The steep road to nonviral nanomedicines: Frequent challenges and culprits in designing nanoparticles for gene therapy

• Yao Yao,
• Yeongun Ko,
• Grant Grasman,
• Jeffery E. Raymond and
• Joerg Lahann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 351–361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.30

• ultracentrifugation provide ensemble detection of size distributions with their own issues and complexities (e.g., gradient-induced aggregation and pressure-induced particle reconfiguration) [65]. Determination of size on a per-particle basis, such as that obtained from NTA or the aforementioned cryo-TEM/solution AFM

Polymer nanoparticles from low-energy nanoemulsions for biomedical applications

• Santiago Grijalvo and
• Carlos Rodriguez-Abreu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 339–350, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.29

• -called high-energy methods (also called work-based methods [5]), this energy is supplied by external mechanical means, such as in high-pressure homogenizers or from ultrasound devices, with high dissipation (mostly in the form of heat) and, therefore, low energy efficiencies. In contrast, the so-called

Overview of mechanism and consequences of endothelial leakiness caused by metal and polymeric nanoparticles

• Magdalena Lasak and
• Karol Ciepluch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 329–338, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.28

• vasoconstrictions factors (e.g., thromboxane, prostaglandin, and endothelin-1), regulating vessel tension and, thus, blood flow and pressure [4][5][6][7][8]. The endothelium also produces mediators involved in angiogenic processes (e.g., vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF

Cyclodextrins as eminent constituents in nanoarchitectonics for drug delivery systems

• Makoto Komiyama

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 218–232, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.21

• pressure regulation (Asp-Arg-Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-Phe) was precisely recognized by a molecularly imprinted β-CyD polymer [113]. Surprisingly, a difference of only one amino acid is clearly differentiated. Apparently, the solution conformation of the oligopeptide, rather than its primary structure, is

A novel approach to pulsed laser deposition of platinum catalyst on carbon particles for use in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells

• Bogusław Budner,
• Wojciech Tokarz,
• Sławomir Dyjak,
• Andrzej Czerwiński,
• Bartosz Bartosewicz and
• Bartłomiej Jankiewicz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 190–204, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.19

• the highly graphitized carbon material was carried out using a method similar to the methods described in detail in earlier works [34][35]. The synthesis of carbon material was carried out in a high-pressure stainless steel reactor with an internal volume of 1 dm3. It was initiated under 1 bar

• (absolute) pressure in an argon atmosphere. After thermal ignition, a mixture of magnesium and calcium formate powders (mixed with a 6:1 molar ratio) reacted vigorously in a self-propagating high-temperature regime, giving rise to MgO/CaO and carbon as the main solid-state products. After the reaction, a

• support Platinum was deposited on the synthesized carbon material C-11 and Vulcan XC-72R, one of the most popular materials used as catalyst support in the anode and cathode electrodes of PEMFCs. The platinum deposition was performed in vacuum at a pressure of around (4.6 ± 0.8) × 10−5 mbar. The PLD

Formation of nanoflowers: Au and Ni silicide cores surrounded by SiO_x branches

• Feitao Li,
• Siyao Wan,
• Dong Wang and
• Peter Schaaf

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 133–140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.14

• . It has been reported after the annealing of Au thin films deposited on SiO2/Si substrates with different thicknesses of the SiO2 layer [3][4][36]. The active oxidation of Si also occurs once the Si substrate is exposed [2][3][37], which can be proved by the calculated oxygen partial pressure

• small pieces were ready for thin film deposition. Metallic bilayers of Au and Ni of three different thickness ratios and a total thickness of 20 nm were deposited onto the SiO2/Si substrate by electron beam evaporation (CS400ES, VON ARDENNE) at a working pressure of 1 × 10−6 mbar. The Au layer was

Antimicrobial and mechanical properties of functionalized textile by nanoarchitectured photoinduced Ag@polymer coating

• Jessica Plé,
• Marine Dabert,
• Helene Lecoq,
• Sophie Hellé,
• Lydie Ploux and
• Lavinia Balan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 95–109, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.11

