The role of low-energy electrons in focused electron beam induced deposition: four case studies of representative precursors

• Rachel M. Thorman,
• Ragesh Kumar T. P.,
• D. Howard Fairbrother and
• Oddur Ingólfsson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1904–1926, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.194

• :1 and 1:3, respectively. Hence, carbon loss is clearly much more pronounced than nitrogen loss. Furthermore, EDX and TEM studies along with resistivity measurements indicate that the deposit consists of Co nano-grains embedded in an insulating CoO matrix [82]. The chemical speciation of the nitrogen

Optimized design of a nanostructured SPCE-based multipurpose biosensing platform formed by ferrocene-tethered electrochemically-deposited cauliflower-shaped gold nanoparticles

• Wicem Argoubi,
• Maroua Saadaoui,
• Sami Ben Aoun and
• Noureddine Raouafi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1840–1852, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.187

• reduction peak appearing at ca. 0.6 V [21][22][23], thus providing proofs of the formation of gold nanoparticles onto the SPCE (cf. Figure 2b). This is further supported by SEM images (Figure 2d–g) and EDX analysis (Figure 2c) confirming that the nanostructuration provokes the formation of small gold

• nanoparticles which agglomerate into highly dispersed, more complex, cauliflower-shaped gold nanoparticles with the increase of the number of cycles. After 15 cycles, the particulates reach an average diameter of ca. 61 nm. For electrodes modified by 15 sweeping cycles, EDX showed the presence of ca. 4.7% of

• employed to perform the electrochemical experiments. Each SPCE comprises of a 3 mm disk used as a carbon working electrode, a printed Ag/AgCl reference electrode and a carbon counter-electrode. SEM micrographs and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis were recorded using a FEI Quanta 650 FEG

Surface engineering of nanoporous substrate for solid oxide fuel cells with atomic layer-deposited electrolyte

• Sanghoon Ji,
• Waqas Hassan Tanveer,
• Wonjong Yu,
• Sungmin Kang,
• Gu Young Cho,
• Sung Han Kim,
• Jihwan An and
• Suk Won Cha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1805–1810, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.184

• anode side, implies the possibility of TPB formation on the BEC side (Figure 2B). The transmission electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray (TEM-EDX) quantitative analysis result in the middle of the thicker BEC (at dotted asterisk) verified the constituent elements of Pt (78.9%), Zr (6.9%), Y

• analysis using the quanta 3D FEG (FEI Company, Netherlands) instrument. Local surface composition was measured by TEM-EDX analysis using the JEOL-2100F (JEOL, Japan) instrument. The characterization techniques utilized in this study are close to the measures described in our preview work [23

Synthesis, characterization and in vitro biocompatibility study of Au/TMC/Fe₃O₄ nanocomposites as a promising, nontoxic system for biomedical applications

• Hanieh Shirazi,
• Maryam Daneshpour,
• Soheila Kashanian and
• Kobra Omidfar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1677–1689, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.170

• characteristics of all nanoparticles were evaluated via a variety of techniques such as TEM, XRD, EDX, DLS, VSM, TGA, and FTIR. The development of novel three-layer particles with a core–shell–shell structure, proper size range, and good saturated magnetization were confirmed which also showed a low concentration

Structural and magnetic properties of iron nanowires and iron nanoparticles fabricated through a reduction reaction

• Marcin Krajewski,
• Wei Syuan Lin,
• Hong Ming Lin,
• Katarzyna Brzozka,
• Sabina Lewinska,
• Natalia Nedelko,
• Anna Slawska-Waniewska,
• Jolanta Borysiuk and
• Dariusz Wasik

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1652–1660, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.167

• investigated nanostructures are covered by a thin iron oxide layer (Figure 1b and Figure 1d) because pure iron is very reactive in the presence of even small amounts of oxygen. The thickness of this layer is around 3 nm, which is consistent with the literature [13]. Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectra of

• electrons. Moreover, it is well known that oxygen can be easily adsorbed on the surfaces of different materials. Therefore, it is visible in all of the EDX spectra. Peaks that originate from iron can be seen in Figure 2b and Figure 2c. Besides that, the intensity of the oxygen signal is increased in the

