Hierarchically structured 3D carbon nanotube electrodes for electrocatalytic applications

• Pei Wang,
• Katarzyna Kulp and
• Michael Bron

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1475–1487, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.146

• , it may be assumed that some Pt is directly deposited onto the GC substrate. Furthermore, it cannot be excluded that particles smaller than the mentioned 7 nm form, which are below the detection limit of our SEM. In addition to SEM, XRD measurement were perfomed to analyze the Pt nanoparticles

• , however, no meaningful diffractograms were obtained due to the low overall Pt loading and probably due to the fact that the electrodeposited Pt nanoparticles seem to be quite irregular and might consist of several crystallites that are too small to be detected by XRD (compare Supporting Information File 1

• –300 particles with the software “Lince” (TU Damstadt, Germany) [83]. Raman spectra were measured employing a Renishaw InVia spectrometer with 532 nm excitation wavelength from a Cobolt CW DPSS laser. Due to the considerably thin film of the CNT layers, and thus the low amount of Pt, XRD did not yield

Growth of lithium hydride thin films from solutions: Towards solution atomic layer deposition of lithiated films

• Ivan Kundrata,
• Karol Fröhlich,
• Lubomír Vančo,
• Matej Mičušík and
• Julien Bachmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1443–1451, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.142

• -dissociative chemisorption of the precursor onto the surface. Chemical identity The presence of LiH revealed through XRD needs to be confirmed by chemical analysis methods. Unambiguous analyses are rendered impossible by the air-sensitive nature of the deposit and the difficulty to identify the elements Li and

• H with techniques based on X-rays. In spite of this, the chemical nature of the film can be worked out from the presence of degradation products of LiH when combined with the XRD structural data. The exposure of LiH to ambient air generates two main degradation products [15][16] according to the

Direct observation of oxygen-vacancy formation and structural changes in Bi₂WO₆ nanoflakes induced by electron irradiation

• Hong-long Shi,
• Bin Zou,
• Zi-an Li,
• Min-ting Luo and
• Wen-zhong Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1434–1442, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.141

• simulations based on the Bloch wave method [27]. Both X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD) and intensity profile of the SAED (Figure 1c) reveal that the as-synthesized sample crystallizes into an orthorhombic russellite phase (PDF#79-2381) with space group Pca21 (no. 29). The refined lattice parameters are a

• during the TEM specimen preparation will make the flower-like aggregates disperse into individual nanoflakes perpendicular to the incident electron beam. It is noteworthy that, compared with XRD, an additional peak or diffraction spot located at 2.654 nm−1 (or d = 3.768 Å, marked with the asterisk in

• before and after the visible light irradiation, respectively. (a) Energy-dispersive X-ray spectrum of Bi2WO6 nanoflowers, the inset is a typical SEM image; (b) TEM bright-field image and SAED pattern from the analysis region marked by the red dashed circle; (c) XRD pattern (black) and intensity profile

Selective gas detection using Mn₃O₄/WO₃ composites as a sensing layer

• Yongjiao Sun,
• Zhichao Yu,
• Wenda Wang,
• Pengwei Li,
• Gang Li,
• Wendong Zhang,
• Lin Chen,
• Serge Zhuivkov and
• Jie Hu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1423–1433, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.140

• and morphological characteristics Figure 1a presents the phase purity and crystal structure of pure WO3 and Mn3O4/WO3 investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The main reflection peaks can be well-indexed to monoclinic-type crystalline phase of WO3 with similar values from reported data (space group

• yellow, pure WO3 and Mn3O4/WO3 composites. Apparatus and instruments X-ray power diffraction (XRD) data was collected on a Rigaku D/Max-2550 V diffractometer with Cu Kα1 radiation (= 1.54178 Å) at 25 mA and 35 kV. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) images were recorded on a JEM-7100F

• was defined as: Here, Ra and Rg are the electrical resistance when the sensor is in air or exposed to the target gas, respectively. The time required for the sensor resistance decrease to 10% or recover to 90% of the original value is called response and recovery time, respectively. (a) XRD patterns

BiOCl/TiO₂/diatomite composites with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity for the degradation of rhodamine B

