Nanocellulose: Recent advances and its prospects in environmental remediation

• Katrina Pui Yee Shak,
• Yean Ling Pang and
• Shee Keat Mah

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2479–2498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.232

• the context of CNF extraction from feedstocks, numerous mechanical techniques have been applied as discussed later. To our knowledge, BC is the only cellulose synthesized using the bottom-up approach via enzymatic synthesis. It is one of the purest forms of cellulose produced by non-photosynthetic

• cellulose pulp is required to produce CNF/CNC. In general, most CNCs and CNFs are produced through breaking down the cellulose fibres into nanosize fragments (top-down process), except for BC and electrospun cellulose nanofiber (ECNF) which utilize bacteria and an electrospinning technique (bottom-up

Block copolymers for designing nanostructured porous coatings

• Roberto Nisticò

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2332–2344, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.218

• and/or coatings, which can be classified into one of the two classical routes: the bottom-up or the top-down approach [8][9][10]. In particular, a “top-down” approach relies on the exploitation of externally controlled parameters to build up a nanostructured architecture starting from larger

• dimensions [11]. Conversely, a “bottom-up” approach involves the growth of (sub)nanometer components (i.e., colloids, (macro)molecules, or even atoms) to produce complex nanoarchitectures [12]. The fabrication of well-ordered nanostructured materials has developed considerably in recent years, thus becoming

Dumbbell gold nanoparticle dimer antennas with advanced optical properties

• Janning F. Herrmann and
• Christiane Höppener

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2188–2197, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.205

• approaches, which rely on, e.g., electron-beam lithography, ion milling and other techniques, are widely used, often tailoring gap structures explores common limitations in regard to their obtainable resolution and non-invasiveness. In contrast, common bottom-up approaches often rely on the specific

Self-assembled quasi-hexagonal arrays of gold nanoparticles with small gaps for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

• Emre Gürdal,
• Simon Dickreuter,
• Fatima Noureddine,
• Pascal Bieschke,
• Dieter P. Kern and
• Monika Fleischer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1977–1985, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.188

• enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) [10]. Ordered arrays of such particles can be fabricated by different methods. Electron-beam lithography for example is a top-down method which provides good control, but is time consuming and costly. In contrast, the self-assembly of block-copolymers is a bottom-up

• measurements the exposure time was set to 60 s to reduce noise. Results and Discussion We use the bottom-up method of BCML combined with ED to fabricate tunable gold nanoparticles forming quasi-hexagonal arrays on a silicon substrate. The optical properties of the gold nanoparticles are investigated by dark

• fabrication of nano-particles that exhibit very small mode volumes and high near-fields. The fabrication is based on bottom-up processes and thus offers the possibility to scale it up to bigger substrates and higher throughput. The high near-fields and the ease of fabrication make these structures

Interaction-tailored organization of large-area colloidal assemblies

• Silvia Rizzato,
• Elisabetta Primiceri,
• Anna Grazia Monteduro,
• Adriano Colombelli,
• Angelo Leo,
• Maria Grazia Manera,
• Roberto Rella and
• Giuseppe Maruccio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1582–1593, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.150

• of nanoscale patterns such as nanoscale holes (nanoholes), nanoscale disks (nanodisks), nanoscale dots (nanodots) and nanoscale rings (nanorings), combining the advantages of both top-down and bottom-up approaches [16][17][18]. In this technique, monodisperse, spherical, nanoscale materials (usually

Robust topological phase in proximitized core–shell nanowires coupled to multiple superconductors

• Tudor D. Stanescu,
• Anna Sitek and
• Andrei Manolescu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1512–1526, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.142

• . However, the experimental realization and detection of these modes involve 3D nanowires [26]. The most common materials are InSb and InAs due to their large g-factor and strong SOC. The wires are grown by bottom-up methods and have usually a prismatic shape with a hexagonal cross section, as determined by

Facile phase transfer of gold nanorods and nanospheres stabilized with block copolymers

• Yaroslav I. Derikov,
• Georgiy A. Shandryuk,
• Raisa V. Talroze,
• Alexander A. Ezhov and
• Yaroslav V. Kudryavtsev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 616–627, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.58

• positioning in host matrices. Control over the size, shape and surface of nanoparticles is an effective tool that can be used in bottom up approaches for the fabrication of composite materials [1][2]. An optimal strategy of nanoparticle synthesis should account for their target application. For example, block

Green synthesis of fluorescent carbon dots from spices for in vitro imaging and tumour cell growth inhibition

• Nagamalai Vasimalai,
• Vânia Vilas-Boas,
• Juan Gallo,
• María de Fátima Cerqueira,
• Mario Menéndez-Miranda,
• José Manuel Costa-Fernández,
• Lorena Diéguez,
• Begoña Espiña and
• María Teresa Fernández-Argüelles

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 530–544, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.51

• not selected for control experiments. Also, considering that the C-dots syntheses reported here are based on bottom-up strategies, similar to the synthesis from citric acid, citric acid C-dots have been selected as control in our experiments. It is worth to mention that the citric acid-based C-dots

