Ultrathin water layers on mannosylated gold nanoparticles

• Maiara A. Iriarte Alonso,
• Jorge H. Melillo,
• Silvina Cerveny,
• Yujin Tong and
• Alexander M. Bittner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2183–2198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.151

• to the nanoscale, we found a homogenous dispersion of the particles (Figure 6B). This is supported by AFM topography images at the nanoscale (Figure 6C). In contrast, PEG AuNPs are not well dispersed, with more agglomerates (see the analogous Figure 6G–I), and particle clusters form microscale

• . Previous studies have shown such clusters for PEG AuNPs in solution [41], and their size is strongly reduced by adding albumin. In our case, the addition of dimannose would lead to the case of the dimanno-AuNPs, for which we do find much decreased agglomeration. Generally, nanoparticles produced inside a

• with short or long ethylene glycol chains adsorb in clusters [43], while glycosylated AuNPs are homogeneously dispersed [10]. Our AFM observations of nanoscale hydration [44] show a general trend to stronger water adsorption on dimanno-AuNPs, as compared to the PEG AuNPs (Figure 7). This agrees with

The cement of the tube-dwelling polychaete Sabellaria alveolata: a complex composite adhesive material

• Emilie Duthoo,
• Aurélie Lambert,
• Pierre Becker,
• Carla Pugliese,
• Jean-Marc Baele,
• Arnaud Delfairière,
• Matthew J. Harrington and
• Patrick Flammang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1998–2014, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.138

• building organ form the external part of a complex secretory organ made up of clusters of cement cells located deep within the parathoracic segments of the worm [6][17]. Using transmission electron microscopy, two main types of cement cells can be distinguished based on the ultrastructure of their

Laser ablation in liquids for shape-tailored synthesis of nanomaterials: status and challenges

• Natalie Tarasenka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1963–1997, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.137

• utilization of fluid and superfluid noble gases is shown in [48]. Such liquid media are characterized by quantized one-dimensional vortices, which exhibit steep pressure gradients near their cores and can therefore trap ablated atoms, clusters, and primary NPs. Once the NPs are trapped, the directions of

• their growth are largely restricted to agglomeration only along the vortex direction. As a result, coalescence of the atoms and clusters in the vortices results in the production of filament-like nanostructures and growth of nanowires with length up to several centimetres [48]. This approach has shown

Self-assembly and adhesive properties of Pollicipes pollicipes barnacle cement protein cp19k: influence of pH and ionic strength

• Shrutika Sawant,
• Anne Marie Power and
• J. Gerard Wall

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1863–1872, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.129

• NaCl (Figure 4a,b). Additionally, denser staining in a heterogenous, granulated pattern, thought to correspond to clusters of aggregated proteins, was observed to occur on both surfaces in samples that had been incubated for 21 days at pH 4.0, 150 mM NaCl (Figure 4c), whereas these were not evident in

• needle like fibres were observed to form clusters of apparently aggregated protein which exhibited surface binding. This supports the hypothesis that unstructured or partially assembled cp19k fibrils may maximise surface interaction prior to curing and becoming stained by Coomassie homogenously, whereas

Electrical, photocatalytic, and sensory properties of graphene oxide and polyimide implanted with low- and medium-energy silver ions

• Josef Novák,
• Eva Štěpanovská,
• Petr Malinský,
• Vlastimil Mazánek,
• Jan Luxa,
• Ulrich Kentsch and
• Zdeněk Sofer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1794–1811, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.123

• [10]. The delocalized electrons in these regions can freely pass between neighboring centers, thereby reducing the energy activation for conducting electric current. At the same time, the aggregation of the implanted Ag ions and the formation of metal islands or clusters in the form of nanostructures

• bandgap and an increased density of states near the Fermi level, promotes absorption in the visible region and facilitates the generation of electron–hole (e−–h+) pairs upon light irradiation. The silver clusters also exhibit plasmonic resonances, which amplify the local electromagnetic field and promote

• catalytically active sites resulting from the carbonization of the polymer matrix, together with the silver clusters formed during ion implantation, provide suitable conditions for reactant adsorption and efficient charge transfer. Silver ions exhibit strong localized surface plasmon resonance in the visible

Nanotechnology-based approaches for the removal of microplastics from wastewater: a comprehensive review

• Nayanathara O Sanjeev,
• Manjunath Singanodi Vallabha and
• Rebekah Rubidha Lisha Rabi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1607–1632, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.114

• frameworks (MOFs) are a complex and relatively new category of highly porous nanomaterials that have gained attention over the past two decades, showing broad potential in wastewater treatment. These crystalline materials are formed through coordination bonds that connect clusters or metal ions with