• Minlin Ao,
• Kun Liu,
• Xuekun Tang,
• Zishun Li,
• Qian Peng and
• Jing Huang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1412–1422, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.139

• ). Both the SEM and TEM were used with an accelerating voltage of 200 kV. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the samples were recorded by a X-ray powder diffractometer using a Cu Kα source (λ = 0.15418 nm) at a scanning rate of 2°/min between 5° and 80°. A Thermo Fisher VG Scientific VG ESCALAB250Xi

• . After these treatments, the photocatalyst was applied to the degradation of fresh RhB. Results and Discussion Structural analysis XRD was used to analyze the phase structure and crystal structure of the samples. The results are shown in Figure 1a. The diffraction peaks of the prepared BiOCl are in good

• agreement with the standard XRD data of JCPDS No.06-0249. In the pattern of TiO2/diatomite, an inconspicuous broad peak ranging from 15 to 25° shows the amorphous nature of diatomite, and other obvious peaks at 25.3°, 37.8°, 48°, 53.9° and 55.1° coincide well with anatase TiO2 (JCPDS No.21-1272). The

Warped graphitic layers generated by oxidation of fullerene extraction residue and its oxygen reduction catalytic activity

• Machiko Takigami,
• Rieko Kobayashi,
• Takafumi Ishii,
• Yasuo Imashiro and
• Jun-ichi Ozaki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1391–1400, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.137

• The structure of the prepared carbons was studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The transmission electron microscope (JEM-2010, JEOL Inc.) was operated at an accelerating voltage of 200 kV. The X-ray diffractometer (XRD6100, Shimadzu Corp.) was equipped with a

• yield with oxidation time up to 2 h, but no significant decrease for the heat treatment in an inert atmosphere (Figure 2e). Figure 2b shows the XRD profiles of the prepared samples. NB-ORG appeared to have two diffraction peaks in the carbon 002 region: one at 2θ = 17° another at 2θ = 23°. The former

• . The changes in the shape of the XRD profiles with treatment also supports our theory. The relationship between the oxidation treatment yield and fW calculated from the XRD profiles in the vicinity of 002 diffraction illuminates the structural changes with the progression of oxidation. First, amorphous

Gas sensing properties of individual SnO₂ nanowires and SnO₂ sol–gel nanocomposites

• Alexey V. Shaposhnik,
• Dmitry A. Shaposhnik,
• Sergey Yu. Turishchev,
• Olga A. Chuvenkova,
• Stanislav V. Ryabtsev,
• Alexey A. Vasiliev,
• Xavier Vilanova,
• Francisco Hernandez-Ramirez and
• Joan R. Morante

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1380–1390, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.136

• spectroscopy: Comparison of nanowire and nanopowder properties XRD spectra obtained by different methods (Figure 4) show a principal difference between the nanowires obtained by gas transport synthesis and the samples precipitated from nanopowder. The spectral band width at half-height characterizes the size

Highly ordered mesoporous silica film nanocomposites containing gold nanoparticles for the catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol

• Mohamad Azani Jalani,
• Leny Yuliati,
• Siew Ling Lee and
• Hendrik O. Lintang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1368–1379, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.135

• residual carbonaceous species [35] and inorganic components [36]. Structural analysis of the nanocomposites before thermal treatment Generally, the study of the formation of mesostructured silica nanocomposites can be characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD) at the small-angle region [37]. Figure 3a

• with the XRD data. The fast Fourier transform (FFT) and auto-correlation images are shown as inset figures (top and bottom, respectively) in Figure 3b. These reveal the corresponding planes of mesostructured silica with a hexagonal structure [39]. Hence, the structural analysis from XRD and TEM

• heating at high temperature. Figure 4a,b shows the XRD patterns of [Au3Pz3]C10TEG/silicahex in the range of 190 to 450 °C (plots (a)–(e)). In both methods, the diffraction peaks for d100 were still preserved due to good thermal stability and the well-ordered pore structure of [Au3Pz3]C10TEG/silicahex

Construction of a 0D/1D composite based on Au nanoparticles/CuBi₂O₄ microrods for efficient visible-light-driven photocatalytic activity

