Polyvinylpyrrolidone as additive for perovskite solar cells with water and isopropanol as solvents

• Chen Du,
• Shuo Wang,
• Xu Miao,
• Wenhai Sun,
• Yu Zhu,
• Chengyan Wang and
• Ruixin Ma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2374–2382, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.228

• SUPRA55. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were collected with a SmartLab from Rigaku at 40 kV and 150 mA by using Cu Kα radiation (λ = 0.15405 nm). The photovoltaic performance of the PSCs was recorded using a Keithley 4200 source meter under one-sun AM 1.5G (100 mW·cm−2) illumination with a solar light

• small cubes on the surface, which are attributed to the surface crystallization of MAX residual after the immersion. The photoelectric performance of the PSCs is unaffected by the small cubes. The XRD patterns of the Pb(NO3)2 films coated on the SnO2 ETL are presented in Figure 3a. Pb(NO3)2 contains no

• preparation the PSCs. (a–e) SEM images of perovskite films prepared with different amounts of PVP additives: (a) PVP-0 mg/mL, (b) PVP-0.5 mg/mL, (c) PVP-1 mg/mL, (d) PVP-2 mg/mL, (e) PVP-3 mg/mL. (a) XRD patterns of the Pb(NO3)2 films with different amounts of PVP additive. (b) XRD patterns of the perovskite

Design and facile synthesis of defect-rich C-MoS₂/rGO nanosheets for enhanced lithium–sulfur battery performance

• Chengxiang Tian,
• Juwei Wu,
• Zheng Ma,
• Bo Li,
• Pengcheng Li,
• Xiaotao Zu and
• Xia Xiang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2251–2260, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.217

• Libra 200). Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements were conducted to determine the phase of the as-synthesized composites with Cu Kα radiation operated at 40 kV and 30 mA. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis was performed on a Kratos AXIS Ultra DLD instrument using monochromated Al Kα X

• ]. The homogeneous diffusion of the elements is confirmed by the selected element mappings as shown in Figure 3g–j. Figure 4a shows the XRD patterns of pristine MoS2, C-MoS2/rGO and annealed C-MoS2/rGO-6 composites. For pristine MoS2, the diffraction peaks can be well indexed to the 2H-MoS2 phase (JCPDS

• 73-1508). The defect-rich structure causes the formation of smaller nanosheets along the basal planes in Figure 2e, which is consistent with the remarkable broadening of the (110) and (100) diffraction peaks. The peak at about 14.39°, which corresponds to the (002) planes, is shown in the XRD pattern

A novel all-fiber-based LiFePO₄/Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ battery with self-standing nanofiber membrane electrodes

• Li-li Chen,
• Hua Yang,
• Mao-xiang Jing,
• Chong Han,
• Fei Chen,
• Xin-yu Hu,
• Wei-yong Yuan,
• Shan-shan Yao and
• Xiang-qian Shen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2229–2237, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.215

• and Li5Ti4O12 fibers in Figure 4 reveals that the active particles are uniformly distributed on the surface of the fibers, in agreement with the SEM images. EDS analysis shows either Fe, C, P, and O or Ti, C, and O on the fibers. The fibers were further examined using XRD and Raman spectroscopy. The

• XRD patterns (Figure 5) show that the diffraction peaks of sintered LiFePO4 and Li4Ti5O12 fibers coincide with those of the olivine LiFePO4 standard (PDF#40-1499) and the spinel Li4Ti5O12 standard (PDF#49-0207), respectively, which means that the sintered fibers contain the expected phases. Only a

• 1; (d) EDS of Li4Ti5O12 at site 2. XRD patterns of LiFePO4 and Li4Ti5O12 fiber membranes. Raman spectra of LiFePO4 and Li4Ti5O12 fiber membranes. CV curves of LiFePO4 and Li4Ti5O12 fiber membrane electrodes. Charge–discharge curves of LiFePO4 and Li4Ti5O12 fiber membrane electrodes. EIS curves of