Review: Electrostatically actuated nanobeam-based nanoelectromechanical switches – materials solutions and operational conditions

• Liga Jasulaneca,
• Jelena Kosmaca,
• Raimonds Meija,
• Jana Andzane and
• Donats Erts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 271–300, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.29

• the analysis of their working parameters [40][41][42][43][44][45][46]. A common approach for experimental investigation on NEM switches includes device fabrication and testing on chip. The fabrication can be based either on entirely top-down, or on a combination of top-down, bottom-up and

• nanostructures (nanowires, nanotubes, nanorods, graphene) with a good uniformity and desired properties. The microfabrication routine may be supplemented with some bottom-up approaches. Dielectrophoresis [33], controlled nanomaterial growth [34], and nanomanipulation [9] have been demonstrated as useful methods

• . Several CNT-based relays and switches have been fabricated using the bottom-up arrangement of CNTs, including dielectrophoresis [33], controlled growth of CNTs [34][37], dispersion coating [12][35][36], nanomanipulation [15][32] techniques and electron beam lithography/metal sputtering for the fabrication

Liquid-crystalline nanoarchitectures for tissue engineering

• Baeckkyoung Sung and
• Min-Ho Kim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 205–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.22

• lies in their self-assembly behavior and the formation of hierarchical 3D nanoarchitectures with long-range order. This spontaneous organization has strong advantages such as structural biomimicry, facile bottom-up processing, straightforward upscaling, and low energy cost. In tissue engineering

Au nanostructure fabrication by pulsed laser deposition in open air: Influence of the deposition geometry

• Rumen G. Nikov,
• Anna Og. Dikovska,
• Nikolay N. Nedyalkov,
• Georgi V. Avdeev and
• Petar A. Atanasov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2438–2445, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.242

• their fabrication. Such applications require contamination-free nanostructures, suggesting that the development and use of physical nanofabrication methods is further warranted. One of the physical vapor deposition techniques widely applied in bottom-up nanotechnology is pulsed laser deposition (PLD

The interplay between spin densities and magnetic superexchange interactions: case studies of mono- and trinuclear bis(oxamato)-type complexes

• Azar Aliabadi,
• Bernd Büchner,
• Vladislav Kataev and
• Tobias Rüffer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2245–2256, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.224

• of type-II complexes stated that “[…]The oxamide moiety bridging two metal ions […] serve as a pathway through which electron spin interactions takes place and their copper complexes […] are magnetically subnormal[…]” [15]. The beauty of this “bottom-up” approach, i.e., the addition of transition

A systematic study of the controlled generation of crystalline iron oxide nanoparticles on graphene using a chemical etching process

• Peter Krauß,
• Jörg Engstler and
• Jörg J. Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2017–2025, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.202

• -down and bottom-up approaches to synthesize and isolate graphene, each having their own advantages and disadvantages [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. The most common route to synthesize continuous, large-area graphene is chemical vapor deposition (CVD) using a carbon precursor on a planar metal catalyst

Bi-layer sandwich film for antibacterial catheters

• Gerhard Franz,
• Florian Schamberger,
• Hamideh Heidari Zare,
• Sara Felicitas Bröskamp and
• Dieter Jocham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1982–2001, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.199

• nanotechnology, it is a bottom-up technique. Layer growth from zero level passes through several stages until the single grains have built a coherent film. This process is visualized with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). PPX layer: The cap layer must meet at least two requirements. First, it must protect the

(Metallo)porphyrins for potential materials science applications

• Lars Smykalla,
• Carola Mende,
• Michael Fronk,
• Pablo F. Siles,
• Michael Hietschold,
• Georgeta Salvan,
• Dietrich R. T. Zahn,
• Oliver G. Schmidt,
• Tobias Rüffer and
• Heinrich Lang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1786–1800, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.180

• Nanosciences, IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstrasse 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.8.180 Abstract The bottom-up approach to replace existing devices by molecular-based systems is a subject that attracts permanently increasing interest. Molecular-based devices offer not only to miniaturize the device

Luminescent supramolecular hydrogels from a tripeptide and nitrogen-doped carbon nanodots

• Maria C. Cringoli,
• Slavko Kralj,
• Marina Kurbasic,
• Massimo Urban and
• Silvia Marchesan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1553–1562, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.157

• electron transfer and redox properties. There are two main methods to synthesize CNDs: top-down (e.g., laser ablation, electrochemical synthesis) and bottom-up (e.g., combustion, microwave irradiation) [1][2]. In particular, the use of microwave (MW) irradiation is an interesting synthetic approach, which

Micro- and nano-surface structures based on vapor-deposited polymers

• Hsien-Yeh Chen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1366–1374, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.138

• have recently attracted considerable attention. The multifunctional, gradient, and/or synergistic activities of using such interfaces are also discussed. Finally, an emerging discovery of selective deposition of polymer coatings and the bottom-up patterning approach by using the selective deposition

Nanotopographical control of surfaces using chemical vapor deposition processes

• Meike Koenig and
• Joerg Lahann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1250–1256, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.126

