Studies of probe tip materials by atomic force microscopy: a review

• Ke Xu and
• Yuzhe Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1256–1267, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.104

• does it generate catalyst patterns in advance. In order to proceed safely and cost-effectively, the method uses mainly ethanol as the carbon source with a 4% flow gravity of hydrogen gas. Notably, using this tip array allows the growth method to be further optimized to produce the highest percentage of

Design of surface nanostructures for chirality sensing based on quartz crystal microbalance

• Yinglin Ma,
• Xiangyun Xiao and
• Qingmin Ji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1201–1219, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.100

• . Molecular simulation results indicated that the isomer discrimination is mainly due to the access of the isomers to different adsorption sites in the MOFs, which are sterically controlled by the rigid crystalline framework. Based on the same detection mode, the QCM-based sensor array coated with six

• BiPyB = 1,4-bis(4-pyridyl)benzene. The achiral MOF structures were Cu3(BTC)2, Cu(BDC), and Cu(BPDC). The QCM sensor array successfully worked as an electronic nose system for detecting chiral odor molecules of limonene, 2-octanol, 1-phenylethanol, 1-phenylethylamine, and methyl lactate. The achiral MOF

• structures showed very similar responses for isomers and could not distinguish different molecules, while the homochiral MOF structures could enantioselectively distinguish chiral molecules. The combined capability of the sensor array allowed for the enantioselective detection and discrimination of chiral

Application of nanoarchitectonics in moist-electric generation

• Jia-Cheng Feng and
• Hong Xia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1185–1200, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.99

• for green energy in the near future. MEGs are also widely used in sensors [54]. For example, a moisture-eletric touch sensor array can provide uniform and sensitive touch feedback (Figure 10e). As shown in Figure 10f, a breath detector can monitor different breathing patterns, including short breaths

• ); permission conveyed through Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. This content is not subject to CC BY 4.0. (j) SEM image showing a highly aligned PVA@DA/PVDF NF array. The LSCM image shows PVA-wrapped DA/PVDF NFs. Figure 10j was reproduced from [76], Li, T. et al., “Power Generation from Moisture Fluctuations

Microneedle-based ocular drug delivery systems – recent advances and challenges

• Piotr Gadziński,
• Anna Froelich,
• Monika Wojtyłko,
• Antoni Białek,
• Julia Krysztofiak and
• Tomasz Osmałek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1167–1184, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.98

• drug is deposited in the form of a thin layer on the external surface of the microneedle. Various coating techniques have been reported in the literature and summarized elsewhere [171][172][173]. The simplest method is dip coating, in which the microneedle array is immersed in the coating liquid and

• dissolving microneedles and did not require prolonged contact with the eyeball surface thereby decreasing eye irritation and discomfort during application. However, this issue should be thoroughly investigated before releasing any microneedle array-based formulation to the pharmaceutical market. As can be

Comparing the performance of single and multifrequency Kelvin probe force microscopy techniques in air and water

• Jason I. Kilpatrick,
• Emrullah Kargin and
• Brian J. Rodriguez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 922–943, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.82

• ± ωe and ωm ± 2ωe is required. Substituting Equation 31 into Equation 28 we obtain The SNR is then obtained from the root sum squared of and resulting in D. Electrodyne-KPFM (ED) For electrodyne-KPFM, two electrical signals, ωe1 and ωe2, are applied and these generate an array of mixing products

Efficiency of electron cooling in cold-electron bolometers with traps

• Dmitrii A. Pimanov,
• Vladimir A. Frost,
• Anton V. Blagodatkin,
• Anna V. Gordeeva,
• Andrey L. Pankratov and
• Leonid S. Kuzmin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 896–901, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.80

• well as the electron temperature, to show the effectiveness of our electron cooling. Measurements results The sample OL-G7nn from a new sample series has the same antenna design as in [6][7][21] of a 2D array [22] with four parallel and 48 series connections, and it utilizes the same normal metal traps

• ] and OL-G7nn (left axis, solid curves) at 200 mK phonon temperature, recalculated to a single bolometer in the array, and the electron temperatures for samples C and OL-G7nn (right axis, dashed curves); (b) the ratio between the sum of the Andreev and leakage currents and the quasi-particle current of

• two samples (left axis, solid curves), recalculated to a single bolometer in the array, and the cooling powers for samples C and OL-G7nn (right axis, dashed curves). Funding This work was supported by the Center of Excellence "Center of Photonics" funded by The Ministry of Science and Higher

Numerical modeling of a multi-frequency receiving system based on an array of dipole antennas for LSPE-SWIPE