• studied nanostructures can be consisted of the small iron crystallites or they can contain a mixture of crystalline and amorphous iron phases [14]. Moreover, no signals originating from iron oxides are observed. This is in contrast to the results mentioned before. TEM and EDX measurements show clearly the

Possibilities and limitations of advanced transmission electron microscopy for carbon-based nanomaterials

• Xiaoxing Ke,
• Carla Bittencourt and
• Gustaaf Van Tendeloo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1541–1557, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.158

• , i.e., EDX), all uniquely characterize the studied materials. Chemical compositions, electron fine structures, even the phonon vibrations [31] produced by electron–matter interactions can be acquired, which is quite exciting for a detailed study. Therefore, electron beams are more than an illumination

• electrons or X-rays emitted during electron–matter interaction. By combining analytical techniques including EELS and EDX, modern electron microscopy reaches its ultimate potential in both higher spatial resolution and higher energy resolution. Compared to EDX which is typically used to detect heavy

Formation of pure Cu nanocrystals upon post-growth annealing of Cu–C material obtained from focused electron beam induced deposition: comparison of different methods

• Aleksandra Szkudlarek,
• Alfredo Rodrigues Vaz,
• Yucheng Zhang,
• Andrzej Rudkowski,
• Czesław Kapusta,
• Rolf Erni,
• Stanislav Moshkalev and
• Ivo Utke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1508–1517, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.156

• Gatan double tilt heating holder (Model 652) in a JEOL-2200FS microscope. The samples were heated up to 220 °C with a ramp rate of 20 K/min. Characterization For SEM observation we used a Hitachi S4800 electron microscope and for the EDX measurements a Brooker/Oxford device mounted on a TESCAN LYRA

• microscope. EDX measurements were performed at 5 kV and 2 nA over 30 s with a 300 nm × 300 nm scan area on the squares to account for in homogeneities in the lateral copper nanocrystal precipitation. Standard EDX software was used to calculate the composition from the spectra. High-resolution TEM (HR-TEM

• SEM-integrated 15-stage nanomanipulator from SmarAct. Conductive microprobes were connected via an SEM feedthrough to a Keithley 2400 Sourcemeter, with a source current of 100 µA and a voltage compliance level of 500 mV. Results and Discussion As-deposited material Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX

Structural transitions in electron beam deposited Co–carbonyl suspended nanowires at high electrical current densities

• Gian Carlo Gazzadi and
• Stefano Frabboni

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1298–1305, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.134

• composition of 80 atom % Co, 15 atom % O and 5 atom % C, as revealed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis and by energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, respectively. Current (I)–voltage (V) measurements with current densities up to 107 A/cm2 determine different structural transitions in the

• was performed with a JEOL 2010 microscope, equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) system (Oxford INCA 100) for composition analysis. Results and Discussion In Figure 1a, an example of Co–carbonyl SNW deposited by FEBID is shown. The suspended wire is deposited across the slit and

• ) and third (111) most intense reflections of CoO FCC, suggests that such a phase is not present. This comparison indicates that the deposited material is a mixture of FCC (a larger fraction) and HCP cobalt nanograins. EDX analysis was also performed by TEM. The measured spectrum, in Figure 1c, shows

Heterometal nanoparticles from Ru-based molecular clusters covalently anchored onto functionalized carbon nanotubes and nanofibers

• Deborah Vidick,
• Xiaoxing Ke,
• Michel Devillers,
• Claude Poleunis,
• Arnaud Delcorte,
• Pietro Moggi,
• Gustaaf Van Tendeloo and
• Sophie Hermans

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1287–1297, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.133

• supercritical carbon dioxide [23][24], ultrasonic treatment [25][26] or H2 plasma treatment [27], for instance. Glucose sensors based on PtRu/MWNT have been elaborated as well [28]. These studies on Ru–Pt/MWNT materials give at best global EDX analyses [10][11][17] and XPS results [15]. However, these are both

• of the Ru/Pt bimetal nanoparticles, the sample was investigated using aberration-corrected HAADF-STEM and STEM energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. In HAADF-STEM, the intensity scales with the atomic number, Z. Therefore, the heavy elements in the nanoparticles, namely Pt and Ru, appear as bright

