Ultrathin water layers on mannosylated gold nanoparticles

• Maiara A. Iriarte Alonso,
• Jorge H. Melillo,
• Silvina Cerveny,
• Yujin Tong and
• Alexander M. Bittner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2183–2198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.151

• overnight sample incubation to reach 90 ± 5% RH, corresponding to very wet climate or air during precipitation. In addition, we refer to “hydrophilic conditions” in AFM for hydrophilic surfaces (APDMES silicon) scanned by a silicon tip. We found a vertical resolution (∆z) of 0.04 nm and a surface roughness

• 15 ± 5% was achieved by pumping nitrogen to the isolation chamber. The RH of 50 ± 5% was reached by controlling the mixing ratio between a dry and a wet stream of nitrogen, produced in a bubble flask. To reach a RH of 90 ± 5%, the sample was allowed to equilibrate overnight in the saturated chamber

Hartree–Fock interaction in superconducting condensate fractals

• Edward G. Nikonov,
• Yajiang Chen,
• Mauro M. Doria and
• Arkady A. Shanenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2177–2182, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.150

• is suppressed; for our chosen microscopic parameters, this suppression can reach up to 20%. Therefore, an accurate analysis of condensate distribution and related quantities in quasicrystalline superconductors requires the comparison of results obtained with and without the HF interaction. Keywords

Microplastic pollution in Himalayan lakes: assessment, risks, and sustainable remediation strategies

• Sameeksha Rawat,
• S. M. Tauseef and
• Madhuben Sharma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2144–2167, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.148

• exacerbated by the fact that plastic pollution has a transboundary implication, thereby having the chance of ending up in other lakes’ sediments and water [11]. The existence of MPs in both Indus and Brahmaputra rivers suggests that the pollution from the highland lake and glacier may reach into downstream

• Treaty with an aim to constitute legally binding plastic reduction instruments along with MP reduction. Consequently, the European Union (EU) also deliberately limited incorporated MPs in the EU Microplastic Restriction Proposal of the REACH regulation of cosmetics, cleaning products, and agricultural

• microbeads added intentionally have been put into practice by some countries, such as Canada and the UK, where microbeads are banned in cosmetics [133]. The EU has placed restrictions under REACH regulation to restrict commercial use of MPs [134]. France has taken further steps by mandating that new washing

Toward clinical translation of carbon nanomaterials in anticancer drug delivery: the need for standardisation

• Michał Bartkowski,
• Francesco Calzaferri and
• Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2092–2104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.144

• Health and Safety Executive and the UK REACH framework play key roles. In the US, regulation is led by the Environmental Protection Agency and the Food and Drug Administration. For additional perspective, Japan’s Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry has also developed guidelines for nanomaterials

• industries. Regulatory bodies are actively working to develop and refine frameworks, such as REACH and TSCA, as well as others, to address the unique properties and challenges posed by CNMs. Collaborative efforts are underway to establish standardised testing protocols and safety evaluation methods to ensure

Stereodiscrimination of guests in chiral organosilica aerogels studied by ESR spectroscopy

• Sebastian Polarz,
• Yasar Krysiak,
• Martin Wessig and
• Florian Kuhlmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2034–2054, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.140

• necessary to reach separation is an important point. We have employed the two enantiomers of a chiral, nitroxide-based spin probe as guests in organo-modified macroporous host materials and applied ESR spectroscopy as a tool to investigate their rotational mobility. Using a well-established and commercially

• available material confirmed the method’s reliability. The data underline how crucial the choice of the right solvent is if one wants to reach sufficient selectivity. Together with a series of custom-made organosilica aerogels, it is shown that adjusting solvent and surface properties so that the two

• enantiomers (+) and (−) experience a different chemical environment is key. Otherwise, there might be a dynamic equilibrium between surface-adsorbed and mobile spin probes without stereodifferentiation. With this knowledge, it was possible to reach higher selectivity values than for the commercial material. A

Laser ablation in liquids for shape-tailored synthesis of nanomaterials: status and challenges

• Natalie Tarasenka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1963–1997, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.137