• multidentate or bidentate organic ligands. Sometimes MOFs are referred to as porous coordination polymers. MOFs are created by combining clusters or metallic ions with inorganic or organic ligands. The metallic component consists of metal ions or clusters with organic or inorganic ligands like sulfonate

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

• nanomaterial synthesis and device fabrication [28]. 1.2 Laser fragmentation in liquids Laser fragmentation in liquids (LFL) is an innovative and environmentally friendly technique that offers precise control over the size and distribution of NPs and atomic clusters. This method involves the use of short-pulse

• in the previous section. Unlike traditional post-processing methods such as centrifugation or salinity size quenching, LFL provides a cost-effective and efficient alternative. It excels at producing ultrasmall NPs with diameters below 5 nm and sub-nanometer atomic clusters, which have significant

• , which were clusters of many individual In2O3 NPs. A discrepancy was observed between the grain size measurements from XRD and AFM. This discrepancy arises because AFM directly visualizes the grains but does not account for structural defects, while XRD measurement determines the size of the defect-free

The role of biochar in combating microplastic pollution: a bibliometric analysis in environmental contexts

• Tuan Minh Truong Dang,
• Thao Thu Thi Huynh,
• Guo-Ping Chang-Chien and
• Ha Manh Bui

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1401–1416, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.102

• stronger collaborative patterns. The trend analysis identified thematic clusters, research hotspots, and emerging frontiers, offering a comprehensive understanding of the field’s development. In the knowledge mapping process, the node size represents the frequency of references or citations, while edge

• microbial communities in soil. Three clusters dominate the analysis, characterized by the highest frequency and centrality metrics, namely, “remediation,” “plastic mulch,” and “microplastic”. Remediation: High-frequency keywords such as “soil”, “wastewater”, and “removal” dominated research from 2020 to

Deep-learning recognition and tracking of individual nanotubes in low-contrast microscopy videos

• Vladimir Pimonov,
• Said Tahir and
• Vincent Jourdain

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1316–1324, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.96

• successive frames. However, some video frames are unrecognizable due to imaging artifacts, illumination instability, or uncompensated vibrations. Following the initial tracking stage, all segments were grouped into clusters of varying sizes, corresponding to objects recognized across consecutive frames. The

• clusters were then subjected to a Kalman filter to merge segments corresponding to the same nanotube (Supporting Information File 4). The information about tracked segments is entered into tables for final manual verification and labeling of events. This manual step remains essential due to the complexity

• , the lifetime and segment growth duration represent the time during which the nanotube grew at a constant rate (see dots clusters of the same color in Figure 4). Linearly grown nanotubes exhibit constant growth rates from start to finish, observed in about half of the cases. The other half show one or

Better together: biomimetic nanomedicines for high performance tumor therapy

• Imran Shair Mohammad,
• Gizem Kursunluoglu,
• Anup Kumar Patel,
• Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq,
• Cansu Umran Tunc,
• Dilek Kanarya,
• Mubashar Rehman,
• Omer Aydin and
• Yin Lifang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1246–1276, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.92

Soft materials nanoarchitectonics: liquid crystals, polymers, gels, biomaterials, and others

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1025–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.77

Time-resolved probing of laser-induced nanostructuring processes in liquids

• Maximilian Spellauge,
• David Redka,
• Mianzhen Mo,
• Changyong Song,
• Heinz Paul Huber and
• Anton Plech

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 968–1002, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.74

• exchanging energy and material with the excited loci. LSPC commonly encompasses laser ablation in liquid (LAL), which allows for producing NPs from a surface of virtually any solid [6][7][8][9], laser fragmentation in liquid (LFL) to further reduce dimensions of particles down to few-atom clusters [10][11

• cases deals with continuous cycling of a large ensemble of particles, which in contact with a liquid medium involves cooperative phenomena, such as heat dissipation, evaporation, creation of shock waves, or reorganization of formed products like fragmented clusters to new objects by ripening. Therefore

• further until the evaporation threshold is reached. Evaporation again requires additional energy to overcome heat of fusion. Only evaporation can lead to expulsion of material and formation of clusters in this context via condensation of the vapor. Further processes that will be described in the laser

Ar⁺ implantation-induced tailoring of RF-sputtered ZnO films: structural, morphological, and optical properties

• Manu Bura,
• Divya Gupta,
• Arun Kumar and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 872–886, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.66

• in particle size and RMS roughness can be ascribed to the rearrangement of surface atoms due to the elastic collisions. This leads to the evolution of small ZnO particles due to the breaking of clusters by the transfer of energy from incident ions. Kahng et al. [31] presented a nonlinear theory that