• submitted to activation. In order to confirm the elemental composition of the ultrasmall nanoparticles, STEM-EDX spot analysis is performed over individual nanoparticles of diameter of approximately 2–3 nm, as shown in Figure 6a. The EDX spectrum taken from spot 1 confirms the presence of both Ru and Pt

Growth and morphological analysis of segmented AuAg alloy nanowires created by pulsed electrodeposition in ion-track etched membranes

• Ina Schubert,
• Loic Burr,
• Christina Trautmann and
• Maria Eugenia Toimil-Molares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1272–1280, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.131

• -dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectra were recorded in the SEM using a Bruker spectrometer applying an acceleration voltage of 20 kV and analysed by a built-in software (Quantax). Cu TEM grids (Plano GmbH) served as substrates. Results and Discussion To synthesise segmented AuAg alloy nanowires by pulsed

• , and transferred the wires onto TEM grids (Plano). EDX-in-SEM spectra were measured on bundles of the resulting wires. Extracts of the obtained EDX spectra are shown in Figure 1c, depicting the Lα peak (2.984 keV) and the Mα peak of Au (2.120 keV). All spectra are normalized to the height of the Mα

• previously in Figure 2, Figure 3a–c evidences again that the length of the Ag-rich segment is controlled by the pulse duration. Figure 3d displays an EDX-in-SEM scan along one of the nanowires corresponding to a sample prepared from a pulse sequence of 37 s at −1.1 V and 12 s at −0.5 V. The Ag Lα line

Addition of Zn during the phosphine-based synthesis of indium phospide quantum dots: doping and surface passivation

• Natalia E. Mordvinova,
• Alexander A. Vinokurov,
• Oleg I. Lebedev,
• Tatiana A. Kuznetsova and
• Sergey G. Dorofeev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1237–1246, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.127

• simultaneous EDX mapping. Therefore, the contrast in HAADF-STEM image is roughly proportional to the square of the atomic number, making it possible to detect even single atoms in high resolution HAADF-STEM image (Zn = 30, In = 49, P = 15). Figure 4 shows representative HAADF-STEM images of Zn-doped InP QDs

• than the core. The second feature is that some of the dots in the shell corresponding to single atoms are darker than the atoms in the InP core. This allows us to suggest the presence of some Zn atoms in the shell. EDX analysis confirmed that the QDs consist of In and P with some Zn (Figure 5a). HAADF

• -STEM images and elemental mapping of InP(Zn) QDs revealed a homogeneous distribution of Zn all over the sample (Figure 5b). Taking into account the EDX mapping data (Figure 5a) and the results of the high-resolution HAADF-STEM studies, particularly the contrast of the shell, we can conclude that Zn

Magnetic properties of iron cluster/chromium matrix nanocomposites

• Arne Fischer,
• Robert Kruk,
• Di Wang and
• Horst Hahn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1158–1163, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.117

• individual Fe clusters, it was recorded using EDX and the Fe K signal. Blocking temperature TB versus approximated nearest neighbor distances DNN for Fex/Cr samples. The solid lines on three series of samples with 500, 1000 and 2000 atoms are just guides to the eye. A clear dependence of TB on the cluster

Tunable magnetism on the lateral mesoscale by post-processing of Co/Pt heterostructures

• Oleksandr V. Dobrovolskiy,
• Maksym Kompaniiets,
• Roland Sachser,
• Fabrizio Porrati,
• Christian Gspan,
• Harald Plank and
• Michael Huth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1082–1090, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.109

• purification step, the thickness of the Co layers reduced by a factor of 1.55, in agreement with previous work [30]. Thickness-integrated EDX The thickness-integrated material composition of the samples was inferred from energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, in the same SEM without exposure of the

• deposits to air. The EDX parameters were 5 kV and 1.6 nA. The elemental composition was calculated considering ZAF (atomic number, absorbtion and fluorescence) and background corrections. The software we used to analyze the material composition in the deposits was EDAX’s Genesis Spectrum v. 5.11. The