Targeted therapeutic effect against the breast cancer cell line MCF-7 with a CuFe₂O₄/silica/cisplatin nanocomposite formulation

• B. Rabindran Jermy,
• Vijaya Ravinayagam,
• Widyan A. Alamoudi,
• Dana Almohazey,
• Hatim Dafalla,
• Lina Hussain Allehaibi,
• Abdulhadi Baykal,
• Muhammet S. Toprak and
• Thirunavukkarasu Somanathan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2217–2228, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.214

• multifunctional biomedical applications. The crystalline phase, morphology, magnetization, and coordination environment of various spinel species were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), BET surface area measurements, vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM), diffuse reflectance UV–vis spectroscopy (DR UV–vis

• multifunctional theranostic applications, whereby the nanocomposite may be further engineered with biocompatible polymers, antioxidants and drugs. Powder XRD patterns of CuFe2O4/HYPS with different Cu concentrations (x = 0.08, 0.10, 0.12, 0.15 and 0.17). BET adsorption–desorption isotherm and pore size

Ultrathin Ni_1−xCo_xS₂ nanoflakes as high energy density electrode materials for asymmetric supercapacitors

• Xiaoxiang Wang,
• Teng Wang,
• Rusen Zhou,
• Lijuan Fan,
• Shengli Zhang,
• Feng Yu,
• Tuquabo Tesfamichael,
• Liwei Su and
• Hongxia Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2207–2216, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.213

• analysed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, Kratos AXIS Supra photoelectron spectrometer, Al Kα excitation (1486.6 eV)). Crystalline structure and composition of the samples were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD, PANaytical MPD) using a Cu Kα (8047.8 eV) radiation source

• Composition and crystal structure of Ni1.7Co1.3O4 were characterized by XRD. The XRD pattern of the NiCo oxides (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S2a) show distinctive diffraction peaks at 2θ = 21.87°, 36.32°, 42.69°, 51.95°, 69.89° and 76.83°, which can be assigned to the (111), (220), (311), (400

• ), (511) and (440) planes of a Ni1.7Co1.3O4 standard sample (PDF#40-1191) [25]. Figure 1a shows the XRD patterns of the sulfurized materials from NiCo oxides, which show relatively sharp diffraction peaks at 32.04°, 37.19°, 41.82°, 46.03°, 53.84° and 64.12° and can be assigned to the (111), (002), (021

Improved adsorption and degradation performance by S-doping of (001)-TiO₂

• Xiao-Yu Sun,
• Xian Zhang,
• Xiao Sun,
• Ni-Xian Qian,
• Min Wang and
• Yong-Qing Ma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2116–2127, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.206

• -ray diffractometer (XRD, Rigaku Industrial Corporation, Osaka, Japan) with Cu Kα radiation (λ = 1.5406 Å, operated at 40 kV and 100 mA). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM; JEM-2100, JEOL, Tokyo, Japan) was used to characterize the morphology of the samples. Ultraviolet–visible diffuse reflectance

• a calibration curve. Results and Discussion The crystal structures of all samples were characterized by XRD. Figure 1 shows the experimental data and the results calculated by Rietveld refinement of 1-S0 (a) and 2-S2 (b). The calculated results match well with the experimental data indicating that

• -S3 sample has the largest ΔR, which is consistent with the XRD results. The XP spectra do not only provide information on the binding energy of the atoms but also on the total density of states (DOS) in the valence band of TiO2 [12][49]. In order to investigate if S-doping produces energy levels

Green and scalable synthesis of nanocrystalline kuramite

• Andrea Giaccherini,
• Giuseppe Cucinotta,
• Stefano Martinuzzi,
• Enrico Berretti,
• Werner Oberhauser,
• Alessandro Lavacchi,
• Giovanni Orazio Lepore,
• Giordano Montegrossi,
• Maurizio Romanelli,
• Antonio De Luca,
• Massimo Innocenti,
• Vanni Moggi Cecchi,
• Matteo Mannini,
• Antonella Buccianti and
• Francesco Di Benedetto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2073–2083, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.202

