Molecular and mechanical insights into gecko seta adhesion: multiscale simulations combining molecular dynamics and the finite element method

• Yash Jain,
• Saeed Norouzi,
• Tobias Materzok,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Florian Müller-Plathe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2055–2076, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.141

• natural hierarchy of real gecko setae, which includes finer branches, varying cross sections, and region-specific material anisotropy. Real setae possess complex cross-sectional shapes and non-uniform branching angles, which could lead to variations in force distributions. Nonetheless, this idealized

Laser ablation in liquids for shape-tailored synthesis of nanomaterials: status and challenges

• Natalie Tarasenka

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1963–1997, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.137

• should be compared with the input flux due to laser irradiation: In the equations above, several quantities (irradiance, melting temperature, absorption cross sections) depend on NPs parameters, such as size (r) and composition (x). Theoretical description of these dependences can be found elsewhere [67

• ][71][72]. The absorption , extinction , and scattering cross-sections can be calculated using the formulae (Equations 12–15) [67]: where n is the multipole order; K = 2πnr/λ, and nr represents the real part of the refractive index. The melting temperature of the NPs, Tm(r,x), is also dependent on the

Beyond the bilayer: multilayered hygroscopic actuation in pine cone scales

• Kim Ulrich,
• Max David Mylo,
• Tom Masselter,
• Fabian Scheckenbach,
• Sophia Fischerbauer,
• Martin Nopens,
• Silja Flenner,
• Imke Greving,
• Linnea Hesse and
• Thomas Speck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1695–1710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.119

• of the natural scales. The first geometry was a bilayer consisting of the sclereid layer and the sclerenchyma fiber layer, both being modeled with rectangular cross sections. The second geometry was a trilayer with the addition of a (thinner) intermediate brown tissue layer. The third geometry was a

• of the pine cone scale the most as the geometry was modeled on the basis of five sketches of corresponding CT cross sections from five distinguished locations with defined distance along the longitudinal scale axis. Starting with a cross section from the basal part of the bending zone, the following

• cross sections were taken from positions 2.5, 5.5, 7.5, and 11.5 mm more apical. These five cross-sectional positions were then used as control points with the same longitudinal spacing between them to extrude the volume model. Since the sclerenchyma fibers branch along the longitudinal axis of a scale

Bioinspired polypropylene-based functionally graded materials and metamaterials modeling the mistletoe–host interface

• Lina M. Rojas González,
• Naeim Ghavidelnia,
• Christoph Eberl and
• Max D. Mylo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1592–1606, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.113

• segmentation based on a threshold that differentiated between the pixel brightness of the glass fibers and the PP resulted in the fiber pixel area (Af). The fiber content of each cross-sectional image was calculated as the ratio between Af and At, and the values of the cross sections of each cut specimen were

• cross sections of the individual scans (Figure 4A) and quantitatively over the course of the entire specimen (Figure 4D). In addition to the slight variations within a specimen, the step changes at the cut intersections between the pieces are noticeable. These can be explained by the material removed

• the fact that, in the V-shaped specimens, there is no cross section in which only the strength-dominating PPGF is present. In contrast, such cross sections are present in the rectilinear specimens, resulting in strength values that correspond well to those of pure PPGF. For the production of the

Mechanical stability of individual bacterial cells under different osmotic pressure conditions: a nanoindentation study of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

• Lizeth García-Torres,
• Idania De Alba Montero,
• Eleazar Samuel Kolosovas-Machuca,
• Facundo Ruiz,
• Sumati Bhatia,
• Jose Luis Cuellar Camacho and
• Jaime Ruiz-García

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1171–1183, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.86

• adhesion force between the bacteria and the substrate can be observed for the case of Milli-Q water, where it was possible to quantify the adhesion force to the AFM tip as shown in the cross-sections in C) and F). When salt is introduced into the system, the contrast in the map is almost entirely lost

• coated with PLL. The black line shows the presence of a jump-in, indicating the existence of a pulling force ≈15–20 nm before contact. The obvious contrast in the map of the adhesion channels together with the cross-sections shown in Supporting Information File 1, Figure S5 indicate the magnitude of FA

Influence of ion beam current on the structural, optical, and mechanical properties of TiO₂ coatings: ion beam-assisted vs conventional electron beam evaporation

• Agata Obstarczyk and
• Urszula Wawrzaszek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1097–1112, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.81

• analysis of surface morphology and cross sections revealed that the TiO2 films prepared by IBAD had smaller, rounded grains and were denser compared to those deposited by EBE. Optical properties showed high transparency of 77–83% in the visible wavelength range for all as-prepared thin films. However

• observed at approximately 139, 193, 393, 512, and 635 cm−1 confirms the occurrence of the anatase phase in the annealed coatings (Figure 2) [40][41]. Figure 3 presents SEM images of the surface and cross sections of TiO2 thin films before and after post-process annealing. In the case of as-prepared TiO2

• coating was removed from the substrate (Figure 9c). The results of the mechanical properties after annealing are shown in Table 5 and Figure 10c. Based on the SEM images of the surface morphology and cross sections of the thin films, along with the mechanical results (Table 5), Thornton’s model [66][67