Synthesis and magnetic transitions of rare-earth-free Fe–Mn–Ni–Si-based compositionally complex alloys at bulk and nanoscale

• Shabbir Tahir,
• Tatiana Smoliarova,
• Carlos Doñate-Buendía,
• Michael Farle,
• Natalia Shkodich and
• Bilal Gökce

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 823–836, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.62

• region of the target decomposes into vapor, small clusters, and droplets, and large particles result from photomechanical spallation, leading to the ejection of larger droplets. The average particle size of the Al alloy NPs (xc = 18.4 ± 15.5 nm) is larger than that of Ge-based CCA NPs (xc = 13.4 ± 9.1 nm

• synthesized via PLAL, where separate Mn-rich clusters formed due to elemental evaporation during synthesis. Additionally, the ionization potential influences the ablation plume dynamics. Notably, the Ge variation from the expected composition is lower than for Mn, contrasting with the bulk alloy’s surface

Morphology and properties of pyrite nanoparticles obtained by pulsed laser ablation in liquid and thin films for photodetection

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• Rene Fabian Cienfuegos Pelaes,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• Josué Amílcar Aguilar-Martínez and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 785–805, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.60

• of 13.41 nm, a few clusters were also observable and can be justified based on the bimodal size distribution of the particles (1 to 50 nm and from 80 to 85 nm) observed. The long rod-like particles in the SEM images (Figure 2g–i) are indicated by red oval shapes. The (210) and (211) planes that

• analyzed by XRD (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S3a). Ultrafine spherical nanoparticles as condensed clusters are observed in TEM (Figure 3a) and STEM (Figure 3d–f) images for FeS2 NPs in DMF (FDMF). In comparison to IPA, a completely different type of morphology is observed for NPs in DMF from SEM

• powders and thin films of iron sulfide from molecular precursors by spin coating technique [59], clusters of densely packed crystallites and spherical crystallites were observed. They concluded that morphology is influenced by temperature and precursor type. Furthermore, different morphologies such as

Changes of structural, magnetic and spectroscopic properties of microencapsulated iron sucrose nanoparticles in saline

• Sabina Lewińska,
• Pavlo Aleshkevych,
• Roman Minikayev,
• Anna Bajorek,
• Mateusz Dulski,
• Krystian Prusik,
• Tomasz Wojciechowski and
• Anna Ślawska-Waniewska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 762–784, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.59

• the dissolution time. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies performed on the completely dissolved sample revealed that some of the Fe3+ ions became paramagnetic, while the rest remained exchange coupled into clusters. The nonintentional manganese contamination was determined using EPR in the

Colloidal few layered graphene–tannic acid preserves the biocompatibility of periodontal ligament cells

• Teissir Ben Ammar,
• Naji Kharouf,
• Dominique Vautier,
• Housseinou Ba,
• Nivedita Sudheer,
• Philippe Lavalle and
• Vincent Ball

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 664–677, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.51

• S1B, Supporting Information File 1) shows that they are spherical and that they remodel into clusters on the surface. Raman spectra recorded for the initial graphite and the synthesized FLG–TA exhibits typical D, G, and 2D vibration bands centered at 1355, 1583, and 2720 cm−1, respectively. It is

• increases monotonically and significantly with rising FLG–TA concentration, reaching 43.7% at 200 µg·mL−1. The lateral particle size expands from 2 to 15 µm, indicating the formation of larger clusters on the cells’ surface. Representative confocal images of PDL cells following exposure to the FLG–TA

Impact of adsorbate–substrate interaction on nanostructured thin films growth during low-pressure condensation

• Alina V. Dvornichenko,
• Vasyl O. Kharchenko and
• Dmitrii O. Kharchenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 473–483, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.36

• , crystallinity, and surface chemistry of the films is crucial for optimizing performance in these applications. In adsorption–desorption processes, where materials are deposited from the gas phase, experimental techniques enable the study the formation of clusters or islands of adsorbed molecules/atoms, which

• well-defined islands or clusters. The strength and nature of these interactions play a pivotal role in determining whether the film growth follows layer-by-layer (Frank–van der Merwe) or island (Volmer–Weber) growth modes [22]. Therefore, central to achieving the control the type and size of surface

• , namely, the parabolic growth ⟨d⟩st(δ) ∝ δ2 at δ < δp and the linear dependence ⟨d⟩st(δ) ∝ δ at δ > δp. This critical value δ = δp relates to the formation of percolating cluster of adsorbate connecting opposite sides of the substrate (see Figure 7b). The number of percolating clusters increases with