• . We synthesized three samples using a solvothermal approach, which was carried out under mild conditions in ethylene glycol as a green solvent. We tackled the aforementioned difficulties in phase assignment by means of thorough characterization, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron

• SEM micrographs of the powders deposited on an aluminum stub after coating the sample with Au. The phase determination of the synthetic products was carried out on the Rietveld refinement of the XRD pattern by using the “GSAS II” software [46]. The instrumental parameters for the Rietveld refinement

• main phase. A large increase of the crystalline size and defective strain is responsible for the significant line broadening of the diffraction peaks. Still, no prevalent amorphous phase can be observed in the diffractograms. On this basis, the XRD results support the mixed occupancy of the cations in

Synthesis of highly active ETS-10-based titanosilicate for heterogeneously catalyzed transesterification of triglycerides

• Muhammad A. Zaheer,
• David Poppitz,
• Khavar Feyzullayeva,
• Marianne Wenzel,
• Jörg Matysik,
• Radomir Ljupkovic,
• Aleksandra Zarubica,
• Alexander A. Karavaev,
• Andreas Pöppl,
• Roger Gläser and
• Muslim Dvoyashkin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2039–2061, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.200

• catalysts were characterized to obtain quantitative information on properties such as crystal structure by X-ray diffraction (XRD), crystal size by laser diffraction, crystal morphology by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), pore width by N2 sorption and Hg

• represents XRD data obtained on an as-synthesized ETS-10 (Na,K-ETS-10) plotted together with reference diffractograms of the phases that can be formed as by-products during the synthesis of ETS-10 [30][32]. Thus, in addition to the prevalent reflections being characteristic for ETS-10, smaller quantities of

• literature data of 1.36 nm [38]. Impact of H2O2 treatment on crystallinity, textural characteristics, surface chemistry and pore interconnectivity of ETS-10 titanosilicates The XRD data of treated samples in Figure 7A demonstrate that the treatment of titanosilicates with H2O2 and subsequent calcination does

Magnetic properties of biofunctionalized iron oxide nanoparticles as magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents

• Natalia E. Gervits,
• Andrey A. Gippius,
• Alexey V. Tkachev,
• Evgeniy I. Demikhov,
• Sergey S. Starchikov,
• Igor S. Lyubutin,
• Alexander L. Vasiliev,
• Vladimir P. Chekhonin,
• Maxim A. Abakumov,
• Alevtina S. Semkina and
• Alexander G. Mazhuga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1964–1972, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.193

• nanoparticles designed for use as MRI contrast media are precisely examined by a variety of methods: powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Raman spectroscopy, Mössbauer spectroscopy and zero-field nuclear magnetic resonance (ZF-NMR) spectroscopy. TEM and XRD measurements reveal

• nanoparticles, has been repeatedly emphasized, and the exact composition of the MNPs is usually determined using X-ray diffraction (XRD) or Mössbauer spectroscopy with and without magnetic field [12][13][14]. In this work, we show other options for solving this problem using Raman and nuclear magnetic resonance

• (NMR) spectroscopy, where the latter provides the most descriptive results. Traditionally, XRD is one of the most popular methods used to study crystal structure. However, in the case of iron oxides, especially with nonstoichiometric composition, this method does not allow for the precise determination

The influence of porosity on nanoparticle formation in hierarchical aluminophosphates

• Matthew E. Potter,
• Lauren N. Riley,
• Alice E. Oakley,
• Panashe M. Mhembere,
• June Callison and
• Robert Raja

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1952–1957, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.191

• , with the powder XRD patterns showing no significant variation in crystallinity or signal width (Figure 2 and Figure S4 and Figure S5, Supporting Information File 1). Nanoparticle deposition was found to greatly reduce the porosity of both the hierarchical and microporous supports. For MP-SAPO-5 the

Facile synthesis of carbon nanotube-supported NiO//Fe₂O₃ for all-solid-state supercapacitors

