code for pattern file generation would be to process the vertex-edge information in the geometry file in a linear

• (energy averaged) dissociation cross section and the volume of the nonvolatile part of the dissociated precursor molecule [8], sF is also governed by these process- and precursor-specific parameters. As the effective precursor supply by surface diffusion drops with increasing height of the growing deposit

• definable height correction function which is gained by a FEBID simulation. 4.4.3 Edge shape For some applications of 3D FEBID structures, the shape of the edges’ cross section can be important. From Figure 11 it is apparent that the cross sections are not circular which adds complexity to the magnetization

Friction reduction through biologically inspired scale-like laser surface textures

• Johannes Schneider,
• Vergil Djamiykov and
• Christian Greiner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2561–2572, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.238

• pearlitic steel with round dimples, no microstructural changes within the 100Cr6 samples in the heat affected zone were expected [15]. Figure S2, Supporting Information File 1 shows a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image of a cross-section through a laser-textured sample prepared by focused ion beam

• . Supporting Information Figure S1: Optical micrograph of a scale-like surface texture after 1000 m of dry sliding against sapphire. Figure S2: Scanning electron microscopy image of a focused ion beam cross-section of a laser-textured sample. Figure S3: Optical micrograph of a PEEK disc after a dry sliding

High-temperature magnetism and microstructure of a semiconducting ferromagnetic (GaSb)_1−x(MnSb)_x alloy

• Leonid N. Oveshnikov,
• Elena I. Nekhaeva,
• Alexey V. Kochura,
• Alexander B. Davydov,
• Mikhail A. Shakhov,
• Sergey F. Marenkin,
• Oleg A. Novodvorskii,
• Alexander P. Kuzmenko,
• Alexander L. Vasiliev,
• Boris A. Aronzon and
• Erkki Lahderanta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2457–2465, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.230

• samples demonstrated linear current–voltage characteristics down to sub-helium temperatures while sustaining high values of conductivity. The cross-section specimens for S/TEM studies were prepared by focus ion beam (FIB) milling in a Helios (FEI, US) SEM/FIB dual-beam system equipped with C and Pt gas

• injectors and a micromanipulator (Omniprobe, US). A 2 μm Pt layer was deposited on the surface of the sample prior to the cross-section preparation by FIB milling. Sections of approximately 8 × 5 μm2 area and 2 μm thickness were cut by 30 kV Ga+ ions, removed from the sample and then attached to the

• and Hall slope ΔRH normalized by the corresponding values at T = 320 K. TEM images of the film cross section after annealing (sample GM3): (a) bright-field image, (b) HRTEM image. (a,d) HRTEM images of sample areas. (b,e) Corresponding two-dimensional Fourier spectra. (c,f) Calculated electronograms

Hydrothermal-derived carbon as a stabilizing matrix for improved cycling performance of silicon-based anodes for lithium-ion full cells

• Mirco Ruttert,
• Florian Holtstiege,
• Jessica Hüsker,
• Markus Börner,
• Martin Winter and
• Tobias Placke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2381–2395, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.223

• cross-section of the material and identify the Si distribution inside the composite (Figure 2). The cross section in Figure 2a and 2b shows several lighter spots located inside the matrix material. In comparison with Figure 2c and 2d which show the pure Si-NPs that were added during the synthesis, the

• /C composites. SEM micrographs of the different synthesized Si/C composite materials with a carbon to silicon ratio of 100:0 (a, b), 90:10 (c, d) and 80:20 (e, f) in a magnification of 10k× (a, c, e) and 25k× (b, d, f). FIB-SEM cross section of the C:Si 80:20 composite (a, b) and SEM micrographs of

Block copolymers for designing nanostructured porous coatings

• Roberto Nisticò

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2332–2344, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.218

• mol−1) at low magnification. c) PS-b-PEO (10.6-b-5.0 kg mol−1) at high magnification. d) Freeze fracture cross section PS-b-PEO (10.6-b-5.0 kg mol−1). Reprinted with permission from [62], copyright 2011 The Royal Society of Chemistry. a) Atomic force microscopy (AFM) images of a composite nanoporous

• titania films. Reproduced with permission from [105], copyright 2011 The Royal Society of Chemistry. Schematic cross section of a screen filter (A) and a depth filter (B). Reprinted with permission from [4], copyright 2017 Elsevier. Block copolymers (BCs), sacrificial components (SC), and the

Performance analysis of rigorous coupled-wave analysis and its integration in a coupled modeling approach for optical simulation of complete heterojunction silicon solar cells

• Ziga Lokar,
• Benjamin Lipovsek,
• Marko Topic and
• Janez Krc

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2315–2329, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.216

• the unit cell (green square) and is 0.7. The depth is dependent on the PF as the pyramid facets are defined by the slow-etching crystallographic plane 111 [6]. In Figure 4b,d the top view of the random microtexture is shown for lateral range of 40 × 40 μm2, and a 30 μm long cross-section is shown. In

• /microtexture was shown to require further individual optimization as the simulations currently indicate it does not outperform the front nano- or microtexture individually. Vertical cross-section of a sliced three-layer structure with texture applied to the bottom layer (sine texture shown in this example

• simulations (in this 2D cross-section only five modes are depicted (including evanescent modes) for reflected and transmitted light). The internal modes of each sublayer are not shown. Principle of the coupled modeling approach (CMA). RCWA is applied to the parts of the structure where nanotextures are

Two-dimensional photonic crystals increasing vertical light emission from Si nanocrystal-rich thin layers

• Lukáš Ondič,
• Marian Varga,
• Ivan Pelant,
• Alexander Kromka,
• Karel Hruška and
• Robert G. Elliman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2287–2296, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.213

• . Samples under study. (a) Schematic cross section of the PhC sample. Red line shows the spatial distribution of the refractive index in the sample (not in scale). (b) Layout of the PhC samples fabricated on the SiNCs/SiO2 layer. Three samples with different height of the columns were prepared by increasing

Intrinsic ultrasmall nanoscale silicon turns n-/p-type with SiO₂/Si₃N₄-coating

• Dirk König,
• Daniel Hiller,
• Noël Wilck,
• Birger Berghoff,
• Merlin Müller,
• Sangeeta Thakur,
• Giovanni Di Santo,
• Luca Petaccia,
• Joachim Mayer,
• Sean Smith and
• Joachim Knoch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2255–2264, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.210

• 1.7 nm and 2.6 nm thick Si-NWells embedded in SiO2 or Si3N4 together with a Si reference sample (Figure 3a–d) using synchrotron UPS. Figure 4a–c shows high-resolution cross-section TEM images of each NWell sample. Such ultrathin Si layers require long signal acquisition times in UPS due to the short

• ) without strong electron localization at N as is the case for O. Structures of samples investigated by synchrotron UPS: (a) Si-reference, (b) 1.7 nm Si-NWell in Si3N4, (c) 1.7 nm Si-NWell in SiO2, (d) 2.6 nm Si-NWell in Si3N4. Sample codes are shown on top of each structure. Cross-section HR-TEM images of

The role of adatoms in chloride-activated colloidal silver nanoparticles for surface-enhanced Raman scattering enhancement

• Nicolae Leopold,
• Andrei Stefancu,
• Krisztian Herman,
• István Sz. Tódor,
• Stefania D. Iancu,
• Vlad Moisoiu and
• Loredana F. Leopold

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2236–2247, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.208

• cross-section of the adsorbed molecule. The charge-transfer electronic transition can be explained as follows [8][12][13][14]: The chemical mechanism of SERS involves the absorption of a photon and the excitation of an electron from the Fermi level of the metallic nanoparticle (M) to the LUMO orbital