• progress in the pulsed laser ablation in liquid (PLAL) field has been achieved by getting new insights into the process of laser ablation, its stages, and mechanisms allowing to significantly boost the productivity and reach gram-scale NP production [1][4]. Another direction of the research is the control

• generation of shockwaves and formation of cavitation bubbles, which typically have a lifetime of several microseconds. During its evolution, the cavitation bubble expands to reach the equilibrium with the confining liquid, after which the shrinking stage begins, which involves the ablated material moving

• absorbed and dissipated energy is usually considered [63][67][68][69][70]: where Eabs is the energy absorbed by the NP, Emeltth is the thermal energy required to reach the melting point Tm, Emelt represents the melting energy, and Eboilth represents the thermal energy required to heat the system from the

Evaluating metal-organic precursors for focused ion beam-induced deposition through solid-layer decomposition analysis

• Benedykt R. Jany,
• Katarzyna Madajska,
• Aleksandra Butrymowicz-Kubiak,
• Franciszek Krok and
• Iwona B. Szymańska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1942–1951, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.135

• an onset below 100 °C are considered suitable for efficient transport through a GIS. Those with higher sublimation points are unlikely to reach the deposition zone and are thus disqualified early. Despite its advantages, EIMS pre-screening has significant limitations; it cannot determine the final

Quantum circuits with SINIS structures

• Mikhail Tarasov,
• Mikhail Fominskii,
• Aleksandra Gunbina,
• Artem Krasilnikov,
• Maria Mansfeld,
• Dmitrii Kukushkin,
• Andrei Maruhno,
• Valeria Ievleva,
• Mikhail Strelkov,
• Daniil Zhogov,
• Konstantin Arutyunov,
• Vyacheslav Vdovin,
• Vladislav Stolyarov and
• Valerian Edelman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1931–1941, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.134

• created. The process of electron energy relaxation continues until their characteristic times reach the tunneling time determined by the parameters of the SIN transition, that is, the transparency of the barrier, the thickness of the normal metal film, and the diffusion rate of electrons in it. For

PEGylated lipids in lipid nanoparticle delivery dynamics and therapeutic innovation

• Peiyang Gao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1914–1930, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.133

• an increased molar fraction from 1% to 5% [32]. In primary cortical neurons treated with 50 nmol antisense oligonucleotide for 24 h, LNPs with 1 mol % PEG achieved up to 80% mRNA knockdown. In contrast, LNPs with 3% and 5% PEG did not reach 50% knockdown even at the highest dosage. This pattern held

Programmable soliton dynamics in all-Josephson-junction logic cells and networks

• Vsevolod I. Ruzhickiy,
• Anastasia A. Maksimovskaya,
• Sergey V. Bakurskiy,
• Andrey E. Schegolev,
• Maxim V. Tereshonok,
• Mikhail Yu. Kupriyanov,
• Nikolay V. Klenov and
• Igor I. Soloviev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1883–1893, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.131

• quasiparticle current () that flows as a junction switches. This larger current provides a stronger driving force to the next junction in the line, causing it to reach its critical threshold and switch more rapidly, thus increasing the overall propagation velocity of the soliton. The functionality of the KICK

Low-temperature AFM with a microwave cavity optomechanical transducer

• Ermes Scarano,
• Elisabet K. Arvidsson,
• August K. Roos,
• Erik Holmgren,
• Riccardo Borgani,
• Mats O. Tholén and
• David B. Haviland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1873–1882, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.130

• on a silicon substrate. Each unit cell in the pattern contains different shapes as shown in the SEM image in Figure 6a. The tapered arms of crosses and ribbons shrink to reach a nominal minimum feature size of 20 nm. Figure 6b shows a FM-AFM image of the 1 µm × 1 µm scan area corresponding to the

Exploring the potential of polymers: advancements in oral nanocarrier technology

• Rousilândia de Araujo Silva,
• Igor Eduardo Silva Arruda,
• Luise Lopes Chaves,
• Mônica Felts de La Roca Soares and
• Jose Lamartine Soares Sobrinho

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1751–1793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.122

• by the liver. These factors can alter the structural integrity of drugs [4]. Orally administered drugs (mostly absorbed in the lumen of the GIT must pass through the mucus layer, located between the epithelial tissue and the lumen, to reach the epithelium, mucosa, and blood or lymphatic capillary