Effect of additives on the synthesis efficiency of nanoparticles by laser-induced reduction

• Rikuto Kuroda,
• Takahiro Nakamura,
• Hideki Ina and
• Shuhei Shibata

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 464–472, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.35

• electrons reduce metal ions and contribute to the formation of nanoparticles [25][26]. On the other hand, the standard electrode potential of the hydroxyl radical (•OH) is +2.7 V, and it is a strong oxidizing species [33], so it is thought that it oxidizes the reduced metal atoms and clusters, inhibiting

Size control of nanoparticles synthesized by pulsed laser ablation in liquids using donut-shaped beams

• Abdel Rahman Altakroury,
• Oleksandr Gatsa,
• Farbod Riahi,
• Zongwen Fu,
• Miroslava Flimelová,
• Andrei Samokhvalov,
• Stephan Barcikowski,
• Carlos Doñate-Buendía,
• Alexander V. Bulgakov and
• Bilal Gökce

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 407–417, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.31

• reaches equilibrium with the outer pressure, achieving the bubble maximum size. The bubble then collapses, and the process can be repeated for several cycles. Ions, atoms, and clusters within the confined bubble nucleate and grow to form the NPs. The bubble collapse can induce shockwaves that break up the

Vortex lattices of layered HTSCs at different vortex–vortex interaction potentials

• Valerii P. Lenkov,
• Anastasia N. Maksimova,
• Anna N. Moroz and
• Vladimir A. Kashurnikov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 362–370, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.27

• observed in such a superconductor; however, the interaction of the vortices is characterized by short-range attraction and long-range repulsion [19][20][21]. This form of the potential is characterized by the formation of clusters containing several vortices up to several dozen vortices. In [19], a

• molecular dynamics simulation of a vortex system in a superconductor with was performed, and a phase B–T diagram was obtained (B is the magnetic field and T is the temperature of the vortex system), which contains regions of a hexagonal vortex lattice, a striped structure, and a lattice of vortex clusters

• distances greater than 10λ, repulsion is observed). In this work, the formation of vortex clusters and their motion under the action of the Lorentz force were investigated. Since their interaction potential is similar to intertype, our results are applicable to them. A description of the mechanism of the

Tailoring of physical properties of RF-sputtered ZnTe films: role of substrate temperature

• Kafi Devi,
• Usha Rani,
• Arun Kumar,
• Divya Gupta and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 333–348, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.25

• of the substrate. A significant change in particle size along with a change in agglomerated particle density occurs with increasing substrate temperature. The surface is free from pinholes and voids, and clusters of particles can be seen. Quantitative analysis of the surface composition was carried

Radiosensitizing properties of dual-functionalized carbon nanostructures loaded with temozolomide

• Radmila Milenkovska,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Petre Makreski,
• Dushko Lukarski,
• Igor Stojkovski,
• Maja Simonoska Crcarevska and
• Kristina Mladenovska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 229–251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.18

• , mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum), that NDs and CNTs aggregate in big clusters into the cells, and that some of these aggregates are wrapped by extended cell synapses. Although NDs and CNTs were taken up by the cells to a greater extent, the cell membranes remained intact in contrast to the ruptured

Recent advances in photothermal nanomaterials for ophthalmic applications

• Jiayuan Zhuang,
• Linhui Jia,
• Chenghao Li,
• Rui Yang,
• Jiapeng Wang,
• Wen-an Wang,
• Heng Zhou and
• Xiangxia Luo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 195–215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.16

• PAI contrast agents [195][196]. Gold nanorods [197], gold nanostars [198], hollow gold nanocages [199], chains of gold nanoparticles [200], and ultraminiature chain-like gold nanoparticle clusters [201] have been used for the detection of ocular structures such as retinal blood vessels, choroidal

Probing the potential of rare earth elements in the development of new anticancer drugs: single molecule studies

• Josiane A. D. Batista,
• Rayane M. de Oliveira,
• Carlos H. M. Lima,
• Milton L. Lana Júnior,
• Virgílio C. dos Anjos,
• Maria J. V. Bell and
• Márcio S. Rocha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 187–194, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.15

• mechanical properties of the DNA complexes formed with the ytterbium and neodymium is very similar to the one previously studied using europium [7]. In this work, we showed that europium binds outside the double helix in a cooperative way, forming clusters of about approx. three molecules and presenting an

• elements are good candidates for the development of drugs that have DNA as their target inside cells [7], for example, chemotherapeutic drugs. In addition, the Hill exponent n obtained for the two elements suggests that they bind in a positive cooperative way forming clusters of about two to three