• Weilong Shi,
• Mingyang Li,
• Hongji Ren,
• Feng Guo,
• Xiliu Huang,
• Yu Shi and
• Yubin Tang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1360–1367, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.134

• /CBO composite were investigated by XRD (Figure 2a). For pure CBO, all characteristic diffraction peaks can be attributed to the monoclinic phase of CBO (JPCDS 72-493) [28]. After the decoration with Au NPs (2.5 wt % Au/CBO), there are two additional diffraction peaks at 38.2° and 44.4° that can be

• work suggests a rational structure design of efficient photocatalysts for environmental remediation. Synthesis of Au/CBO composite. (a) XRD patterns of CBO and 2.5 wt % Au/CBO; (b) UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectra of as-prepared composites. (a, b) SEM images and (c) EDX spectrum of the 2.5 wt % Au

The effect of magneto-crystalline anisotropy on the properties of hard and soft magnetic ferrite nanoparticles

• Hajar Jalili,
• Bagher Aslibeiki,
• Ali Ghotbi Varzaneh and
• Volodymyr A. Chernenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1348–1359, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.133

• phase purity of the samples was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Figure 1a shows XRD patterns of CoxFe3−xO4 (0 ≤ x ≤1) nanoparticles. No secondary phases are found. The peaks intensities indicate that the samples are highly crystalline. The peaks match well with JCPDS cards (no. 01-088

• : 49 Å, B-site: 64 Å) [24]. Therefore, the unsystematic variations and insignificant (in the error range) difference in the lattice constant could be attributed to the change of the cation distribution in the A-and B-sites. The XRD patterns of the samples were analyzed using the Rietveld refinement

• Co doping on the average crystallite size was studied using the Scherrer equation: where ⟨D⟩XRD is the average crystallite size, K ≈ 0.9 is the Scherrer constant and β is the full width at half-maximum (FWHM) of the XRD peaks. Table 1 shows that the crystallite size increases with increasing cobalt

A biomimetic nanofluidic diode based on surface-modified polymeric carbon nitride nanotubes

• Kai Xiao,
• Baris Kumru,
• Lu Chen,
• Lei Jiang,
• Bernhard V. K. J. Schmidt and
• Markus Antonietti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1316–1323, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.130

• × 10−9 mbar. The binding energies were referenced to the C 1s line at 284.8 eV from adventitious carbon. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) JSM-7500F (JEOL) at an accelerating voltage of 3 kV was used to get the top view of the CNNs. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were recorded with a Bruker D8

Multicomponent bionanocomposites based on clay nanoarchitectures for electrochemical devices

• Giulia Lo Dico,
• Bernd Wicklein,
• Lorenzo Lisuzzo,
• Giuseppe Lazzara,
• Pilar Aranda and
• Eduardo Ruiz-Hitzky

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1303–1315, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.129

• isotherms (Figure S2a,b in Supporting Information File 1). The BET specific surface area of the samples Film-1 and Foam-1 was 5 and 58 m2·g−1, respectively. The microstructure of the films was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The diffractogram of Film-1 displays the main reflections of both

A silver-nanoparticle/cellulose-nanofiber composite as a highly effective substrate for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

• Yongxin Lu,
• Yan Luo,
• Zehao Lin and
• Jianguo Huang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1270–1279, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.126

• (XRD) patterns of the prepared Ag-NP/cellulose-NF composites. Two series of diffraction peaks were observed. The ones located at 2θ = 15.0°, 16.5°, 22.8°, and 34.1° are ascribed to the (), (101), (002), and (040) planes of crystalline cellulose, respectively [61]; and the other ones located at 2θ

• manually. Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were acquired on a Philips X’Pert Pro diffractometer with a Cu Kα (λ = 0.15405 nm) radiation source. Diffuse reflectance UV–vis spectra were recorded by using a Shimadzu UV-2450 spectrophotometer in the diffuse-reflectance mode using an integrating sphere

Alloyed Pt₃M (M = Co, Ni) nanoparticles supported on S- and N-doped carbon nanotubes for the oxygen reduction reaction