• Shengming Zhang,
• Xuhui Wang,
• Yan Li,
• Xuemei Mu,
• Yaxiong Zhang,
• Jingwei Du,
• Guo Liu,
• Xiaohui Hua,
• Yingzhuo Sheng,
• Erqing Xie and
• Zhenxing Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1923–1932, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.188

• existence of C, O, and Fe elements (Figure 2f, Cu signal is due to the copper grid). The crystallographic structures of the samples are shown in Figure 3a. Excluding the peaks of CC-CNT, all other diffraction peaks can be assigned to Fe2O3 (JCPDS Card No. 25-1402). The samples show the same XRD features at

• both XRD pattern and Raman spectra indicate that Fe2O3 is not well crystallized since it was formed at 70 °C in the drying oven without further annealing. The XPS spectrum in Figure S5a (Supporting Information File 1) shows the existence of Fe, O, and C elements in CC-CNT@Fe2O3. The Fe 2p spectrum

• 530.13 eV, corresponding to C–O, Fe–O–C, and Fe–O, respectively [30]. The XPS results strongly support the XRD and Raman results and confirm Fe2O3 on the CC-CNT. A three-electrode system was used to examine the electrochemical characteristics of the CC-CNT@Fe2O3 with Pt foil as a counter electrode, SCE

Oblique angle deposition of nickel thin films by high-power impulse magnetron sputtering

• Hamidreza Hajihoseini,
• Movaffaq Kateb,
• Snorri Þorgeir Ingvarsson and
• Jon Tomas Gudmundsson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1914–1921, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.186

• grounded substrate holder. X-ray diffractometry (XRD) was carried out using a Philips X’pert diffractometer (Cu Kα, wavelength 0.15406 nm) mounted with a hybrid monochromator/mirror on the incident side and a 0.27° collimator on the diffraction side. A line focus was used with a beam width of approximately

• 1 mm. The grazing incidence (GI)XRD scans were carried out with the incident beam at θ = 1°. Average thickness (dave), average surface roughness and mass density of the films were determined by low-angle X-ray reflectivity (XRR) measurements with an angular resolution of 0.005°, and the data was

• (HiPIMS and dcMS) and degree of tilt angle do not change the GiXRD pattern (relative peak intensities) of the deposited Ni films. The conventional XRD signal was weak due to the low film thickness (not shown). Our thickness uniformity measurements show that obliquely deposited HiPIMS films are remarkably

High-tolerance crystalline hydrogels formed from self-assembling cyclic dipeptide

• Yongcai You,
• Ruirui Xing,
• Qianli Zou,
• Feng Shi and
• Xuehai Yan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1894–1901, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.184

• domains (red regions) (Figure 2B) and beta-sheet secondary structures (blue regions) (Figure 2C). Intriguingly, the X-ray diffraction (XRD) results showed the presence of sharp peaks, indicating that the hydrogel has long-range, ordered, crystal patterns (Figure 2D). The crystal patterns were further

• crystal pattern. (A) CLSM images of the C-WY hydrogel in light field. NR was used to indicate the formation of hydrophobic domains (red color, B) and ThT was used to indicate the beta-sheet secondary structures (blue color, C). (D) XRD pattern of the hydrogel. (E) POM images in cross-polarized light mode

• hydrogels under various conditions. (E) XRD patterns of hydrogels with various polymers. (F) TG curves of the C-WY hydrogel. Characterization of hydrogels as supercapacitors. (A) Cyclic voltammograms at different scan rates. (B) Galvanostatic charge–discharge curves of C-WY hydrogels at different current

Fabrication and characterization of Si_1−xGe_x nanocrystals in as-grown and annealed structures: a comparative study

• Muhammad Taha Sultan,
• Adrian Valentin Maraloiu,
• Ionel Stavarache,
• Jón Tómas Gudmundsson,
• Andrei Manolescu,
• Valentin Serban Teodorescu,
• Magdalena Lidia Ciurea and
• Halldór Gudfinnur Svavarsson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1873–1882, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.182