• , forming polymeric complexes. Consequently, the incorporation of genetic material can occur via encapsulation, adsorption, or electrostatic interactions, resulting in nanocapsules, micelles, and diverse morphologies and shapes, as well as varying release profiles [139]. Considering that, to reach their

Advances of aptamers in esophageal cancer diagnosis, treatment and drug delivery

• Yang Fei,
• Hui Xu,
• Chunwei Zhang,
• Jingjing Wang and
• Yong Jin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1734–1750, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.121

• target integrin β1, where the ratio of A2-NA to DOX can reach at least 1:100. Although A2-NA-Dox has high affinity and specificity for ESCC tissues, its efficacy is slightly lower than that of free DOX. This may be due to a variety of reasons, including structural complexity and oversize resulting in low

Beyond the bilayer: multilayered hygroscopic actuation in pine cone scales

• Kim Ulrich,
• Max David Mylo,
• Tom Masselter,
• Fabian Scheckenbach,
• Sophia Fischerbauer,
• Martin Nopens,
• Silja Flenner,
• Imke Greving,
• Linnea Hesse and
• Thomas Speck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1695–1710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.119

• abaxial sclereid cells is 0.8–1.1 times the longitudinal shrinkage. Hygroscopic bending motion The ten scales took 9.1 ± 1.6 h to reach their bending angle plateau from laboratory conditions to low RH (Figure 4B). From low RH to high RH, they took 10.0 ± 1.4 h to reach a plateau with a maximum measured

• angles is greatest in the range between 50% and 60% RH, reaching, for example, 11.9° for one of the most basal scales. When the angle is considered as a function of the position along the central axis, basal scales reach an angle of ~50°, while apical scales sometimes reach only ~20° (Figure 4E). For

• of the scales. Interestingly, we found that the time required for the scales’ bending motion to reach an equilibrium was consistent across different positions along the cone. This uniformity suggests that the time until equilibrium may be independent of local structural variations, potentially

Ambient pressure XPS at MAX IV

• Mattia Scardamaglia,
• Ulrike Küst,
• Alexander Klyushin,
• Rosemary Jones,
• Jan Knudsen,
• Robert Temperton,
• Andrey Shavorskiy and
• Esko Kokkonen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1677–1694, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.118

• technology for the future development of smaller and more power-efficient devices. One step in this development is the replacement of silicon, which cannot reach the development goals set by international technological roadmaps [61]. A potential replacement for silicon oxide is a high-k oxide material such

Nanotechnology-based approaches for the removal of microplastics from wastewater: a comprehensive review

• Nayanathara O Sanjeev,
• Manjunath Singanodi Vallabha and
• Rebekah Rubidha Lisha Rabi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1607–1632, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.114

• their small size allows them to penetrate various biological barriers. MPs smaller than 5 μm can reach the alveoli, enter the circulatory system, and accumulate in the organs such as the brain, lungs, liver, spleen and digestive system. Those around 10 μm can breach cell membranes and the placental

• barrier, while MPs of 20 μm can reach internal organs. Exposure occurs through inhalation, posing risks to adults, while children face dangers from MPs in contaminated drinking water. Once inside the body, MPs can trigger neurotoxicity, cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, immune response, metabolic disruption

Cross-reactivities in conjugation reactions involving iron oxide nanoparticles

• Shoronia N. Cross,
• Katalin V. Korpany,
• Hanine Zakaria and
• Amy Szuchmacher Blum

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1504–1521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.106

• -exposed to bind Cy3-maleimide. We reason that, while the DTT molecule can reach the IONP surface and bind through one of its thiols, the density of DHBA ligands is such that it is not likely that the DTT molecule will fold over and bind to surface Fe through the remaining SH group at the opposite end of

The role of biochar in combating microplastic pollution: a bibliometric analysis in environmental contexts

• Tuan Minh Truong Dang,
• Thao Thu Thi Huynh,
• Guo-Ping Chang-Chien and
• Ha Manh Bui

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1401–1416, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.102