• voltage of 300 kV with an electron probe diameter smaller than 1 Å. Before the TEM measurements, sample C was covered with a 300 nm thick protective Pt–C layer deposited by FEBID. The pixel time for the energy-dispersive X-ray cross-sectional line scan (cross-sectional EDX) was 8 seconds per spectrum and

Nanostructuring of GeTiO amorphous films by pulsed laser irradiation

• Valentin S. Teodorescu,
• Cornel Ghica,
• Adrian V. Maraloiu,
• Mihai Vlaicu,
• Andrei Kuncser,
• Magdalena L. Ciurea,
• Ionel Stavarache,
• Ana M. Lepadatu,
• Nicu D. Scarisoreanu,
• Andreea Andrei,
• Valentin Ion and
• Maria Dinescu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 893–900, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.92

• annular dark field (STEM-HAADF) imaging and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The estimation of the film surface temperature was performed by using the Heat Flow software [24]. Results A quasi-coherent wave relief with a periodicity of about 200 nm and 10 nm amplitude was observed on the surface

• HAADF-STEM images in Figure 4b and Figure 5. The EDX line scan analysis, performed along the green line shown in Figure 5, reveals the majority of Ge content of the amorphous spherical nanoparticle, arrowed in the image, where the Ge signal is much higher than the Ti signal. The spherical amorphous Ge

• Figure 6. The size range is between 5 and 25 nm and the average size is 11.5 nm. The average composition of the modified layer and of the non-modified GeTiO film was measured by EDX using an electron spot-size of about 50 nm in diameter, which integrates the content of the total thickness of the laser

A simple approach to the synthesis of Cu_1.8S dendrites with thiamine hydrochloride as a sulfur source and structure-directing agent

• Xiaoliang Yan,
• Sha Li,
• Yun-xiang Pan,
• Zhi Yang and
• Xuguang Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 881–885, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.90

• copper precursor under hydrothermal conditions exhibit short rod-like structures as shown in Figure 2. The EDX analysis confirms that the atomic ratio of Cu:S in the sample is about 1.8:1. This is well-consistent with the result of the XRD analysis, and indicates a pure phase of Cu1.8S. Cu1.8S with

• on a Philips Tecnai G2 F20 system operated at 200 kV. Powder XRD pattern of Cu1.8S synthesized after a reaction time of 24 h. SEM images (a), (b) with EDX analysis, TEM image (c), and high-resolution TEM image (d) of Cu1.8S synthesized after a reaction time of 24 h. The optimized structure (a) and

Structure and mechanism of the formation of core–shell nanoparticles obtained through a one-step gas-phase synthesis by electron beam evaporation

• Andrey V. Nomoev,
• Sergey P. Bardakhanov,
• Makoto Schreiber,
• Dashima G. Bazarova,
• Nikolai A. Romanov,
• Boris B. Baldanov,
• Bair R. Radnaev and
• Viacheslav V. Syzrantsev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 874–880, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.89

• the same contrast as the shell material on the TEM. When EDX measurements of the core–shell particles were measured, Cu, Si, and O were measured. EDX measurements performed on the “unbound” shell material measured Si and O. The relative atomic composition of the shell material was about 64% Si and 36

• electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution TEM (HRTEM), selective area electron diffraction (SAED), and energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDX) analysis. These measurements were performed on a JEM-2010 TEM (JEOL, Japan, 200 kV accelerating voltage, 0.14 nm resolution) equipped with an EDX (EDAX Co

Transformation of hydrogen titanate nanoribbons to TiO₂ nanoribbons and the influence of the transformation strategies on the photocatalytic performance

• Melita Rutar,
• Nejc Rozman,
• Matej Pregelj,
• Carla Bittencourt,
• Romana Cerc Korošec,
• Andrijana Sever Škapin,
• Aleš Mrzel,
• Srečo D. Škapin and
• Polona Umek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 831–844, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.86

• , Supporting Information File 1) matches those of hydrogen titanates (H2Ti3O7) reported in the literature [17][27][28]. In addition, the chemical analysis, performed by using energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX), showed that the sodium content in the HTiNRs is below 0.1 wt %. H2Ti3O7 is thermally very

