Simulation of gas sensing with a triboelectric nanogenerator

• Kaiqin Zhao,
• Hua Gan,
• Huan Li,
• Ziyu Liu and
• Zhiyuan Zhu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 507–516, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.41

• can also be used as sensors [22]. TENGs, originally proposed by Prof. Zhongling Wang [23], are microgenerators that convert mechanical energy into electrical energy based on the triboelectric effect [24]. In most TENG simulations, a triboelectric polymer material is in direct contact with an electrode

• layer with very small separation distance (less than 1 mm) [25], and the effective contact area of the friction material is increased by texturing its surface [26][27] to improve its electrical output. This setup is widely applied in vertical contact separation mode [28][29], sliding mode [30][31

• ], single electrode mode [32][33][34], and independent layer mode [35]. In order to explain the charge transfer process between two friction materials in contact, various models have been proposed and explored, such as electron cloud model [36][37][38], ion transfer model [39], and material transfer model

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering of water in aqueous dispersions of silver nanoparticles

• Paulina Filipczak,
• Krzysztof Hałagan,
• Jacek Ulański and
• Marcin Kozanecki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 497–506, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.40

• was found that only one water molecule per 10 million is in direct contact with the surface of AgNPs. It is also worthy to mention that the model used to calculate the part of the water molecules in the direct vicinity of AgNPs yielded an overestimated value (the detailed calculations are described in

• molecules. The SERS effect is present only for water molecules that are in direct contact with AgNPs; however, the dynamic properties of water molecules close to the metal surface probably differ from the ones in the bulk up to a couple of hydration layers. This suggests that at least there might be a

A review on nanostructured silver as a basic ingredient in medicine: physicochemical parameters and characterization

• Gabriel M. Misirli,
• Kishore Sridharan and
• Shirley M. P. Abrantes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 440–461, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.36

• effective in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 by using AgNPs to coat facial masks [77][120]. These results are suggestive of the development of new measures in which AgNPs can be used to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection. Biological interactions of AgNPs When in contact with human plasma, AgNPs adsorb biomolecules such as

Reconstruction of a 2D layer of KBr on Ir(111) and electromechanical alteration by graphene

• Zhao Liu,
• Antoine Hinaut,
• Stefan Peeters,
• Sebastian Scherb,
• Ernst Meyer,
• Maria Clelia Righi and
• Thilo Glatzel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 432–439, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.35

• with unconventional stoichiometries have been observed indirectly on graphene surfaces [37]. Here, we report on the formation of irregularly shaped KBr islands with corrugated stripe structures, observed on the (111) surface of Ir and analyzed by non-contact atomic force microscopy (nc-AFM) at room

Solution combustion synthesis of a nanometer-scale Co₃O₄ anode material for Li-ion batteries

• Monika Michalska,
• Huajun Xu,
• Qingmin Shan,
• Shiqiang Zhang,
• Yohan Dall'Agnese,
• Yu Gao,
• Amrita Jain and
• Marcin Krajewski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 424–431, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.34

• represent the charge transfer at the electrode–electrolyte interface (Rct) and the Warburg impedance (W), respectively. The semicircle at high frequencies is mainly attributed to SEI resistance (RSEI) and contact resistance (Rf) [13][15][20][21][25][38]. At this point, it should be also mentioned that the

• circuit corresponding to the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements for the cell (a) before cycling, and (b) after cycling; Rf – contact resistance, RSEI – the solid–electrolyte interface (SEI) resistance, CSEI – the surface capacitance, Rct – the charge transfer resistance at the

Colloidal particle aggregation: mechanism of assembly studied via constructal theory modeling

• Scott C. Bukosky,
• Sukrith Dev,
• Monica S. Allen and
• Jeffery W. Allen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 413–423, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.33

• sufficiently thin double layer will allow the particles to come into closer contact where van der Waals attraction can occur. Consequently, increasing the electrolyte concentration or decreasing the fluid dielectric constant will decrease the Debye length and promote aggregation. The results in Figure 5 and

A stretchable triboelectric nanogenerator made of silver-coated glass microspheres for human motion energy harvesting and self-powered sensing applications

• Hui Li,
• Yaju Zhang,
• Yonghui Wu,
• Hui Zhao,
• Weichao Wang,
• Xu He and
• Haiwu Zheng

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 402–412, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.32

• procedure of the TENG devices. More recently, Qian et al. proposed a nylon-regulated TENG in contact-separated working mode, whose open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current can reach up to 1.17 kV and 138 µA, respectively [16]. Although this is a tremendous advancement in output performance, the

• contact-separated working mode with double electrodes makes it difficult to connect the current conducting wires to moving objects when trying to harvest mechanical energy. Besides, the organic–inorganic composites prepared by embedding relatively hard SCGMs into a soft silicone rubber matrix reduce the

