Quality by design optimization of microemulsions for topical delivery of Passiflora setacea seed oil

• Daniel T. Pereira,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Danielle T. Freire,
• Dayanne L. Porto,
• Cícero F. S. Aragão,
• Myla L. de Souza,
• Guilherme R. S. de Araujo,
• Ana Maria Costa,
• Wógenes N. Oliveira,
• Anne Sapin-Minet,
• Éverton N. Alencar and
• Eryvaldo Sócrates T. Egito

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2116–2131, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.146

• assays demonstrated high cell viability for ME at concentrations below 2 mg/mL in RAW 264.7 macrophages and 0.5 mg/mL in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Overall, this work presents a promising nanotechnology-based topical delivery platform for P. setacea seed oil, employing quality by design

• Instrument, Inc®, France). Cell viability was calculated normalizing untreated controls as 100%, according to the equation: Statistical analysis Statistical analyses, excluding those related to DoE, were performed using the Prism® 10 software (GraphPad, California, USA). Two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s pos

Rapid synthesis of highly monodisperse AgSbS₂ nanocrystals: unveiling multifaceted activities in cancer therapy, antibacterial strategies, and antioxidant defense

• Funda Ulusu,
• Adem Sarilmaz,
• Yakup Ulusu,
• Faruk Ozel and
• Mahmut Kus

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2105–2115, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.145

• NCs Alamar Blue assay was used to evaluate the cell viability of the synthesized NCs (12.5–400 μg/mL) on HT-29 colon cancer, MCF-7 breast cancer, and L929 fibroblast cells through cellular activity. The cytotoxicity of the synthesized NCs on these cell lines after 24 h of treatment is revealed in

Toward clinical translation of carbon nanomaterials in anticancer drug delivery: the need for standardisation

• Michał Bartkowski,
• Francesco Calzaferri and
• Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2092–2104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.144

• . Depending on the intended route of delivery and application, this may involve cytotoxicity assays to assess effects on cell viability and metabolism, and hemocompatibility assays to evaluate interactions with blood components such as red blood cells, clotting factors, and platelets. In vitro release studies

PEGylated lipids in lipid nanoparticle delivery dynamics and therapeutic innovation

• Peiyang Gao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1914–1930, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.133

• difference, lPG-LNP yielded over 43% eGFP-expressing HepG2 cells, with fluorescence intensity comparable to PEG-LNPs and cell viability remaining above 90%. Moreover, lPG-LNP showed negligible anti-PEG antibody binding at approximately 0.83 ng/mL, whereas PEG-LNP exhibited significantly higher binding at

Targeting the vector of arboviruses Aedes aegypti with nanoemulsions based on essential oils: a review with focus on larvicidal and repellent properties

• Laryssa Ferreira do Nascimento Silva,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros,
• Mariana Alice Gonzaga Gabú,
• Maria Cecilia Queiroga dos Santos,
• Daiane Rodrigues dos Santos,
• Mylena Lemos dos Santos,
• Gabriel Bezerra Faierstein,
• Rosângela Maria Rodrigues Barbosa and
• Fabio Rocha Formiga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1894–1913, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.132

• treatment obtained 85.4% protection, compared to that of the pure essential oil, which had a 57.4% efficacy. In addition, the formulation demonstrated a controlled release of the active compounds, with 51.7% released after 8 hours and 69.6% after 24 hours. Regarding safety, the cell viability of murine

• oils. Furthermore, these nanoemulsions demonstrate low toxicity given the high cell viability in tests with murine fibroblasts and safety in rats and humans, which makes them a promising and safe option

Phytol-loaded soybean oil nanoemulsion as a promising alternative against Leishmania amazonensis

• Victória Louise Pinto Freire,
• Mariana Farias Alves-Silva,
• Johny W. de Freitas Oliveira,
• Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa,
• Alianda Maira Cornélio,
• Marcelo de Souza-Silva,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros and
• Arnóbio Antônio da Silva Junior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1826–1836, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.126

• presented in Table 1. 3T3 fibroblast-like cell viability Cell viability in mammalian cells was assessed using 3T3 fibroblast-like cells at 24 and 48 hours (Figure 3). Our results showed that none of the treatments induced significant cytotoxicity in this cell type at 24 hours. However, at 48 hours

• , cytotoxicity was observed in cells treated with free PHYT and blank-NE at a concentration of 200 µg/mL, resulting in 67% and 71% cell viability, respectively. Interestingly, PHYT-NE remained safe at all tested concentrations and time points, with cell viability above 80% even at the highest concentration. In