• Alexander V. Chiginev,
• Anton V. Blagodatkin,
• Dmitrii A. Pimanov,
• Ekaterina A. Matrozova,
• Anna V. Gordeeva,
• Andrey L. Pankratov and
• Leonid S. Kuzmin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 865–872, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.77

• radiation pattern of the receiving system, and the other is facing the receiving antenna array. The constriction of the horn determines the modal composition of the electromagnetic field passing through the horn. For a given constriction diameter, up to 38 modes of a circular waveguide are propagating in

• for CEB at high frequencies. In the process of numerical simulation, we calculated the dependence of the power, Pi, released on the active resistance of the i-th RC-chain of the array of receiving cells, on the frequency of the incident radiation, and the total power in all receiving cells: The

• channels. Main frequency channel of the LSPE-SWIPE The LSPE-SWIPE 145 GHz main channel receiving system is based on an array of dipole antennas with integrated CEBs (Figure 3). The receiving cells are located within a circle under the opening of a bidirectional horn. Its characteristic feature is that the

Self-assembly of C₆₀ on a ZnTPP/Fe(001)–p(1 × 1)O substrate: observation of a quasi-freestanding C₆₀ monolayer

• Guglielmo Albani,
• Michele Capra,
• Alessandro Lodesani,
• Alberto Calloni,
• Gianlorenzo Bussetti,
• Marco Finazzi,
• Franco Ciccacci,
• Alberto Brambilla,
• Lamberto Duò and
• Andrea Picone

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 857–864, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.76

• . The coexisting LEED patterns of the Fe(001)–p(1 × 1)O surface and of the ZnTPP film allow for the quantitative evaluation of the overlayer lattice constant, which indicates that the molecules arrange themselves in a (5 × 5) commensurate array with respect to the Fe(001)–p(1 ×1)O surface, in agreement

Fabrication and testing of polymer microneedles for transdermal drug delivery

• Vahid Ebrahiminejad,
• Zahra Faraji Rad,
• Philip D. Prewett and
• Graham J. Davies

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 629–640, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.55

• of bending, buckling, and tip blunting were then examined using compression tests and also theoretically. MN array insertion performance was studied in vitro on porcine back skin using both a prototype custom-made applicator and a commercial device. An adjustable skin stretcher mechanism was designed

• safety for the current MN design demonstrated its potential for transdermal drug delivery and fluid sampling. Experimental results indicated significant penetration improvements using the prototype applicator, which produced array penetration efficiencies as high as >92%, depending on the impact velocity

• force of the skin. Successful insertion is achieved upon reaching sufficient penetration depth and creating microchannels within the skin. However, the skin’s inherent elasticity and its irregular surface, with the tendency to fold around MN projections, result in unpredictable array penetration

Approaching microwave photon sensitivity with Al Josephson junctions

• Andrey L. Pankratov,
• Anna V. Gordeeva,
• Leonid S. Revin,
• Dmitry A. Ladeynov,
• Anton A. Yablokov and
• Leonid S. Kuzmin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 582–589, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.50

• efficiency of switching q. The fitting curves in Figure 5a are obtained with δt = 0.3 ns for slope 3 and δt = 5.7 ns for slope 15. The curve with slope 3 fits the experimental data for the bias current of 8.15 μA quite well if the q-array is [5 × 10−10, 5 × 10−10, 5 × 10−10, 0.002, 0.13, 1, 1, …]. Therefore

Ciprofloxacin-loaded dissolving polymeric microneedles as a potential therapeutic for the treatment of S. aureus skin infections

• Sharif Abdelghany,
• Walhan Alshaer,
• Yazan Al Thaher,
• Maram Al Fawares,
• Amal G. Al-Bakri,
• Saja Zuriekat and
• Randa SH. Mansour

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 517–527, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.43

• 20 min at 10,000g (Eppendorf 5425, UK). All samples were analyzed using the developed reverse-phase HPLC method. The drug distribution resulting from the control was studied in the same manner except that, instead of inserting a ciprofloxacin microneedle array, free gel containing an equivalent

• PVA as the matrix blend of the microneedles [35]. The CIP content in our study was 170 µg per array for CIP_MN1 and 182 µg per array for CIP_MN2. Microneedle penetration capabilities To assess the skin penetration capabilities of CIP_MN1 and CIP_MN2, we utilized Parafilm as a model to simulate human

• microneedles are capable of penetrating human skin. The thickness of the Parafilm is 130 µm. Therefore, the ability of CIP_MN1 to fully puncture Parafilm is an indication that these microneedles can potentially fully penetrate the skin when applied. CIP_MN1 gave a complete array of perforations for the first