• File 1). Also, it can be rolled and twisted easily, as shown in Figure 1e. Figure 2a illustrates the electricity generation mechanism of the single-electrode mode S-TENG, which is based on a conjunction of contact triboelectrification and electrostatic induction [2][20][21][22][23]. In the initial

The impact of molecular tumor profiling on the design strategies for targeting myeloid leukemia and EGFR/CD44-positive solid tumors

• Nikola Geskovski,
• Nadica Matevska-Geshkovska,
• Simona Dimchevska Sazdovska,
• Marija Glavas Dodov,
• Kristina Mladenovska and
• Katerina Goracinova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 375–401, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.31

• identified in relapsed CML patients receiving imatinib. However, the most frequent alterations occur in three different regions and seven specific residues, that is, in the docking site for phosphate moieties of ATP named P-loop (M244V, G250E, Y253F/H, and E255K/V), in the contact site related to selective

Spontaneous shape transition of Mn_xGe_1−x islands to long nanowires

• S. Javad Rezvani,
• Luc Favre,
• Gabriele Giuli,
• Yiming Wubulikasimu,
• Isabelle Berbezier,
• Augusto Marcelli,
• Luca Boarino and
• Nicola Pinto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 366–374, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.30

• = α0, with: where e is the Neper number, ϕ = e−3/2cot(θ), with θ the contact angle of the island facet with the substrate. Γ = γecsc(θ) − γscot(θ) with γe and γs are the surface energy per unit area of the edge facet and the substrate, respectively. , where σb, ν and μ are the stress tensor in the

Structural and optical characteristics determined by the sputtering deposition conditions of oxide thin films

• Petronela Prepelita,
• Florin Garoi and
• Valentin Craciun

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 354–365, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.29

• first 2 to 6 nanometers of the surface of a sample, including the contaminant layer. The chemical composition of oxide films, obtained by XPS, can be slightly different from that of the target due to surface diffusion phenomena and surface-specific chemical processes in contact with the atmosphere. The

Nickel nanoparticle-decorated reduced graphene oxide/WO₃ nanocomposite – a promising candidate for gas sensing

• Ilka Simon,
• Alexandr Savitsky,
• Rolf Mülhaupt,
• Vladimir Pankov and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 343–353, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.28

• consideration. When Ni@rGO/WO3 sensors are exposed to NO2, with NO2, which is a strong oxidizing gas accepts electrons from WO3. As a result, NO2 transforms into NO2− on the surface of WO3. This process leads to accumulation of holes and an increase in sensor sensitivity. In addition, the rGO/WO3 contact also

• placed in a tube furnace with a temperature regulator. To enhance electrical conductivity and to improve contact Ag electrodes were deposited on parallel sides of the pellets. The measurement procedure was carried out for NO2 and acetone in a stationary regime in a precisely controlled atmosphere (10 ppm

Intracranial recording in patients with aphasia using nanomaterial-based flexible electronics: promises and challenges

• Qingchun Wang and
• Wai Ting Siok

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 330–342, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.27

• covering almost the whole brain. The application of novel nanomaterials has the potential to overcome the limitations of conventional electrode arrays. IEEG electrode arrays electroplated with nanoparticles could lower impedance and allow for a closer contact with cortical cells, thereby providing more

• high quality. For instance, new models are advanced with significantly reduced thickness, which enables reliable contact with the cortex surface. Thus, more accurate recordings can be acquired. Furthermore, long-term implantation has been used in nonhuman primates or rats that presented steady neural

Exploring the fabrication and transfer mechanism of metallic nanostructures on carbon nanomembranes via focused electron beam induced processing

• Christian Preischl,
• Linh Hoang Le,
• Elif Bilgilisoy,
• Armin Gölzhäuser and
• Hubertus Marbach

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 319–329, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.26

• AFM experiments were performed with a JPK NanoWizard 4 by using non-contact mode. Cross-linking of SAMs into CNMs was achieved by using electron flood guns employing 100 eV electrons and an electron dose of 60 mC/cm2. Before starting the transfer process, the cross-linked CNMs were spin coated with a

The patterning toolbox FIB-o-mat: Exploiting the full potential of focused helium ions for nanofabrication

• Victor Deinhart,
• Lisa-Marie Kern,
• Jan N. Kirchhof,
• Sabrina Juergensen,
• Joris Sturm,
• Enno Krauss,
• Thorsten Feichtner,
• Sviatoslav Kovalchuk,
• Michael Schneider,
• Dieter Engel,
• Bastian Pfau,
• Bert Hecht,
• Kirill I. Bolotin,
• Stephanie Reich and
• Katja Höflich

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 304–318, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.25