• , the use of the PEG600DA/PETIA polymer matrix leads to an increase in rigidity, linked to the trifunctional monomer architecture, which favors polymer chain cross-linking. As such, the Ag@PEG600DA/PETIA coatings are rendered more sensitive to this type of deformation, when pressure is applied to the

Combining physical vapor deposition structuration with dealloying for the creation of a highly efficient SERS platform

• Adrien Chauvin,
• Walter Puglisi,
• Damien Thiry,
• Cristina Satriano,
• Rony Snyders and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 83–94, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.10

• was tuned to 25, 50, and 75 W to create thin films with 18, 30, and 36 atom % of silver, respectively. The deposition was performed over a substrate rotating at 1.6 rpm. For all depositions the base pressure was less than 5 × 10−6 Torr and the deposition pressure was fixed to 5 × 10−3 Torr. The

Upper critical magnetic field in NbRe and NbReN micrometric strips

• Zahra Makhdoumi Kakhaki,
• Antonio Leo,
• Federico Chianese,
• Loredana Parlato,
• Giovanni Piero Pepe,
• Angela Nigro,
• Carla Cirillo and
• Carmine Attanasio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 45–51, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.5

• Hc2⟂. We have not observed a positive curvature of Hc2⟂(T) near Tc as it was in the case of two-band superconductivity [44] or proximity-coupled superconducting systems [45][46]. Experimental NbRe and NbReN films were sputtered on oxidized Si substrates in a UHV dc magnetron system with base pressure

• of 1 × 10−8 mbar. The films were deposited at room temperature from a stoichiometric NbRe (Nb0.18Re0.82) 99.95% pure target of 5 cm diameter at a power of 350 W. NbRe films, 8 nm thick, were grown at a Ar pressure of 4 μbar, which resulted in a deposition rate of 0.3 nm/s. NbReN films, 10 nm thick

• , were reactively sputtered in a mixture of inert Ar (85%) and reactive N2 (15%) gas at a total pressure of 3.5 μbar at a rate of 0.36 nm/s. NbRe films were patterned by standard optical lithography and lift-off procedures to realize a Hall bar geometry of width w = 10 μm and a distance between the

Atmospheric water harvesting using functionalized carbon nanocones

• Fernanda R. Leivas and
• Marcia C. Barbosa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1–10, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.1

• addition to the hydrophobicity described above. The phenomena of density increasing with temperature at constant pressure and diffusion coefficients increasing with density at constant temperature were observed in experiments and simulations in bulk water [22][23][24]. Water presents both super flow and

• super flow in nanostructures has been explored in processes of separating water from salt or from other contaminants. This high mobility of water under nanoconfinement requires huge pressure and, consequently, a lot of energy [27][28]. In order to help water entrance and decrease the amount of required

• pressure, nanotubes have been functionalized with hydrophilic groups [29][30]. The addition of hydrophilic regions in small diameter environments, however, decreases the velocity of water molecules [31]. The high flow of water in nanostructures is also useful for capturing water from the atmosphere

Electrical and optical enhancement of ITO/Mo bilayer thin films via laser annealing

• Abdelbaki Hacini,
• Ahmad Hadi Ali,
• Nurul Nadia Adnan and
• Nafarizal Nayan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1589–1595, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.133

• (Quorum Q300T D) at 10−4 mbar pressure. The magnetron sputter contains a double target with high purity (approx. 99.99%). The first target is for sputtering ITO (90 wt % In2O3 and 10 wt % SnO2), and the second target is for sputtering Mo. Before deposition, the Si and the glass samples were cut into

Induced electric conductivity in organic polymers

• Konstantin Y. Arutyunov,
• Anatoli S. Gurski,
• Vladimir V. Artemov,
• Alexander L. Vasiliev,
• Azat R. Yusupov,
• Danfis D. Karamov and
• Alexei N. Lachinov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1551–1557, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.128

• thermosensors were calibrated by the 4He vapor pressure and by the reference points of superconducting transitions in pure bulk superconductors (Al, In, Sn, Pb). The resulting absolute error in determining the temperature was ≈10 mK, while the relative error was less than 1 mK. Repeated measurements of Tc of