Time-resolved probing of laser-induced nanostructuring processes in liquids

• Maximilian Spellauge,
• David Redka,
• Mianzhen Mo,
• Changyong Song,
• Heinz Paul Huber and
• Anton Plech

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 968–1002, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.74

• given by the dielectric functions of metal and medium and are described by Mie theory [113]. Mie theory allows one to derive absolute absorption and scattering cross sections of primarily spherical or core–shell objects, but also different shapes by extensions of the Mie–Gans [114] theory or numerical

Focused ion beam-induced platinum deposition with a low-temperature cesium ion source

• Thomas Henning Loeber,
• Bert Laegel,
• Meltem Sezen,
• Feray Bakan Misirlioglu,
• Edgar J. D. Vredenbregt and
• Yang Li

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 910–920, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.69

• acceleration voltages of 5, 8, and 16 kV. Deposition rates Deposition rates of Ga+ and Cs+ FIBID-Pt were measured using the dimensions of the cross sections determined via FIB cut and SEM imaging. The deposition rates of Pt on Si (shown in Figure 4) increase with increasing ion current density. This applies to

Synchrotron X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of sodium adsorption on vertically arranged MoS₂ layers coated with pyrolytic carbon

• Alexander V. Okotrub,
• Anastasiya D. Fedorenko,
• Anna A. Makarova,
• Veronica S. Sulyaeva,
• Yuliya V. Fedoseeva and
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 847–859, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.64

• cross sections. Shirley background subtraction was used in analysis of fine lines. For the Mo 3d, S 2p, and Na 2s spectra, curve fitting was performed using a Gaussian (40%)/Lorentzian (60%) product function. For the C 1s spectra, the main peak at ≈284.4 eV was fitted using a Lorentzian asymmetric line

Efficiency of single-pulse laser fragmentation of organic nutraceutical dispersions in a circular jet flow-through reactor

• Tina Friedenauer,
• Maximilian Spellauge,
• Alexander Sommereyns,
• Verena Labenski,
• Tuba Esatbeyoglu,
• Christoph Rehbock,
• Heinz P. Huber and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 711–727, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.55

• extinction and particle-related extinction cross sections are conceivable. To differentiate molecular extinction properties from those of the particles, both suspensions were transformed to their molecular state by dissolution. Figure S13, Supporting Information File 1, shows the extinction spectra of

The impact of tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane hole transport layer doping on interfacial charge extraction and recombination

• Konstantinos Bidinakis and
• Stefan A. L. Weber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 678–689, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.52

• in solar cells based on these materials. To do so on operating solar cells, we created samples with exposed cross-sections and examined their potential profile distributions with Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM), implementing our comprehensive measurement protocol. Using the Lewis acid tris

• evaporated as a back contact under vacuum (Edwards FL 400 Au evaporator). The devices were characterized in terms of efficiency with a solar simulator (Abet Technologies, SunLite) under AM1.5 illumination. Cross-section preparation To create solar cells with exposed cross-sections, we mechanically cleaved

• ) spiro-OMeTAD doped with BCF, (iii) PTAA doped with LiTFSI and tBP, and (iv) PTAA doped with BCF. All the cells from all the batches were nominally identical, except for the HTL. We examined the potential distribution in all configurations via KPFM. We cleaved the devices and prepared smooth cross

Pulsed laser in liquid grafting of gold nanoparticle–carbon support composites

• Madeleine K. Wilsey,
• Teona Taseska,
• Qishen Lyu,
• Connor P. Cox and
• Astrid M. Müller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 349–361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.26

• ][23]. Element-specific relative sensitivity factors resulting from photoemission cross sections and analyzer transmission of photoelectrons were used to determine atom percentages [22]. The measured O 1s atom percentages for each component were used to constrain the respective C 1s peak fits. The

Enhancing mechanical properties of chitosan/PVA electrospun nanofibers: a comprehensive review

• Nur Areisman Mohd Salleh,
• Amalina Muhammad Afifi,
• Fathiah Mohamed Zuki and
• Hanna Sofia SalehHudin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 286–307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.22

• , which can adversely affect mechanical performance. Besides SEM and FESEM, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has the additional ability to visualize fiber cross sections and can be employed to examine core–shell, encapsulated, and particle-incorporated fiber structures [112][145][146]. Atomic force

Precursor sticking coefficient determination from indented deposits fabricated by electron beam induced deposition

• Alexander Kuprava and
• Michael Huth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 35–43, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.4

• for a wide flat central part of the deposit. The condition ≪ σf0 proves true for typical precursor dissociation cross sections and higher beam currents that are ultimately needed for the method described here. By using together with a sufficiently reliable estimation of the surface precursor flux Φ

Fabrication of hafnium-based nanoparticles and nanostructures using picosecond laser ablation

• Abhishek Das,
• Mangababu Akkanaboina,
• Jagannath Rathod,
• R. Sai Prasad Goud,
• Kanaka Ravi Kumar,
• Raghu C. Reddy,
• Ratheesh Ravendran,
• Katia Vutova,
• S. V. S. Nageswara Rao and
• Venugopal Rao Soma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1639–1653, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.129