• evaluate the leishmanicidal potential of these nanoemulsions. As PHYT-NE concentrations and exposure times increased, the leishmanicidal activity also improved. Importantly, this formulation did not induce a reduction in cell viability sufficient to indicate cytotoxicity to 3T3 cells, even at the highest

Multifunctional anionic nanoemulsion with linseed oil and lecithin: a preliminary approach for dry eye disease

• Niédja Fittipaldi Vasconcelos,
• Almerinda Agrelli,
• Rayane Cristine Santos da Silva,
• Carina Lucena Mendes-Marques,
• Isabel Renata de Souza Arruda,
• Priscilla Stela Santana de Oliveira,
• Mércia Liane de Oliveira and
• Giovanna Machado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1711–1733, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.120

• >75% cell viability in L929 cells and ~10% 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) antioxidant effect. These findings support the multifunctional potential (cytocompatibility and antioxidant) of sterile OphtNE-3.66%(K1%) for the treatment of DED, emphasizing the need for in vivo studies to ensure its

• , maintained under standard conditions (5% CO2 at 37 °C). Cell viability was determined using the trypan blue exclusion method. The in vitro cytotoxicity of the sterile nanoformulations was evaluated according to the guidelines of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO 10993-5:2009) [59

• ], using the MTT assay to assess cell viability based on metabolic activity. L929 fibroblasts were seeded in 96-well plates at 2 × 104 cells per well. After 24 h, the medium was replaced with 100 µL of fresh medium containing sterile ophthalmic nanoformulations, providing final linseed oil concentrations

Acrocomia aculeata oil-loaded nanoemulsion: development, anti-inflammatory properties, and cytotoxicity evaluation

• Verónica Bautista-Robles,
• Hady Keita,
• Edgar Julián Paredes Gamero,
• Layna Tayná Brito Leite,
• Jessica de Araújo Isaías Muller,
• Mônica Cristina Toffoli Kadri,
• Ariadna Lafourcade Prada and
• Jesús Rafael Rodríguez Amado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1277–1288, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.93

• triplicate, and cell viability was expressed as a percentage according to International Organization for Standardization ISO 10993-5 guidelines [65]. Anti-inflammatory activity of Acrocomia aculeata oil-based nanoemulsion Animals The anti-inflammatory effect was evaluated using carrageenan-induced paw edema

• nanoemulsion loaded with bocaiúva oil. Hemolytic effect (A) and cell viability assay (B) of nanoemulsion loaded with Acrocomia aculeata fruit oil. Anti-inflammatory effect of Acrocomia aculeata fruit oil and oil-loaded nanoemulsion. Different letters indicate statistically significant differences at p ≤ 0.05

Better together: biomimetic nanomedicines for high performance tumor therapy

• Imran Shair Mohammad,
• Gizem Kursunluoglu,
• Anup Kumar Patel,
• Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq,
• Cansu Umran Tunc,
• Dilek Kanarya,
• Mubashar Rehman,
• Omer Aydin and
• Yin Lifang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1246–1276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.92

Chitosan nanocomposite containing rotenoids: an alternative bioinsecticidal approach for the management of Aedes aegypti

• Maria A. A. Bertonceli,
• Vitor D. C. Cristo,
• Ivo J. Vieira,
• Francisco J. A. Lemos,
• Arnoldo R. Façanha,
• Raimundo Braz-Filho,
• Gustavo V. T. Batista,
• Luis G. M. Basso,
• Sérgio H. Seabra,
• Thalya S. R. Nogueira,
• Felipe F. Moreira,
• Arícia L. E. M. Assis,
• Antônia E. A. Oliveira and
• Kátia V. S. Fernandes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1197–1208, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.88

• , even when delivered via nanocomposites. The cytotoxicity analysis of natural rotenoids to HSF cells revealed no statistically significant differences in cell viability between the control group and the treatments with either in natura rotenoids or the CS/TPP-β-CD–rot nanocomposite (Figure 7; p > 0.05

• ). Both treatments maintained cell viability at levels comparable to the control, indicating the absence of cytotoxic effects. These findings demonstrate that the encapsulation of rotenoids into the CS/TPP-β-CD system does not induce cytotoxicity, similarly to the free compound, suggesting that the