• Stéphane Louisia,
• Yohann R. J. Thomas,
• Pierre Lecante,
• Marie Heitzmann,
• M. Rosa Axet,
• Pierre-André Jacques and
• Philippe Serp

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1251–1269, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.125

• characterization was performed using Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD, see Table 1 and Supporting Information File 1, Figure S2 for Raman spectra). In Raman spectroscopy, a useful parameter for carbon nanotubes is the ratio between the D band (ID) at ≈1380 cm−1, attributed to the defects of the CNT

• obtained with XRD are presented in Table 1. All the values are larger than that of graphite (3.334 Å), and the smallest value is obtained for N-CNTHT, indicating a higher level of graphitization for this sample. The elemental composition as well as the surface chemistry is also affected by heteroatom

Luminescence of Tb₃Al₅O₁₂ phosphors co-doped with Ce³⁺/Gd³⁺ for white light-emitting diodes

• Yu-Guo Yang,
• Lei Wei,
• Jian-Hua Xu,
• Hua-Jian Yu,
• Yan-Yan Hu,
• Hua-Di Zhang,
• Xu-Ping Wang,
• Bing Liu,
• Cong Zhang and
• Qing-Gang Li

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1237–1242, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.123

• luminescence of Tb3Al5O12:Ce3+ was investigated. It is found that the co-doped Gd3+ leads to a red-shift of the Tb3Al5O12:Ce3+ emission. Results and Discussion The phase of the synthesized Tb2.96-xCe0.04GdxAl5O12 phosphors was confirmed by using XRD analysis. As shown in Figure 1, the diffraction peaks of

• was calcined at 1350 °C for 5 h in an alumina crucible. Finally, the product was collected and reground after the temperature decreased to room temperature. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements were performed on a Rigaku D/max-RA X-ray diffractometer using Cu Kα radiation (λ = 1.5406 Å) with the

• corrected. The samples were heated to a certain temperature and kept at this temperature for 5 min by using a temperature controller. The rate of temperature increase was less than 1 °C/ min and the temperature deviation was less than 0.1 °C. XRD patterns of Tb2.96−xCe0.04GdxAl5O12 phosphors. Excitation

Green fabrication of lanthanide-doped hydroxide-based phosphors: Y(OH)₃:Eu³⁺ nanoparticles for white light generation

• Tugrul Guner,
• Anilcan Kus,
• Mehmet Ozcan,
• Aziz Genc,
• Hasan Sahin and
• Mustafa M. Demir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1200–1210, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.119

• diffraction (XRD; X’Pert Pro, Philips, Eindhoven, The Netherlands), while their morphology was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM; Quanta 250, FEI, Hillsboro, OR, USA). High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) micrographs were obtained using an FEI Tecnai F20 field emission gun

• presented in Figure 4b. In any case, these values are saturating with respect to doping ratio, which is expected since the possibility of incorporation of Eu ions into Y(OH)3 is limited. This limit can be inferred from the Figure 4b as 25–30%. The effect of the doping ratio on the XRD reflection signals was

• can produce a white LED system composed of a UV-LED chip with red–green–blue phosphors since the method presented here offers an easy, inexpensive and environmentally friendly synthesis for the fabrication of these phosphors. (a) XRD patterns of Y(OH)3:7.5% Eu3+ phosphors prepared at various reaction

Tailoring the magnetic properties of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles using the polyol process

• Malek Bibani,
• Romain Breitwieser,
• Alex Aubert,
• Vincent Loyau,
• Silvana Mercone,
• Souad Ammar and
• Fayna Mammeri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1166–1176, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.116

• refluxing (3, 6 and 15 h). The structure, microstructure and composition of the resulting NPs were then investigated by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), respectively. The magnetic properties were also evaluated using standard

• second series (x = 0.67), two attempts have been made in TriEG for 3 and 6 h, and only one in TetEG for 3 h. The main features of all prepared compositions are collected in Table 1. We have recorded the X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of all cobalt ferrite samples (Figure 1). They are all matching very

• estimated from the XRD patterns are in good agreement with the mean diameters deduced from transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images (Table 1), meaning that the nanoparticles are monocrystalline. The micrographs given in Figure 3 and Figure 4 present the two series of nanoparticles (x = 1 and x = 0.67