• % ± 4.92%). Specifically, for MPs ≥10 µm, fixed columns reach 99% efficiency, while magnetically modified biochar captures 96.2% of MPs as small as 1 µm. These efficiencies stem from biochar’s integration of physical and chemical mechanisms that enhance MP retention, particularly for MPs smaller than 10 µm

Automated collection and categorisation of STM images and STS spectra with and without machine learning

• Dylan Stewart Barker and
• Adam Sweetman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1367–1379, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.99

• bias range used did not reach −1.9 V. With moderate negative bias (e.g., −1.5 V) a switch would commonly occur, and even with parameter adjustments to reduce the probability of switching (i.e. reduced integration times), there was still a chance that the switch would be induced, as can be seen in

Enhancing the therapeutical potential of metalloantibiotics using nano-based delivery systems

• Alejandro Llamedo,
• Marina Cano,
• Raquel G. Soengas and
• Francisco J. García-Alonso

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1350–1366, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.98

• metalloantibiotics to reach clinical application [21]. One of the main characteristics of metallodrugs is their low aqueous solubility; this, combined with their typically short in vivo half-lives, results in inadequate bioavailability and low accumulation at the therapeutic site [22]. Another limiting factor is the

Ferroptosis induction by engineered liposomes for enhanced tumor therapy

• Alireza Ghasempour,
• Mohammad Amin Tokallou,
• Mohammad Reza Naderi Allaf,
• Mohsen Moradi,
• Hamideh Dehghan,
• Mahsa Sedighi,
• Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi and
• Fahimeh Lavi Arab

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1325–1349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.97

• that balance therapeutic efficacy with minimal off-target effects, ensuring safer and more effective clinical translation. The ability to firmly entrap the medications or genes and stop premature leaking before they reach the target presents another difficulty when using liposomes for drug and gene

Better together: biomimetic nanomedicines for high performance tumor therapy

• Imran Shair Mohammad,
• Gizem Kursunluoglu,
• Anup Kumar Patel,
• Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq,
• Cansu Umran Tunc,
• Dilek Kanarya,
• Mubashar Rehman,
• Omer Aydin and
• Yin Lifang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1246–1276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.92

• reach deep tissues. Importantly, platelets are reported to activate and specifically bind to cancer cells [50]. Therefore, platelets have been used to load cytotoxic drugs for prolonged circulation in blood, escape immune response, and reach the tumor site [51]. Due to their small size, platelet-based

Functional bio-packaging enhanced with nanocellulose from rice straw and cinnamon essential oil Pickering emulsion for fruit preservation

• Tuyen B. Ly,
• Duong D. T. Nguyen,
• Hieu D. Nguyen,
• Yen T. H. Nguyen,
• Bup T. A. Bui,
• Kien A. Le and
• Phung K. Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1234–1245, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.91

• suspension has a size of around 20–30 nm and a length below 300 nm, and size increase due to structural collapse would be seen upon drying [24][46]. A SEM image of the nanocellulose sample is given in Figure 3a. After freeze-drying, some coagulation occurred, increasing the size of the sample to reach ≈4 µm

Hydrogels and nanogels: effectiveness in dermal applications

• Jéssica da Cruz Ludwig,
• Diana Fortkamp Grigoletto,
• Daniele Fernanda Renzi,
• Wolf-Rainer Abraham,
• Daniel de Paula and
• Najeh Maissar Khalil

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1216–1233, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.90

• vehicle [169][170][179]. Hence, these are the basic principles for designing a new topical DDS, and all of them should be addressed to reach the goal, whether it is a nanostructured system or not. Hydrogel dermal applications When obtained from natural polymers, hydrogels are efficient in tissue

Investigation of the solubility of protoporphyrin IX in aqueous and hydroalcoholic solvent systems

• Michelly de Sá Matsuoka,
• Giovanna Carla Cadini Ruiz,
• Marcos Luciano Bruschi and
• Jéssica Bassi da Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1209–1215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.89

• ranges for porphyrin-based compounds in hydroalcoholic systems. Overall, the results indicated that while EtOH50 and EtOH77 effectively dissolve PpIX at concentrations up to 0.4 mg/mL, water and EtOHabs rapidly reach saturation and exhibit instability. The solubility equilibrium was achieved after