• consequential interface characteristics and its effect on the photocurrent spectra. Keywords: grazing incidence XRD (GIXRD); high-power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS); HRTEM; magnetron sputtering; photocurrent spectra; SiGe nanocrystals in SiO2/SiGe/SiO2 multilayers; STEM-HAADF; TEM; Introduction

• , three separate and distinctive peaks are evident (Figure 1a). An increase in the XRD peak intensity was observed along with a decrease in full width at half maximum (FWHM), indicating an increased crystallinity. The size of the NCs was determined, using the (111) peak using the multiple peak feature of

• corresponds to amorphous SiO2. Our measurements have an estimated error of 0.5% and the results are in good agreement with the XDR measurements, which correspond to 30:70 composition for Si/Ge [36] (i.e., 0.599 nm is the lattice constant measured by XRD calculated using (220) crystallographic plane). The

Long-term entrapment and temperature-controlled-release of SF₆ gas in metal–organic frameworks (MOFs)

• Hana Bunzen,
• Andreas Kalytta-Mewes,
• Leo van Wüllen and
• Dirk Volkmer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1851–1859, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.180

• molecules left in the pores, thus ensuring that the whole pore volume was available for trapping the SF6 guest. The bulk sample was analyzed before and after the gas loading by conventional analytical methods, including FTIR, powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). SF6-loading

• ) vibrational modes in SF6 [32]. To check that the sample crystallinity was preserved, we measured powder XRD patterns before and after the loading (Figure 3). The recorded powder XRD patterns did not reveal any changes in the diffraction peak positions, but there were differences in the peak intensities

• (to quantify the amount of the guest in MFU-4, Figure 6), powder XRD measurements (Figure S6 in Supporting Information File 1) and FTIR spectroscopy (Figure 7 and Figure S7 in Supporting Information File 1). Based on the results of these measurements, it can be concluded that there was no leaking of

Biocatalytic oligomerization-induced self-assembly of crystalline cellulose oligomers into nanoribbon networks assisted by organic solvents

• Yuuki Hata,
• Yuka Fukaya,
• Toshiki Sawada,
• Masahito Nishiura and
• Takeshi Serizawa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1778–1788, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.173

• discussed further below. The crystal structure of the representative products was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements and attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) absorption spectroscopy. The XRD profiles showed three peaks at 2θ (θ is the Bragg angle) of 12.2, 19.9

• cm−1 (Figure 8). The cellulose II allomorph is the most stable allomorph of cellulose [19] and is typical of the cellulose oligomer assemblies formed in aqueous solution [31][42]. The degree of crystallinity (χc) values of the gelled products were calculated from the XRD profiles and found to be

• dispersions was dried at 105 °C for 24 h, followed by weighing. For 1H NMR spectroscopy, ATR-FTIR absorption spectroscopy, and XRD measurements, as much as possible of the supernatant after the final centrifugation was removed by pipette, followed by adding water to the products. The resultant product aqueous

Synthesis of nickel/gallium nanoalloys using a dual-source approach in 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazole ionic liquids

• Ilka Simon,
• Julius Hornung,
• Juri Barthel,
• Jörg Thomas,
• Maik Finze,
• Roland A. Fischer and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1754–1767, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.171

• at 230 °C, a black powder was obtained after 10 min. The TEM measurements show spherical and non-aggregated nanoparticles with a narrow size distribution of 3.0 ± 0.5 nm (Figure 1). To validate the intermetallic 1:1 NiGa phase of the obtained nanoparticles, powder X-ray diffraction pattern (P-XRD) or

The impact of crystal size and temperature on the adsorption-induced flexibility of the Zr-based metal–organic framework DUT-98

• Simon Krause,
• Volodymyr Bon,
• Hongchu Du,
• Rafal E. Dunin-Borkowski,
• Ulrich Stoeck,
• Irena Senkovska and
• Stefan Kaskel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1737–1744, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.169

• at 77 K for samples DUT-98(1) (a,e), DUT-98(2) (b,f), DUT-98(3) (c,g), and DUT-98(4) (d,h). Scale bars: a) 200 µm, b) 50 µm, c) 1 µm, and d) 500 nm. Closed symbols: adsorption, open symbols: desorption. Powder XRD patterns of DUT-98 with varying crystal size a) as-synthesized and b) activated by