• , polarity or interaction with adsorbing monomers. Additionally, the introduction of porogens during the deposition process and the deposition at an oblique angle are methods that have been reported to lead to the formation of three-dimensional polymer structures. With these bottom-up approaches, structured

A top-down approach for fabricating three-dimensional closed hollow nanostructures with permeable thin metal walls

• Carlos Angulo Barrios and
• Víctor Canalejas-Tejero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1231–1237, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.124

• as artificial cells [2], controlled transport and delivery of chemical agents (e.g., pharmaceutical drugs) [3], catalysis [4], lithium batteries [5] and confined reaction compartments (nanoreactors) [1]. Most fabrication methods of nanocages are based on bottom-up techniques, mainly colloidal and sol

Near-field surface plasmon field enhancement induced by rippled surfaces

• Mario D’Acunto,
• Francesco Fuso,
• Ruggero Micheletto,
• Makoto Naruse,
• Francesco Tantussi and
• Maria Allegrini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 956–967, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.97

• and height much smaller than the wavelength of typical plasmon resonances. Different top-down or bottom-up fabrication techniques have been introduced to produce metal nanostructures with active plasmonic reactivity [14]. For example, ion beam sputtering (IBS) is a widely employed bottom-up technique

Synthesis of graphene–transition metal oxide hybrid nanoparticles and their application in various fields

• Arpita Jana,
• Elke Scheer and
• Sebastian Polarz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 688–714, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.74

• different chemical functionalisation processes [37][38]. Graphene prepared by the first three processes has the highest quality in terms of structure and properties. The different processes for the synthesis of graphene can be classified into two main categories: bottom-up approaches and top-down approaches

• (Figure 1). Bottom-up growth of graphene includes micromechanical exfoliation of bulk graphite. The processes included in the bottom-up synthesis of graphene are CVD [39][40], arc discharge [41], and epitaxial growth [42]. Using CVD, graphene and few-layer graphene have been grown on catalytic metal

Self-assembly of silicon nanowires studied by advanced transmission electron microscopy

• Marta Agati,
• Guillaume Amiard,
• Vincent Le Borgne,
• Paola Castrucci,
• Richard Dolbec,
• Maurizio De Crescenzi,
• My Alì El Khakani and
• Simona Boninelli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 440–445, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.47

• within the plasma reactor. Both the STEM tomography and STEM-EDX analysis contributed to gain further insight into the self-assembly process. In the long-term, this approach might be used to optimize the synthesis of VLS-grown SiNWs via ICP as a competitive technique to the well-established bottom-up

• of the sequential steps required to achieve the desired nanostructure and to the scaling up of such procedures. On the other hand, bottom-up approaches, founded on the aggregation of atoms or molecules as elementary components for the synthesis of nanomaterials, seem to be a good strategy to

Association of aescin with β- and γ-cyclodextrins studied by DFT calculations and spectroscopic methods

• Ana I. Ramos,
• Pedro D. Vaz,
• Susana S. Braga and
• Artur M. S. Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 348–357, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.37

• SCARF cluster. Thanks are also due to the COST Action MP1202: Rational design of hybrid organic-inorganic interfaces) and to the COST Action MP 1302 Nanospectroscopy, where parts of the findings presented in this manuscript have been previously presented, as shown: – MP1202: HINT Training School “Bottom

• -up Approaches of Hybrid Materials: Preparation and Design” (26–28 May 2015, Ljubljana, Slovenia) - poster communication “Inclusion of aescin into beta and gamma cyclodextrins”; HINT General Scientific Workshop and Review Meeting (12–14 October 2015, Milan, Italy) – oral communication “Nano

The cleaner, the greener? Product sustainability assessment of the biomimetic façade paint Lotusan^® in comparison to the conventional façade paint Jumbosil^®

• Florian Antony,
• Rainer Grießhammer,
• Thomas Speck and
• Olga Speck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 2100–2115, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.200

• results in basic biological research, the initial description of self-cleaning properties was done by the German biologist Wilhelm Barthlott in the late 1970s. This became the starting point for the development of Lotusan® [28][29], a perfect example of a bottom-up process in biomimetics [1

Facile fabrication of luminescent organic dots by thermolysis of citric acid in urea melt, and their use for cell staining and polyelectrolyte microcapsule labelling

• Nadezhda M. Zholobak,
• Anton L. Popov,
• Alexander B. Shcherbakov,
• Nelly R. Popova,
• Mykhailo M. Guzyk,
• Valeriy P. Antonovich,
• Alla V. Yegorova,
• Yuliya V. Scrypynets,
• Inna I. Leonenko,
• Alexander Ye. Baranchikov and
• Vladimir K. Ivanov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1905–1917, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.182

• File 1, Figure S4). Among the numerous families of O-dots, the most popular nanostructures are prepared by a “bottom up” route, via the thermolysis of various organic compounds. For example, when heated citric acid and its salts are transformed easily into O-dots [20][21][22][23][24][25] (see