• , esfenvalerate, and α-cypermethrin) can affect cell viability by inducing the production of nitric oxide and lipid peroxides in three human cell models (SH-SY5Y, HepG2, and Caco-2), even at concentrations considered safe [38]. Nevertheless, human exposure to multiple pyrethroids routinely occurs due to the

Fabrication of metal complex phthalocyanine and porphyrin nanoparticle aqueous colloids by pulsed laser fragmentation in liquid and their potential application to a photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy

• Taisei Himeda,
• Risako Kunitomi,
• Ryosuke Nabeya,
• Tamotsu Zako and
• Tsuyoshi Asahi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1088–1096, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.80

• employing MTT assays with PC12 and HeLa cells. Nanoparticle colloids diluted with PBS to various concentrations were added to the cell culture medium and incubated for 24 h; then, the cell viability was examined with and without light irradiation by using an MTT cell proliferation kit as described earlier

• [30][31]. A halogen lamp light with a wide spectral range of 500–800 nm using optical filters was used as light source for 10 min at an output power of 35 mW·cm−2 (Figure S6 and Figure S7, Supporting Information File 1). For AlClPc and PtOEP nanoparticles, a significant reduction in the cell viability

• with broadband (500–800 nm, Figure S6, Supporting Information File 1) visible-light source at 30 mW·cm−2 for 10 min. The cell viability after light irradiation was determined using a MTT cell proliferation kit (Roche) as described in [31][32]. 10 μL of the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5

Piezoelectricity of hexagonal boron nitrides improves bone tissue generation as tested on osteoblasts

• Sevin Adiguzel,
• Nilay Cicek,
• Zehra Cobandede,
• Feray B. Misirlioglu,
• Hulya Yilmaz and
• Mustafa Culha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1068–1081, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.78

• osteoblast cell activity, the HOb cell line (cell line no. 406-05a, European Collection of Cell Cultures, UK) was chosen due to its sensitivity to mechanical and electric stimuli. Cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) detection, cellular uptake, scratch, and von Kossa staining assays (Abcam, UK) were

• , Pan Biotech) before measurements, and all reagents to be added were prepared in DMEM/F-12 medium. In all in vitro assays, only cells (control, C) and US-exposed cells (C+US) were used as control groups. Cell viability assay The cell viability assay was performed with the Alamar Blue (Biorad, US

• % CO2. Afterward, the absorbance was measured at 570–600 nm to determine cell viability via a Tecan microplate reader. The linear regression method calculated the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values. Reactive oxygen species detection assay The ROS detection was carried out using the 2’,7

A calix[4]arene-based supramolecular nanoassembly targeting cancer cells and triggering the release of nitric oxide with green light

• Cristina Parisi,
• Loredana Ferreri,
• Tassia J. Martins,
• Francesca Laneri,
• Samantha Sollima,
• Antonina Azzolina,
• Antonella Cusimano,
• Nicola D’Antona,
• Grazia M. L. Consoli and
• Salvatore Sortino

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1003–1013, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.75

• room temperature for at least 48 h, as evidenced by the unaltered values of the hydrodynamic diameter and the unchanged absorption and emission features over this time window. Cytotoxicity and cell targeting properties of 1 The effects of the nanoassembly of 1 on cell viability were evaluated on

• FBS (Gibco, Life Technologies), 2 mM ʟ-glutamine, 100 U/mL penicillin, and 100 μg/mL streptomycin. Cells were grown as a monolayer at 37 °C under a controlled humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO2. MTS assay Cell viability assays (MTS) were performed using the CellTiter Aqueous OneSolution kit

• (Promega, Madison, WI, USA) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. Cells (10 × 103) were seeded into 96-well plates and incubated at 37 °C and 5% CO2 for 24 h. Then, cells were treated with increased doses of the nanoassembly of 1, and after 24 h MTS assays were performed. Cell viability data are

Serum heat inactivation diminishes ApoE-mediated uptake of D-Lin-MC3-DMA lipid nanoparticles

• Demian van Straten,
• Luuk van de Schepop,
• Rowan Frunt,
• Pieter Vader and
• Raymond M. Schiffelers

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 740–748, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.57

• vitro cellular models aiming to eventually understand biodistribution and cargo delivery efficiency of the LNPs in vivo. For in vitro cell culture, fetal calf serum (FCS) is supplemented to culture media to provide nutrients and promote cell viability and growth. Heat inactivation of FCS is often