TiO₂/GO-coated functional separator to suppress polysulfide migration in lithium–sulfur batteries

• Ning Liu,
• Lu Wang,
• Taizhe Tan,
• Yan Zhao and
• Yongguang Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1726–1736, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.168

• , which guarantees the excellent cyclic stability and desirable rate performance of Li/S batteries. Figure 2a shows X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the as-spun and as-dealloyed sample. The TiAl foil exhibits Al3Ti (JCPDS 65-2667) and Al (JCPDS 65-2869) phases. After dealloying, the specimen shows a

• coated onto an aluminum foil and vacuum-dried at 60 °C for 8 h. Finally, the cathodes were cut into a round shape with a diameter of 9 mm for coin-cell fabrication. Material characterization The crystalline structure of the samples was examined using XRD (Rigaku-TTRIII) with a step rate of 3° min−1. The

• mV. Schematic illustration of a Li/S battery with a TiO2/GO-coated functional separator. (a) XRD patterns of the as-spun and as-dealloyed Ti10Al90 alloy foils. (b) Raman spectra of TiO2, GO and the TiO2/GO composite. (c) TGA curve and (d) N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms and pore size distribution

Novel hollow titanium dioxide nanospheres with antimicrobial activity against resistant bacteria

• Carol López de Dicastillo,
• Cristian Patiño,
• María José Galotto,
• Yesseny Vásquez-Martínez,
• Claudia Torrent,
• Daniela Alburquenque,
• Alejandro Pereira and
• Juan Escrig

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1716–1725, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.167

• that determine the growth of thickness in the sample [18][27][28]. A small weigh loss of approximately 2% was found in CSTiO2, probably associated with the decomposition of hydroxyl groups on the titanium dioxide surface [29]. X-ray power diffraction (XRD) analysis of the structures is shown in Figure

• the nature of the samples. XRD diffractograms revealed that the calcination was an aggressive thermal treatment that resulted in an anatase TiO2 crystalline structure in the CSTiO2 sample [34][35][36]. Although previous works have mentioned that the anatase structure of TiO2 is a metastable structure

• /DCS. The samples (≈6 mg) were heated from 25 to 800 °C at 10 °C min−1 under nitrogen atmosphere (flow rate 50 mL min−1). XRD patterns were measured using a Siemens diffractometer D5000 (30 mA and 40 kV) using Cu Ka (λ = 1.54 Å) radiation at room temperature. All scans were performed in a 2θ range of 2

Layered double hydroxide/sepiolite hybrid nanoarchitectures for the controlled release of herbicides

• Ediana Paula Rebitski,
• Margarita Darder and
• Pilar Aranda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1679–1690, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.163

• techniques (XRD, FTIR and 29Si NMR spectroscopies, CHN analysis and SEM) that revealed interactions of LDH with the sepiolite fibers through the silanol groups present on the outer surface of sepiolite, together with the intercalation of MCPA in the LDH confirmed by the increase in the basal spacing from

• . [31] (Figure 1D). XRD patterns (Figure 2A) of both nanoarchitectures, as prepared and after the ion exchange reaction, showed the most intense peaks in the patterns of the pure sepiolite and the LDH. The differences in the position of the most intense peak ascribed to the LDH in the neat

• treatments resulted in similar materials, showing that lower temperatures could be used when less stable organic molecules are involved. XRD patterns of the hybrid nanoarchitectures (Figure 4) confirmed that in all cases MCPA is intercalated in the interlayer space of the coprecipitated LDH, as indicated by

Nanoporous smartPearls for dermal application – Identification of optimal silica types and a scalable production process as prerequisites for marketed products

• David Hespeler,
• Sanaa El Nomeiri,
• Jonas Kaltenbach and
• Rainer H. Müller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1666–1678, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.162