• (EDX) elemental analysis system. The samples for the EDX measurements were prepared by pressing the powder samples into pellets and coating them with a thin carbon layer. The BET specific surface areas of the samples were measured at −196 °C with a TRISTAR 3000 automated gas-adsorption analyzer

Applications of three-dimensional carbon nanotube networks

• Manuela Scarselli,
• Paola Castrucci,
• Francesco De Nicola,
• Ilaria Cacciotti,
• Francesca Nanni,
• Emanuela Gatto,
• Mariano Venanzi and
• Maurizio De Crescenzi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 792–798, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.82

• finding is confirmed by EDX spectrum collected on the network of Figure 7a, that shows contributions from: the CNT-nanostructures (C and Fe), some of the constituents the oil used in the experiment (Zn, Mo) and small traces of Ca from water, Figure 7c. No sulfur signal was detected in the network

• with energy dispersion spectroscopy (EDX). Electron energy loss analysis: Electron energy loss (EELS) was recorded in reflection mode ex situ in an ultrahigh vacuum system (base pressure about 2 × 10−10 Torr) equipped with an electron gun (Ep = 300 eV, ΔE = 1.0 eV). Contact angle measurements: Static

• . Photograph of the starting of the oil-adsorption process (a), and burning after the sponge got saturated with oil (b). SEM micrographs of the CNT-sponge surface after one (a) and two (b) burning processes. Correspondent EDX spectrum collected from sample (a) showing some constituents of the adsorbed oil

Low-cost formation of bulk and localized polymer-derived carbon nanodomains from polydimethylsiloxane

• Juan Carlos Castro Alcántara,
• Mariana Cerda Zorrilla,
• Lucia Cabriales,
• Luis Manuel León Rossano and
• Mathieu Hautefeuille

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 744–748, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.76

• has been clearly identified by the presence of fluorescent compounds inside the channels. The composition of the combustion residues has been characterized first with a NORAN energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) system working at 20 keV in a scanning electron microscope (Jeol JSM-5600LV). The

• EDX analysis showed that residues are mainly silicon and oxygen, in similar weight proportions, and that carbon is only present in regions etched at the greatest laser intensities. In this case, 47.5% oxygen, 29.3% silicon and 23.2% carbon are found inside the channels demonstrating that greater

Morphological and structural characterization of single-crystal ZnO nanorod arrays on flexible and non-flexible substrates

• Omar F. Farhat,
• Mohd M. Halim,
• Mat J. Abdullah,
• Mohammed K. M. Ali and
• Nageh K. Allam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 720–725, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.73

• was studied using FESEM (FESEM; Nova Nano SEM 450, FEI, Japan) with an integrated energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) unit for the analysis of the chemical composition of the samples. Results and Discussion Figure 1a–c shows the FESEM images of the fabricated ZnO nanorod arrays grown on glass, PET and Si

• substrates, respectively. The nanorods were uniformly grown on all substrates with a hexagonal prism shape, suggesting growth along the (002) direction. Note that the density of nanorods per area decreases from PET to glass to Si substrates. The corresponding EDX analysis reveals the existence of Zn and O

• measurements showed the same peaks for all of the samples with only a small variation at 439 cm−1, corresponding to the E2 (high) mode. This shift towards higher wavenumbers (blue shift) can be attributed to the compressive stress effects. FESEM images and EDX spectrum of the ZnO nanorods grown on (a) glass

Influence of gold, silver and gold–silver alloy nanoparticles on germ cell function and embryo development

• Ulrike Taylor,
• Daniela Tiedemann,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Wilfried A. Kues,
• Stephan Barcikowski and
• Detlef Rath

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 651–664, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.66

• . (C) TEM-EDX line scan with inset showing high-angular annular dark field micrograph. (D) TEM micrograph of a Ag50Au50 nanoparticle dispersion after stabilisation with BSA. (E) Aluminium batch chamber for the synthesis of silver and gold–silver alloy nanoparticles. Reproduced with permission from [50

Simple approach for the fabrication of PEDOT-coated Si nanowires

• Mingxuan Zhu,
• Marielle Eyraud,
• Judikael Le Rouzo,
• Nadia Ait Ahmed,
• Florence Boulc’h,
• Claude Alfonso,
• Philippe Knauth and
• François Flory