Tubular glassy carbon microneedles with fullerene-like tips for biomedical applications

• Sharali Malik and
• George E. Kostakis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 455–461, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.38

• material was pre-patterned as an array, which was then converted to glassy carbon microneedle patches via a conventional carbon-microelectromechanical system (C-MEMS) process [14]. In this article we report the fabrication of freestanding glassy carbon microneedles in a single step achieved by the

A chemiresistive sensor array based on polyaniline nanocomposites and machine learning classification

• Jiri Kroutil,
• Alexandr Laposa,
• Ali Ahmad,
• Jan Voves,
• Vojtech Povolny,
• Ladislav Klimsa,
• Marina Davydova and
• Miroslav Husak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 411–423, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.34

• 1999/2, 182 21 Prague, Czech Republic 10.3762/bjnano.13.34 Abstract The selective detection of ammonia (NH3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon oxides (CO2 and CO), acetone ((CH3)2CO), and toluene (C6H5CH3) is investigated by means of a gas sensor array based on polyaniline nanocomposites. The array

• data by principal component analysis to be a highly accurate method reach to 99% of the classification of six different gases. Keywords: feature extraction; gas sensor; pattern recognition; sensor array; Introduction The control and monitoring of toxic gaseous substances, such as ammonia, nitrogen

• powerful tool to address the abovementioned drawbacks is the implementation of a multisensor array combined with appropriate pattern recognition and classification tools [6]. Recently, classification in gas sensing applications has been carried out by principal component analysis to identify the difference

Electrostatic pull-in application in flexible devices: A review

• Teng Cai,
• Yuming Fang,
• Yingli Fang,
• Ruozhou Li,
• Ying Yu and
• Mingyang Huang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 390–403, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.32

• the first time. They used single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) to prepare a suspended cross bistable switch array. Table 1 summarizes the structures and the voltage of CNT-NEM switches described in the literature. In addition to bridge and cantilever structures, the vertical structure further

Micro- and nanotechnology in biomedical engineering for cartilage tissue regeneration in osteoarthritis

• Zahra Nabizadeh,
• Mahmoud Nasrollahzadeh,
• Hamed Daemi,
• Mohamadreza Baghaban Eslaminejad,
• Ali Akbar Shabani,
• Mehdi Dadashpour,
• Majid Mirmohammadkhani and
• Davood Nasrabadi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 363–389, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.31

A broadband detector based on series YBCO grain boundary Josephson junctions

• Egor I. Glushkov,
• Alexander V. Chiginev,
• Leonid S. Kuzmin and
• Leonid S. Revin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 325–333, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.27

• dynamic range by a factor of 5. For typical YBaCuO Josephson junctions fabricated on a ZrYO bicrystal substrate by magnetron deposition, the following parameters were obtained at a temperature of 77 K: responsivity = 9 kV/W; NEP = 3·10−13 W/Hz(1/2); power dynamic range = 1·106. Keywords: array

• applications the performance of the HTSC devices is limited by the fairly low impedance of the JJ. It leads to moderate conversion efficiency in Josephson mixers [15][16] and reduced absorbed power in JJ detectors [17]. One possible way to solve this problem is to replace a single JJ by a chain or an array of

• of the three-port configuration increases due to better antenna matching, each individual port in the array receives less power than in the case of a single port in the antenna. Due to the serial connection of the JJs into a common receiving system, the elements share the power among them. The more

Engineered titania nanomaterials in advanced clinical applications

• Padmavati Sahare,
• Paulina Govea Alvarez,
• Juan Manual Sanchez Yanez,
• Gabriel Luna-Bárcenas,
• Samik Chakraborty,
• Sujay Paul and
• Miriam Estevez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 201–218, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.15

• phosphate ions than the rutile phase in body fluids, supporting the deposition of apatite. A titania nanotube array (anatase) showed increased cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation [67]. Titanium heart valves are also very compatible and compete with regular tissue valves [68]. In addition

A photonic crystal material for the online detection of nonpolar hydrocarbon vapors

• Evgenii S. Bolshakov,
• Aleksander V. Ivanov,
• Andrei A. Kozlov,
• Anton S. Aksenov,
• Elena V. Isanbaeva,
• Sergei E. Kushnir,
• Aleksei D. Yapryntsev,
• Aleksander E. Baranchikov and
• Yury A. Zolotov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 127–136, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.9

• array with a sensing matrix of polydimethylsiloxane, have been determined by using scanning electron microscopy and by the results of specular reflectance spectroscopy based on the Bragg–Snell law. A new approach has been proposed for the application of this sensor in chemical analysis for the