Frequency-dependent nanomechanical profiling for medical diagnosis

• Santiago D. Solares and
• Alexander X. Cartagena-Rivera

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1483–1489, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.122

• property approximations, for example in the study of arterial degeneration [34][35]. Besides the above frequency-dependent representation, other important measurements can be recorded, such as general topography and morphology, cell or tissue adhesive properties, internal hydrostatic pressure, and surface

Structural studies and selected physical investigations of LiCoO₂ obtained by combustion synthesis

• Monika Michalska,
• Paweł Ławniczak,
• Tomasz Strachowski,
• Adam Ostrowski and
• Waldemar Bednarski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1473–1482, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.121

• impurities from the surface of the tested material. Adsorption measurements were performed with nitrogen at 77 K. For each sample, an analysis was performed at 15 measurement points in the range of 0.05–0.3 P/P0 (relative pressure). This is the range of the SSA study. Above this range, the trend line bends

• with Mn were studied using impedance spectroscopy. For conductivity measurements, pellets of ca. 1.5 mm thickness and 5.15 mm in diameter were prepared from the synthesized material. The powder was pressed at 20 MPa pressure for 1 min at room temperature. The round surfaces of the samples were covered

Facile preparation of Au- and BODIPY-grafted lipid nanoparticles for synergized photothermal therapy

• Yuran Wang,
• Xudong Li,
• Haijun Chen and
• Yu Gao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1432–1444, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.118

• etherate (BF3·OEt2) and 2,4-dimethylpyrrole were freshly purified by distillation under reduced pressure. Synthesis and characterization of BDP All chemical reagents were obtained from commercial suppliers and used without further purification. 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and 13C NMR spectra were

• over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the crude product. The crude product was purified via silica gel column chromatography using DCM/PE = 1:1 as eluent to obtain a green solid. 1H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.06 (d, J = 16.5 Hz, 2H), 7.54 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 4H

Dry under water: air retaining properties of large-scale elastomer foils covered with mushroom-shaped surface microstructures

• Matthias Mail,
• Stefan Walheim,
• Thomas Schimmel,
• Wilhelm Barthlott,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Lars Heepe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1370–1379, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.113

• air layer under water for more than two weeks. Further, the stability of the air layer under pressure was investigated and these results are compared with the predicted theoretical values for air retention of microstructured surfaces. Here, we could show that they fit to the theoretical predictions

• , i.e., for immersion depth below hmax the air layer is persistent and does not vanish, above it will disappear in time τ. All following calculations were performed for a temperature of 20 °C and an atmospheric pressure patm = 1 bar. The maximum persistence depth is given by whereas σ = 72.75 mN/m is

• immersion depth much deeper than hmax In order to simulate even greater immersion depth of the order of several meters the air layer kept by the microstructured elastomer foil was analyzed within a home-build pressure chamber. The setup is shown in Figure 4. The pressure chamber was connected to a

Straight roads into nowhere – obvious and not-so-obvious biological models for ferrophobic surfaces

• Wilfried Konrad,
• Christoph Neinhuis and
• Anita Roth-Nebelsick

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1345–1360, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.111

• of the air/water interface are the peculiar combination of the superhydrophobic surface of the hairs with the hydrophilic tip of the “eggbeater” structure [5] and the circumstance that, upon perturbation, for example, upon pressure changes, they allow for an “air spring” effect within the trapped air

• soil or water bodies that contain a high concentration of organic liquids that are, for instance, the product of decay processes and may reduce considerably the surface tension of water. In addition, the plastron is able to withstand external pressure exceeding 0.4 MPa. The air, which is not able to

• escape from the pockets formed by the honeycombs, is compressed but expands again as soon as the pressure is released, reestablishing the plastron [21][22]. The straight pathway does not provide a solution Transfer problems with the biological models. As fascinating as the air-holding hair cover of

Recent trends in Bi-based nanomaterials: challenges, fabrication, enhancement techniques, and environmental applications