• a heating rate of 20 K/min between 25 and 300 °C under 80 mL/min nitrogen purge. X-ray diffraction (XRD) To determine the amorphous state and possible residual crystal fractions of rutin in smartPearls, XRD was performed using a Bruker D8 (Bruker, USA) instrument (n = 1). A scan rate of 0.02°/s (2θ

• , larger pores and larger pore volume are easier to process on a large scale. Determination of amorphous-phase content The degree of amorphous phase of the loading was determined by performing DSC and XRD. An amount of 5% rutin in the physical mixture with amorphous unloaded silica was detectable by DSC

• . The analysis of the physical mixture of silica with crystalline rutin powder showed that an amount of only 3% crystalline rutin was clearly detectable by XRD, while 1.5% was hardly detectable (XRD not shown). Figure 3 shows the DSC thermograms for the maximum-loaded silica, SP53D, which was loaded

Chiral nanostructures self-assembled from nitrocinnamic amide amphiphiles: substituent and solvent effects

• Hejin Jiang,
• Huahua Fan,
• Yuqian Jiang,
• Li Zhang and
• Minghua Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1608–1617, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.156

• monitored by CD did not show inversion. X-ray diffraction analysis To understand the different structure of the three NCLG compounds, X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements were further adopted to evaluate the assembled structures of the three gelators. As shown in Figure 4a, for 2NCLG xerogels, a series of

• sharp diffraction peaks were observed at 2θ = 2.51, 5.11, 10.21, 12.83 and 15.57, with a d-spacing ratio of 1:1/2:1/4:1/5:1/6. The diffraction pattern is related to the lamellar structure with the d-space of 3.50 nm. As for 4NCLG gels, the XRD pattern was almost similar to the 2NCLG assembly. A number

• NCLG compounds is about 3.6–3.7 nm, as simulated by gaussview. The XRD pattern revealed that the d-spacing of the lamellar structure was 3.50 nm for 2NCLG and 4NCLG and 3.20 nm for 3NCLG, which is shorter than the length of two molecules (actually, even less than one molecular length) (Figure 4b). This

High-temperature resistive gas sensors based on ZnO/SiC nanocomposites

• Vadim B. Platonov,
• Marina N. Rumyantseva,
• Alexander S. Frolov,
• Alexey D. Yapryntsev and
• Alexander M. Gaskov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1537–1547, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.151

• the components in a single homogeneous paste with subsequent thermal annealing. The composition and microstructure of the materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

• × 0.5 mm in size with the thickness of 5–7 μm. The list of the samples is given in Table 1. Materials characterization The phase composition was determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) using a DRON-3 diffractometer (radiation Co Kα, λ = 1.7903 Å). The crystallite size (dXRD) of SiC and ZnO phases in

• nanofibers was estimated from the broadening of the (100) ZnO and (111) 3C-SiC XRD peaks using the Scherrer formula. The measurements of the specific surface area (SBET) and analysis of the porosity of the samples were carried out by the method of low-temperature nitrogen adsorption on an ASAP 2010

Rapid thermal annealing for high-quality ITO thin films deposited by radio-frequency magnetron sputtering

• Petronela Prepelita,
• Ionel Stavarache,
• Doina Craciun,
• Florin Garoi,
• Catalin Negrila,
• Beatrice Gabriela Sbarcea and
• Valentin Craciun

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1511–1522, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.149

• composition values of the component elements were determined from the XPS spectra using the Avantage software (version 5.978). The crystalline structure of the ITO thin films on amorphous quartz substrates was investigated by grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (XRD, Bruker AXS D8 Discover diffractometer

• morphological techniques to analyze the ITO thin films, we could report improvements in film quality following the RTA treatment. These properties are clearly evidenced by XRD in Figure 2. The investigated XRD patterns for the as-deposited ITO films showed a cubic nanocrystalline structure. Due to the high

• stable on the surface of the samples after the application of RTA. Note that XRD did not reveal the presence of a characteristic phase for In2O3 or SnO2, but only the ITO phase. The study of the optical properties and, in particular, the absorption of light in transparent ultra-thin oxide films is of