Efficiency of single-pulse laser fragmentation of organic nutraceutical dispersions in a circular jet flow-through reactor

• Tina Friedenauer,
• Maximilian Spellauge,
• Alexander Sommereyns,
• Verena Labenski,
• Tuba Esatbeyoglu,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Heinz P. Huber and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 711–727, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.55

• -irradiated curcumin compared to the unirradiated LP0 control. Non-cytotoxic concentrations for both curcumin samples were determined using the MTT assay first. The cell viability was compromised for the untreated curcumin even at high sample dilution, whereas the laser-fragmented curcumin showed high

• ]. On the other hand, antioxidant features of curcumin are also frequently discussed [78][79], which may overshadow toxic effects and improve cell viability at higher concentrations of active soluble curcumin. The second protective effect seems to be dominant in our study, which may be attributed to the

Colloidal few layered graphene–tannic acid preserves the biocompatibility of periodontal ligament cells

• Teissir Ben Ammar,
• Naji Kharouf,
• Dominique Vautier,
• Housseinou Ba,
• Nivedita Sudheer,
• Philippe Lavalle and
• Vincent Ball

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 664–677, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.51

• all (85 %) TA added before the exfoliation was incorporated in or adsorbed on the FLG material. Figure 3A shows that the PDL cell viability drops below 70% within the concentration range of 2.5–20.0 µg·mL−1 for free TA molecules (***p < 0.001), demonstrating a significant cytotoxic effect of the

• graphene, a different scenario occurs as the FLG–TA composite shows no cytotoxicity up to a concentration of 200 µg·mL−1 (Figure 3B). These data altogether demonstrate that the addition of TA to FLG improves the cell viability compared to TA alone. The gradual increase in FLG–TA composite concentration is

• of FLG–TA with respect to the same amount of soluble TA is due to reduced mobility in the immobilized state. As shown in Figure S7, Supporting Information File 1, the LIVE/DEAD cell viability assay demonstrated that FLG–TA-treated cells maintained viability levels comparable to untreated controls

A formulation containing Cymbopogon flexuosus essential oil: improvement of biochemical parameters and oxidative stress in diabetic rats

• Ailton Santos Sena-Júnior,
• Cleverton Nascimento Santana Andrade,
• Pedro Henrique Macedo Moura,
• Jocsã Hémany Cândido dos Santos,
• Cauãn Torres Trancoso,
• Eloia Emanuelly Dias Silva,
• Deise Maria Rego Rodrigues Silva,
• Ênio Pereira Telles,
• Luiz André Santos Silva,
• Isabella Lima Dantas Teles,
• Sara Fernanda Mota de Almeida,
• Daniel Alves de Souza,
• Jileno Ferreira Santos,
• Felipe José Aidar Martins,
• Ana Mara de Oliveira e Silva,
• Sandra Lauton-Santos,
• Guilherme Rodolfo Souza de Araujo,
• Cristiane Bani Correa,
• Rogéria De Souza Nunes,
• Lysandro Pinto Borges and
• Ana Amélia Moreira Lira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 617–636, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.48

• cytotoxicity The cytotoxicity of M7-EOCF, EOCF, and S. Mix was assessed through cell viability measurements on L929 fibroblasts using the MTT method [MTT = 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazoline bromide]. Figure 4 shows that EOCF was considered cytotoxic at all concentrations tested (50, 100, and

• 200 µg/mL), with cell viability values of less than 70% when compared to the control (100% viability). The cytotoxicity of EOCF was confirmed in the study by Al-Ghanayem [38], who showed viabilities in keratinocyte cells of 51.5% and 70.5% at concentrations of 1.25 and 0.6 µL/mL of EOCF, respectively

• . In contrast, S. Mix and the microemulsion (M7-EOCF) were considered non-cytotoxic at all concentrations tested, with cell viability values greater than 70%. In the study of Sá et al. [39], MEs containing the cytotoxic essential oil of C. zeylanicum also showed no cytotoxicity, even with a high

Polyurethane/silk fibroin-based electrospun membranes for wound healing and skin substitute applications

• Iqra Zainab,
• Zohra Naseem,
• Syeda Rubab Batool,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Ahsan Nazir and
• Muhammad Anwaar Nazeer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 591–612, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.46

• applications without affecting the structure or bioactivity. The effective encapsulation of STZ was confirmed by FTIR, and the nanofibers showed high cytocompatibility in cell viability tests. STZ was released from nanofibers over 6 h, and its antibacterial activity was demonstrated through the formation of a