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 640–650, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.65

• oxidation occurred. SEM experiments and EDX analysis were then performed on a PEDOT deposit on SiNW substrate (Figure 9a,b). The SiNWs were fabricated using the EMACE method described in the Experimental section. The PEDOT was electrochemically deposited in a potentiostatic manner at a fixed 1.5 V potential

• for 5 s in a 10 mM EDOT ACN solution with 0.1 M LiClO4. The SEM image in Figure 9a shows a damaged area which occurred during the cutting of the sample. A continuous film is formed on the top of silicon wires. The presence of S and C in the EDX spectra of Figure 9b proves that the film is primarily

• . The SEM images and EDX spectroscopy were recorded with a Philips XL ESEM. The TEM observations were made with a TECNAÏ G20 instrument. Reflection FTIR spectra of PEDOT thin films were obtained using a VERTEX 70 spectrophotometer. Current–potential curves were measured using a Keithley 2400 instrument

Silica micro/nanospheres for theranostics: from bimodal MRI and fluorescent imaging probes to cancer therapy

• Shanka Walia and
• Amitabha Acharya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 546–558, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.57

• trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), butanol and hexane as surfactant, co-surfactant and oil phase, respectively. The silica coating of the Gd2(CO3)3:Tb complex was done by using tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) under ammonical conditions. The synthesized NPs were characterized by HRTEM, EDX and FTIR. The size of the

• , and UV–vis and fluorescence spectroscopy studies. The TEM micrographs and EDX studies clearly indicate the encapsulation of both Fe2O3/CdSe(ZnS) NPs inside the silica shell. In cryo-TEM studies CdSe(ZnS)/SiO2/PNIPAAm NPs displayed a fuzzy corona-like structure. All these studies lead to the conclusion

Electrical properties of single CdTe nanowires

• Elena Matei,
• Camelia Florica,
• Andreea Costas,
• María Eugenia Toimil-Molares and
• Ionut Enculescu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 444–450, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.45

• corresponds to the template pore characteristics. EDX spectra deconvolution was employed to determine the composition of the nanowires for different working electrode voltages and the dependence of the composition on the working electrode potential is presented in Figure 2b. A quasi-plateau of the potential

• micrographs of CdTe nanowires deposited at (a) −400 mV; (b) −500 mV; (c) −550 mV; (d) −600 mV; (e) −650 mV; (f) −700 mV. (a) EDX spectra for a series of samples prepared at different electrode potentials; (b) Cd content versus working electrode potential. (a) Spectral reflectance curve and (b) Kubelka–Munk

Palladium nanoparticles anchored to anatase TiO₂ for enhanced surface plasmon resonance-stimulated, visible-light-driven photocatalytic activity

• Kah Hon Leong,
• Hong Ye Chu,
• Shaliza Ibrahim and
• Pichiah Saravanan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 428–437, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.43

•  2b and Figure 2c that the TiO2 particles have a spheroid shape with a homogenous distribution. The Pd NPs exhibit a spherical morphology with particles size ranging from 17 to 29 nm. The inset in Figure 2c shows the corresponding EDX spectrum, confirming the presence of Ti, O and Pd in the

• synthesized Pd/TiO2 photocatalysts. The absence of chlorine from the EDX spectrum clearly indicates that the Cl− ions from the titanium(IV) chloride (TiCl4) precursor was completely removed through an appropriate washing method thus eliminating the unwanted anion (Cl-) that suppress the photocatalytic

• of c) is the EDX spectrum of 0.5 wt % Pd/TiO2 and d–f) HRTEM images of 0.5 wt % Pd/TiO2. X-ray diffraction patterns of a) TiO2, b) 0.5 wt % Pd/TiO2, c) 1.0 wt % Pd/TiO2 and d) 3.0 wt % Pd/TiO2. Raman spectra of a) TiO2, b) 0.5 wt % Pd/TiO2, c) 1.0 wt % Pd/TiO2 and d) 3.0 wt % Pd/TiO2. Adsorption