• electrically contact the graphene sheet and actuate the resonators electrostatically. The motion of the devices is detected using a Michelson interferometer [48]. Figure 6a depicts a secondary electron HIM image of a patterned trampoline graphene resonator. A He ion current of 3 pA was employed at an

Doxorubicin-loaded gold nanorods: a multifunctional chemo-photothermal nanoplatform for cancer management

• Uzma Azeem Awan,
• Abida Raza,
• Shaukat Ali,
• Rida Fatima Saeed and
• Nosheen Akhtar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 295–303, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.24

• hemoglobin in the supernatant of GNPs-RBCs mixture by monitoring absorbance intensity at 570 nm. The absence of a marked hemotoxicity of this sample is mainly related to the presence of the polymer. The GNR surface had no direct contact with the RBCs because it was completely passivated by the PSS coating

Characterization, bio-uptake and toxicity of polymer-coated silver nanoparticles and their interaction with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells

• Sahar Pourhoseini,
• Reilly T. Enos,
• Angela E. Murphy,
• Bo Cai and
• Jamie R. Lead

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 282–294, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.23

• dermal and ocular contact [18]. As AgNPs enter the body through injection or degradation of biomaterials, they are translocated to the circulatory system and can come in direct contact with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) before ultimately being distributed to the main organs where they

The nanomorphology of cell surfaces of adhered osteoblasts

• Christian Voelkner,
• Mirco Wendt,
• Regina Lange,
• Max Ulbrich,
• Martina Gruening,
• Susanne Staehlke,
• Barbara Nebe,
• Ingo Barke and
• Sylvia Speller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 242–256, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.20

• micrometers down to the nanometer scale. The cell surface plays a particularly important role. Electric signaling, including information processing, takes place at the membrane, as well as adhesion and contact. For osteoblasts, adhesion and spreading are crucial processes with regard to bone implants. Here we

• (only 200 µm2). Therefore, we refrained from further utilizing PDMS substrates. Zeta potential and water contact angle were measured to be 8.6 mV and 68°, respectively, for PPAAm [62]. In case of the Au layer, −119 mV and 101°, respectively, were determined. Zeta potential measurements were performed

• software GraphPad Prism Version 6.05 (n = 3). Water contact angle values were obtained by the sessile drop method using the drop shape analyzer DSA25 (Krüss, Hamburg, Germany). Drop shape images of 1 µL water drops were acquired with the digital camera of the DSA25 under atmospheric conditions at room

Determination of elastic moduli of elastic–plastic microspherical materials using nanoindentation simulation without mechanical polishing

• Hongzhou Li and
• Jialian Chen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 213–221, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.17

• encountered in engineering. The simulated results indicate that contact height is unsuitable to replace contact depth for obtaining the indentation elastic modulus of microspherical materials. The extracted elastic modulus of a microsphere using the Oliver–Pharr method with the simulated unloading curve

• precisely calculate the indentation response from a given set of elastic–plastic properties (forward algorithms), and to extract elastic–plastic properties from a given set of indentation data (reverse algorithms) [8]. Pileup (or sink-in) results in contact areas bigger (or smaller) than the cross-sectional

• area of the indenter at a specified depth. These effects can result in measurement errors of mechanical properties [9]. Without taking into account that the real contact area and the cross-sectional area of the indenter are different, the measured indentation modulus/hardness would be too high in the

TiO_x/Pt₃Ti(111) surface-directed formation of electronically responsive supramolecular assemblies of tungsten oxide clusters

• Marco Moors,
• Yun An,
• Agnieszka Kuc and
• Kirill Yu. Monakhov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 203–212, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.16

• combination of these two species forms the characteristic stripe pattern of the z’-TiOx phase. Inside the trenches between the stripes, several holes in the film can be found, which are probably caused by the stress release during the film growth. These defects permit a direct contact with the underlying

• thin. Thus, a direct contact of the adsorbates with the metallic alloy surface can be excluded. As shown in Figure 2c and Figure 2d, the adsorption of W3O9 on the hexagonal w’-TiOx phase shows a behavior that is completely different from the behavior observed on the rectangular z’-phase. On the fully

• tendency to form agglomerations indicating a weaker overall interaction with the w’-TiOx phase. This is quite intuitive because, in the latter case, the clusters have no direct contact with the metallic substrate due to the completely closed oxide film. High-resolution STM images (Figure 3a) reveal very

A review on the biological effects of nanomaterials on silkworm (Bombyx mori)

• Sandra Senyo Fometu,
• Guohua Wu,
• Lin Ma and
• Joan Shine Davids

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 190–202, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.15