• Vishal Dutta,
• Ankush Chauhan,
• Ritesh Verma,
• C. Gopalkrishnan and
• Van-Huy Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1316–1336, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.109

Studies of probe tip materials by atomic force microscopy: a review

• Ke Xu and
• Yuzhe Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1256–1267, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.104

• ][24]. Jiménez-Sánchez et al. [25] studied the extraction of Ir clusters from graphene (by indentation) on the surface of Rh(111) to fabricate AFM sharp nano-tips, i.e., with weak van der Waals interactions. Experiments were performed under ultrahigh pressure and low temperature (5 K) conditions using

Design of surface nanostructures for chirality sensing based on quartz crystal microbalance

• Yinglin Ma,
• Xiangyun Xiao and
• Qingmin Ji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1201–1219, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.100

Application of nanoarchitectonics in moist-electric generation

• Jia-Cheng Feng and
• Hong Xia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1185–1200, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.99

• mechanisms of solids and liquids at the nanoscale to fundamentally investigate the possibility of increasing the output power of MEGs. MEGs have great potential for applications as power generators for wearable self-powered pressure sensors, respiratory monitors, motion detectors, power sources for small

• . Top: A pressure-driven flow carries the net ionic charge within the double layer, generating a streaming current. Bottom: A potential gradient generates both an electro-osmotic fluid flow (black arrows) and an additional electrophoretic ion velocity (colored arrows). Figure 1g was reprinted with

• John Wiley and Sons. Copyright © 2019 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. This content is not subject to CC BY 4.0. (a) Vapor pressure gradient near the air interface. (b) TEM images of the purified nanowire network. Scale bars: 100 nm. (c) Diagram of the protein device structure. Figure 8a–c

Microneedle-based ocular drug delivery systems – recent advances and challenges

• Piotr Gadziński,
• Anna Froelich,
• Monika Wojtyłko,
• Antoni Białek,
• Julia Krysztofiak and
• Tomasz Osmałek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1167–1184, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.98

• photoresistant layer. The wafer is then etched. A distinction can be made between wet and dry etching. The wet etching process uses a potassium hydroxide solution, while dry etching includes the physical methods ion milling and sputtering and the chemical method high-pressure plasma [156]. Lithographic

• microneedles containing an empty canal inside are usually filled with active ingredient solution, either passively or with the use of pressure-driven methods [161]. In the systems using passive diffusion, the drug solution can be loaded to the canals inside the microneedles [141] or to an external compartment

• [166]. In pressure-driven systems, a reservoir with different pumping mechanisms is attached to the microneedle systems. Usually, manually operated syringes are reported [167][168], as well as micropumps [169] or actuator-equipped devices designed for self-injection [170]. In coated microneedles the

A cantilever-based, ultrahigh-vacuum, low-temperature scanning probe instrument for multidimensional scanning force microscopy

• Hao Liu,
• Zuned Ahmed,
• Sasa Vranjkovic,
• Manfred Parschau,
• Andrada-Oana Mandru and
• Hans J. Hug

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1120–1140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.95

• minimized and the design has to be kept as symmetrical as possible to reduce thermal drift; third, the design must allow for a precise adjustment of the pressure of the sliders towards the sapphire rails for the xy-directions. All these conditions can be fulfilled with a concentric design, where the shear

Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles toward highly efficient photocatalysis and antibacterial application

• Vo Thi Thu Nhu,
• Nguyen Duy Dat,
• Le-Minh Tam and
• Nguyen Hoang Phuong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1108–1119, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.94

• in the dark for 30 min to equilibrate the adsorption. Subsequently, the suspensions were illuminated by a 30 W LED or an 18 W high-pressure mercury lamp. The light source was fixed at a distance of 20 cm from the surface of the reactor. After fixed illumination times, 5 mL was withdrawn and

Recent advances in green carbon dots (2015–2022): synthesis, metal ion sensing, and biological applications

• Aisha Kanwal,
• Naheed Bibi,
• Sajjad Hyder,
• Arif Muhammad,
• Hao Ren,
• Jiangtao Liu and
• Zhongli Lei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1068–1107, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.93