A highly efficient porous rod-like Ce-doped ZnO photocatalyst for the degradation of dye contaminants in water

• Binjing Hu,
• Qiang Sun,
• Chengyi Zuo,
• Yunxin Pei,
• Siwei Yang,
• Hui Zheng and
• Fangming Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1157–1165, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.115

• a sunlight simulator. The results showed that ZnO doped with 3% Ce exhibits the highest RhB degradation rate. To understand the crystal structure, elemental state, surface morphology and chemical composition, the photocatalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron

• 3 h. Characterization The XRD patterns of pure ZnO and CZO-4 are given in Figure 3. It can be found that the sharp peaks of ZnO, which indicates a high degree of crystallinity, are located at 2θ values of 31.5, 34.05, 35.9, 47.2, 56.3, 62.6, 66.08, 67.64, 68.84 finely corresponding to the (100

• . However, our results showed that CZO-4 actually has higher diffraction peaks than pure ZnO, which means an increased crystalline quality and successful incorporation of cerium ions into the ZnO lattice [30][31][32]. The XRD patterns were analyzed in detail in the range of 33–35° as shown in Figure 3. It

Photoactive nanoarchitectures based on clays incorporating TiO₂ and ZnO nanoparticles

• Eduardo Ruiz-Hitzky,
• Pilar Aranda,
• Marwa Akkari,
• Nithima Khaorapapong and
• Makoto Ogawa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1140–1156, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.114

• often on the external surface of clay minerals [8][11]. The particle shape and size have been evaluated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) using the Scherrer equation, in addition to the spectroscopic information obtained from the shift of the UV–vis absorption band to

• solution of Zn-cyclohexanebutyrate dihydrate in DMSO. From the XRD patterns, it has been found that at low ZnO loading confined NPs of a very small size (1–2 nm) are produced, whereas at high ZnO loading, a part of the ZnO NPs grew at the external surface of kaolinite. The absorption onset of ZnO in

CuInSe₂ quantum dots grown by molecular beam epitaxy on amorphous SiO₂ surfaces

• Henrique Limborço,
• Pedro M.P. Salomé,
• Rodrigo Ribeiro-Andrade,
• Jennifer P. Teixeira,
• Nicoleta Nicoara,
• Kamal Abderrafi,
• Joaquim P. Leitão,
• Juan C. Gonzalez and
• Sascha Sadewasser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1103–1111, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.110

• tetragonal CIS [37]. Interplanar distances of 0.322, 0.185, and 0.322 nm were found from the nanodot diffraction spots (−112), (−220), and (−11−2), respectively. From the reference X-ray diffraction (XRD) database, the interplanar distances of (−112), (−220), and (−11−2) are 0.335, 0.205, and 0.335 nm

Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles as a saturable absorber for giant chirped pulse generation

• Ji-Shu Liu,
• Xiao-Hui Li,
• Abdul Qyyum,
• Yi-Xuan Guo,
• Tong Chai,
• Hua Xu and
• Jie Jiang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1065–1072, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.107

• at 535 cm−1 and 668 cm−1, respectively [7]. Figure 3c shows the crystal diffraction faces of the samples (FONPs) collected with an X-ray diffractometer (XRD) ((220), (311), (400), (422), (511) and (440)), which corresponds well with the JPCDS card number 85-1436 data [7]. The characteristics of the

• . Conclusion In summary, FONPs prepared via a sol–hydrothermal method were successfully used as a SA to construct a high-performance fiber laser. The surface properties, molecular vibration, structure and composition of the FONPs were systemically studied using SEM, TEM, HR-TEM, EDS, Raman spectra, XRD and UV

Nanoscale optical and structural characterisation of silk

• Meguya Ryu,
• Reo Honda,
• Adrian Cernescu,
• Arturas Vailionis,
• Armandas Balčytis,
• Jitraporn Vongsvivut,
• Jing-Liang Li,
• Denver P. Linklater,
• Elena P. Ivanova,
• Vygantas Mizeikis,
• Mark J. Tobin,
• Junko Morikawa and
• Saulius Juodkazis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 922–929, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.93