• contact with nanomaterial waste; (D) damage in the membrane and in the lumen of silkworm silk glands; (E) dead zebrafish embryos; (F) NM; (G) contamination of water bodies; (H) silkworm feeding on mulberry leaves containing chemical residues. An illustration of how nanomaterials are directly fed to the

Toward graphene textiles in wearable eye tracking systems for human–machine interaction

• Ata Jedari Golparvar and
• Murat Kaya Yapici

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 180–189, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.14

• ” electrodes, the functionality of which degrades over time [23]. However, one common issue in dry electrodes is the relatively high skin-electrode contact impedance, which causes susceptibility to physical movements and power line interferences resulting in signal distortions. While the flexible, foldable

• nature of textile electrodes promotes wearability, it can adversely lead to dynamic contact conditions and, thereby, motion artifacts in the acquired signal. A strategy to minimize this effect, which was investigated in this work, is to reduce the impedance of the signal source by utilizing a buffer

• contact. As shown in the detailed hardware schematic in Figure 2, the circuit has second-order and fourth-order Butterworth high-pass and low-pass filters with cut-off frequencies of 0.5 Hz and 10 Hz, respectively, both based on Sallen–Key topology. The preferred instrumentation amplifier (INA122, Texas

Paper-based triboelectric nanogenerators and their applications: a review

• Jing Han,
• Nuo Xu,
• Yuchen Liang,
• Mei Ding,
• Junyi Zhai,
• Qijun Sun and
• Zhong Lin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 151–171, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.12

• contact–separation mode [30][31][32], lateral-sliding mode [33][34][35], single-electrode mode [36][37], and freestanding triboelectric-layer mode [38]. As an advanced and durable energy source, TENGs have shown promising and significant features that are applied to power units in the micro- and nanoscale

• energy conversion, have been attracting significant attention from the fields of energy harvesting and self-powered systems. The triboelectric effect [83][84][85], a type of contact-induced electrification, is the basis of TENGs. It was found that when two different materials are in physical contact

• , their interfaces become electrically charged. Due to contact electrification (CE, or triboelectrification) [86], opposite charges will be induced when the two materials are separated by a mechanical force, which will correspondingly generate a potential difference between the two materials due to

Fusion of purple membranes triggered by immobilization on carbon nanomembranes

• René Riedel,
• Natalie Frese,
• Fang Yang,
• Martin Wortmann,
• Raphael Dalpke,
• Daniel Rhinow,
• Norbert Hampp and
• Armin Gölzhäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 93–101, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.8

• consisting of the CNM substrate as the upper and an indium tin oxide (ITO) as the lower capacitor plate. A sample drop was placed between the two electrodes. For electrostatic experiments (drop was in contact with substrate plate only) the plate separation distance was held constant at 10 mm, while it was

• reduced to 2 mm for electrophoretic experiments (drop was in contact with both plates). Since WT PM is negatively charged on both sides, the substrate plate was chosen as the positive pole of the capacitor to attract the PM sheets. To enhance binding the positively charged side of c-His PM to the Ni-NTA

• deposited patches primarily prefer uncovered areas. In addition, the PM gets well oriented in an electric field according to its surface charge. Initially, a drop of 5 µL WT PM suspension was attached to the substrate only and was not in contact with the opposite electrode. While the plate distance was kept

Bulk chemical composition contrast from attractive forces in AFM force spectroscopy

• Dorothee Silbernagl,
• Media Ghasem Zadeh Khorasani,
• Natalia Cano Murillo,
• Anna Maria Elert and
• Heinz Sturm

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 58–71, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.5

• Supporting Information File 1. For simplicity, all FDCs in this study are shown as δ (force F) as a function of Z, and Z is corrected for the point of contact in equilibrium (δ = 0), Figure 1 (iii), to be Z = 0. Due to the sum of all interacting forces, a FDC shows three typical regimes upon approach, as

• , attractive forces start to govern and the cantilever is bent towards the sample. The attractive forces between the sample and the tip increase up to a point at which they exceed the gradient of kc. Figure 1(ii) jump to contact (JTC): a discontinuity where the system is not in equilibrium and the tip snaps

• onto the sample. Also at this point, the measurable maximum of the attractive forces is reached. Figure 1(iii) contact: attractive and repulsive forces are in balance and the cantilever reaches its equilibrium position again. Figure 1(III) contact line: upon further approach, the repulsive forces are

ZnO and MXenes as electrode materials for supercapacitor devices

• Ameen Uddin Ammar,
• Ipek Deniz Yildirim,
• Feray Bakan and
• Emre Erdem

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 49–57, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.4

• structure. After the etching process, MXenes have a great number of active groups, such as –OH and =O, which results in superior hydrophilicity, chemical reactivity, and large contact area. This implies a potential of MXenes for the use in supercapacitors [16][18][19][22][23][28]. Moreover, MXenes can be