Synthetic-polymer-assisted antisense oligonucleotide delivery: targeted approaches for precision disease treatment

• Ana Cubillo Alvarez,
• Dylan Maguire and
• Ruairí P. Brannigan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 435–463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.34

• cell viability, demonstrating its potential for therapeutic applications in dermatology. More recently, Taniguchi et al. explored the use of PLO as a key component in a novel drug delivery system designed for the treatment of advanced breast and pancreatic cancers [90]. The researchers developed a

• PMO conjugate containing linolenic acid with three double bonds (LenA) exhibited enhanced cellular internalisation while maintaining high cell viability on various cell lines, leading to the highest splice switching activity (Figure 8). Poly(propylene imine). Since pioneering research by Vögtle and

Development of a mucoadhesive drug delivery system and its interaction with gastric cells

• Ahmet Baki Sahin,
• Serdar Karakurt and
• Deniz Sezlev Bilecen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 371–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.28

• . In this way, the possible mucus penetration in the stomach may be deduced more accurately. Determination of cell viability Possible toxic effects of EudAlg NPs on the human gastric adenocarcinoma cell line AGS were assessed for three days in 24-well plates for 1 × 105 cells and 1 mg/mL NPs per well

• , Germany. Fetal bovine serum was from Biological Industries, USA, and alamarBlue cell viability reagent was purchased from Invitrogen. For microscopy studies, PureBlu DAPI was purchased from BIORAD, and FITC-alginate was purchased from RuixiBiotech, China. Preparation of alginate nanoparticles Alginate

• nanoparticles was added on top of the gelatin layer, without mucin, to determine the maximum diffusion of nanoparticles into the gelatin. The data is presented as percent diffusion of nanoparticles with respect to the reference group. Determination of cell viability Cells of the human gastric adenocarcinoma

Graphene oxide–chloroquine conjugate induces DNA damage in A549 lung cancer cells through autophagy modulation

• Braham Dutt Arya,
• Sandeep Mittal,
• Prachi Joshi,
• Alok Kumar Pandey,
• Jaime E. Ramirez-Vick,
• Govind Gupta and
• Surinder P. Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 316–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.24

• the effect of GO–Chl on plasma membrane integrity and cell viability, we performed flow-cytometry-based PI uptake analyses. Figure 5 reveals the dose-dependent increase in the number of cells with compromised membranes, which indicates significant growth in the number of dead A549 cells after exposure

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

• concentration-dependent toxicity was observed for blank dual-functionalized CNs, being higher for MWCNTs-G-PEG6000-FA compared to MWCNTs-PEG6000-FA at the same formulation concentrations. With incorporation of TMZ into the functionalized CNs, the cell viability additionally decreased, maintaining the trend for

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• circularly polarized laser pulses, drastically reducing cell viability to about 10%. This targeted approach ensures that the laser energy remains below the threshold that could damage healthy cells, and the thermal field is efficiently confined to a 10 nm range around the cancer cells, thereby sparing

Characterization of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized using probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum GP258

• Prashantkumar Siddappa Chakra,
• Aishwarya Banakar,
• Shriram Narayan Puranik,
• Vishwas Kaveeshwar,
• C. R. Ravikumar and
• Devaraja Gayathri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 78–89, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.8

• the given bacteria. Regarding antiproliferative effects, our study exhibited an average IC50 value of 98.53 µg/mL against HT-29 cell lines. In contrast, Mohd Yusof et al. [9][23] evaluated cell viability using the MTT assay on Vero cells, revealing viability at concentrations from 100 µg/mL at 24 h

A nanocarrier containing carboxylic and histamine groups with dual action: acetylcholine hydrolysis and antidote atropine delivery

• Elina E. Mansurova,
• Andrey A. Maslennikov,
• Anna P. Lyubina,
• Alexandra D. Voloshina,
• Irek R. Nizameev,
• Marsil K. Kadirov,
• Anzhela A. Mikhailova,
• Polina V. Mikshina,
• Albina Y. Ziganshina and
• Igor S. Antipin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 11–24, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.2

• reduced pressure, and the residue was dissolved in 0.04% DMF in D2O. The analysis of the unreleased Atr amount was conducted similarly to the method described in the prior paragraphs. Cytotoxicity Based on fluorescence intensity, the cytotoxic effect was determined using the Cell Viability BioApp on the