• complex materials and to detect crystalline regions. Figure 1 and Figure 2a show 3D reconstructions of the Bombyx mori silk fibers bundled together and their X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern, respectively. The period d corresponds to the most pronounced peaks at the diffraction angle 2θ, given by Bragg’s

• law d = λ/(2sinθ). The size L of the nanocrystalline phase can be estimated from the Scherrer equation L = Kλ/(B(2θ)cosθ; where K = 0.89 for spherical crystals and B(2θ) is the full width at half maximum of the peak. The wide-angle XRD pattern (Figure 2a) is identical to that reported earlier [18

• the SNOM measurements reach the resolution required to measure the structural composition of silk fibres corresponding to the crystalline segments observed in XRD and the measurements can be carried out with nanometer-thin slices of silk. Conclusion Spectral characterisation, lateral mapping and

Synthesis of novel C-doped g-C₃N₄ nanosheets coupled with CdIn₂S₄ for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution

• Jingshuai Chen,
• Chang-Jie Mao,
• Helin Niu and
• Ji-Ming Song

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 912–921, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.92

• /CCN (CISCCN) composite products were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD). As shown in Figure 2, the (100) peak located at 13.1° displayed in pure g-C3N4 is attributed to the in-planar stacking of tris-triazine units [35]. The characteristic graphite-like nanosheet structure of g-C3N4 is

• -C3N4 crystal lattice [37]. The CISCCN samples exhibit similar characteristic XRD patterns as that of CCN due to the low content of CdIn2S4. With regard to the XRD patterns of the CISCCN3 and CISCCN5 composites, the peaks are in good agreement with (220), (311), (400), (422), (511), (440) and (533

• , NEXUS-870, Nicolet Instrument Co. USA), X-ray diffraction (XRD, XD-3, Purkinje General, China, Cu Kα radiation), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, Escalab 250Xi, America), UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS, Hitachi U-4100) at a wavelength range of 200–800 nm, and fluorescence

The systemic effect of PEG-nGO-induced oxidative stress in vivo in a rodent model

• Qura Tul Ain,
• Samina Hyder Haq,
• Abeer Alshammari,
• Moudhi Abdullah Al-Mutlaq and
• Muhammad Naeem Anjum

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 901–911, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.91

• ). Graphene oxide sheets (GOS) were synthesized via a modified Hummer's method and were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The method of Zhang was adopted for cracking of GOS. Then nano-graphene oxide was PEGylated with

• diffraction X-ray diffraction (XRD) was carried out to identify the structure of the cellular units (d-spacing) used for the confirmation of a successful GO synthesis. A Bruker D8 ADVANCE diffractometer with Cu Kα radiation (λ = 1.54060 Å) was used. Figure 1 shows the XRD patterns. In the case of pure

• graphite, a strong XRD peak at 2θ = 26.5° and a slight peak at 2θ = 54.5° were observed specific to the (002) and (004) planes with d-spacing of 3.5 Å and 1.9 Å, respectively. The XRD pattern of graphene oxide shows a peak at 2θ = 9.9° (d-spacing of 8.9 Å), the (100) diffraction peak at 2θ = 42.0

Co-doped MnFe₂O₄ nanoparticles: magnetic anisotropy and interparticle interactions

• Bagher Aslibeiki,
• Parviz Kameli,
• Hadi Salamati,
• Giorgio Concas,
• Maria Salvador Fernandez,
• Alessandro Talone,
• Giuseppe Muscas and
• Davide Peddis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 856–865, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.86

• techniques and data treatments X-ray diffraction patterns were collected using Cu Kα (λ = 0.154 nm) radiation with a Philips EXPERT MPD diffractometer. The average crystallite size was obtained from the Debye–Scherrer equation: where w is the full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) of the XRD peaks, θ is the Bragg

• possible to measure the average particle diameter of 10.5(2) and 9.4(2) nm for C0 and C100 samples, respectively. Note that these dimensions are larger than the average crystallite size estimated from the XRD results, suggesting the presence of a disordered shell around the single-crystalline core