• of a monolayer of spherical particles placed on a substrate. 3D structures, which appear in the form of a crystalline colloidal array (CCA), are called opal structures (spherical particles close-packed in an ordered structure). If the structure has been placed in a matrix and the particles have been

• , the structure has a face-centered cubic lattice (FCC), therefore, it can be assumed that the structure is filled by 74% with PS and that the remaining volume is filled with air or polydimethylsiloxane [34][35]. Figure 2 shows the surface of a crystalline colloidal array obtained by using scanning

Sputtering onto liquids: a critical review

• Anastasiya Sergievskaya,
• Adrien Chauvin and
• Stephanos Konstantinidis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 10–53, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.2

Morphology-driven gas sensing by fabricated fractals: A review

• Vishal Kamathe and
• Rupali Nagar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1187–1208, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.88

• -assisted chemical etching was used by Qin et al. [79] to prepare a dendritic array of Si/WO3 NW composites, which was tested for the detection of NO2 gas at room temperature. Figure 17a–e SEM and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) images of Si/WO3 NWs. Figure 17f shows the XRD

A new method for obtaining model-free viscoelastic material properties from atomic force microscopy experiments using discrete integral transform techniques

• Berkin Uluutku,
• Enrique A. López-Guerra and
• Santiago D. Solares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1063–1077, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.79

• single Voigt unit in series with a spring. Details about the simulation and the material parameters can be found in the Methods section. Linear ramp stress is applied to the material, from which the corresponding strain is calculated. This calculation gives the stress vs strain as a time-dependent array

An overview of microneedle applications, materials, and fabrication methods

• Zahra Faraji Rad,
• Philip D. Prewett and
• Graham J. Davies

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1034–1046, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.77

• biotherapeutics, drugs, and vaccines through the skin. A wide range of microneedle structure, design, geometry, and microneedle array densities is manufactured using different rapid prototyping and microfabrication technologies such as deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) [2], lithography [3], hot embossing [4], and

• example using porous silicon, is one possible solution [39][40][41]. However, a hydrogel reservoir which could be much larger than the microneedle array seems a better option, since it can swell to achieve greater load which can be released under finger pressure in combination with microfluidic

• -opened, conical, bevelled tip, (3) material selection, (4) fabrication feasibility, (5) application, (6) layout of the arrays, (7) density, (8) total number of microneedles, and (9) surface layer state (e.g., hydrophobicity). In addition, microneedles are defined according to their array density, length

Uniform arrays of gold nanoelectrodes with tuneable recess depth

• Elena O. Gordeeva,
• Ilya V. Roslyakov,
• Alexey P. Leontiev,
• Alexey A. Klimenko and
• Kirill S. Napolskii

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 957–964, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.72

• pathways to further improve the recessed nanoelectrode arrays based on anodic alumina templates are discussed. Keywords: anodic alumina; gold; nanoelectrode array; recessed electrode; templated electrodeposition; Introduction A nanoelectrode array (NEA) is a set of regularly arranged isolated metal

• direct-writing using electron beam lithography [11][12] or ion beam milling [13][14]) are limited by the ensemble area and expensive in mass production, but allow one to precisely tune the parameters of an array (a geometry of individual electrodes and the distance between them) over a wide range. An

• available porous AAO films with a highly irregular structure to prepare the Au nanowell electrodes with 600 nm depth by templated electrodeposition. It is worth noting that the percentage of nanoelectrodes in the array that are involved in electrochemical reactions has not been discussed in detail. At the

The role of convolutional neural networks in scanning probe microscopy: a review

• Ido Azuri,
• Irit Rosenhek-Goldian,
• Neta Regev-Rudzki,
• Georg Fantner and
• Sidney R. Cohen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 878–901, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.66

• layer of filters (i.e., kernels). Each filter is an array that contains parameters. Each filter is convoluted with each image resulting in mappings of the extracted features. These are called “feature maps”. The number of feature maps for an image is the number of filters applied to the image. In

Physical constraints lead to parallel evolution of micro- and nanostructures of animal adhesive pads: a review

• Thies H. Büscher and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 725–743, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.57

• interactions, undisputedly one of the most important groups of animals [37]. The chitinous exoskeleton is often mentioned as the basis of structural diversification and considered a key innovation for the success of insects [37][38][39]. The versatility of the cuticular integument provides a broad array of

• rough surfaces [158][162]. Pad material (structure) that is soft under compression but strong under tension It is well known that an array of thin fibres is soft under compression, but exceptionally strong under tension [253]. This is the key principle of both pad architectures: hairy and smooth (Figure