• optical properties [1][2][3][4]. Hf and its alloys are used in nuclear reactors because of their large neutron absorption cross sections and high melting points [5]. They are also used in submarines because of their corrosion resistance [6][7]. The high refractoriness of some Hf compounds [2][4] allows

Ultrablack color in velvet ant cuticle

• Vinicius Marques Lopez,
• Wencke Krings,
• Juliana Reis Machado,
• Stanislav Gorb and
• Rhainer Guillermo-Ferreira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1554–1565, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.122

• characteristics of cuticle cross sections, we prepared the samples by sectioning, allowing for the visualization of the underlying structures. Prior to SEM imaging, a thin layer of gold–palladium, 10 nm thick, was applied to the samples. We utilized a Hitachi S-4800 SEM, operating at 3 kV. Images were captured at

Ion-induced surface reactions and deposition from Pt(CO)₂Cl₂ and Pt(CO)₂Br₂

• Mohammed K. Abdel-Rahman,
• Patrick M. Eckhert,
• Atul Chaudhary,
• Johnathon M. Johnson,
• Jo-Chi Yu,
• Lisa McElwee-White and
• D. Howard Fairbrother

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1427–1439, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.115

• comparison of the CO loss and Pt(II) reduction from Pt(CO)2Cl2 as functions of the Ar+ dose. Both data sets are fit to a first-order kinetic decay profile producing very similar reaction cross sections of 8.5 × 10−15 and 1.9 × 10−14 cm2, respectively. Figure 4 shows how the photoelectron spectrum of Pt(CO

• Cl LMM and C KVV Auger transitions. Reaction cross sections for Pt(CO)2X2 dissociation. Supporting Information FTIR spectra of Pt(12CO)2Cl2, Pt(13CO)2Cl2, and Pt(CO)2Br2, evolution of film contrast as a function of Ar+ dose, the decay of the C 1s X-ray photoelectron intensity as a function of Ar

A low-kiloelectronvolt focused ion beam strategy for processing low-thermal-conductance materials with nanoampere currents

• Annalena Wolff,
• Nico Klingner,
• William Thompson,
• Yinghong Zhou,
• Jinying Lin and
• Yin Xiao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 1197–1207, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.97

• cross sections and TEM lamellae of biological samples as well as of other thermally low conductive materials such as polymers [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. The easily induced heat damage is increasingly being reported [3][6][14][15][16][17]. Despite the importance of this topic, there is

• simulations and experimental data Cross sections were cut into collagen using 5 keV energy Ga ions to evaluate the results from the simulations and the proposed model. One cross section was cut with an acceleration voltage of 30 kV, beam current of 1 nA, 200 nm blur, and 20% overlap to assess the heat damage

• when using nanoampere beam currents. The unnaturally smooth surface areas, visible in the cross sections in the SEM image in Figure 4A, indicate that heat damage occurs when using higher ion energies and nanoampere currents for collagen, even when blurring the beam and reducing the overlap. This result

Electron-induced ligand loss from iron tetracarbonyl methyl acrylate

• Hlib Lyshchuk,
• Atul Chaudhary,
• Thomas F. M. Luxford,
• Miloš Ranković,
• Jaroslav Kočišek,
• Juraj Fedor,
• Lisa McElwee-White and
• Pamir Nag

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 797–807, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.66

• spectra, however, with rather low abundances. The strong energy variation is not surprising. DEA is a resonant process; hence, particular fragments are created only at certain energies. Figure 4 shows ion yields (relative cross sections) of selected fragment anions as a function of the electron energy

Level set simulation of focused ion beam sputtering of a multilayer substrate

• Alexander V. Rumyantsev,
• Nikolai I. Borgardt,
• Roman L. Volkov and
• Yuri A. Chaplygin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 733–742, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.61

• , and their cross sections were visualized in scanning transmission electron microscopy images. The superimposition of the calculated structure profiles onto the images showed a satisfactory agreement between simulation and experimental results. In the case of boxes that were prepared with an asymmetric

Elastic modulus of β-Ga₂O₃ nanowires measured by resonance and three-point bending techniques

• Annamarija Trausa,
• Sven Oras,
• Sergei Vlassov,
• Mikk Antsov,
• Tauno Tiirats,
• Andreas Kyritsakis,
• Boris Polyakov and
• Edgars Butanovs

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 704–712, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.58

• mechanisms alongside the vapour–liquid–solid (VLS) method. Following an examination via SEM, it became evident that the NWs exhibit variations in their dimensions, highlighting a nonuniform geometry (Figure 2). The observed NWs and NB-like structures exhibited various cross-sections, including square-like

• frequency calculations), inaccuracies in measuring these dimensions can cause a scattering effect on the elastic modulus [28]. In this work, this effect is further complicated by the fact that β-Ga2O3 NW cross-sections tend to deviate from the rectangular geometry (e.g., trapezoid), giving an additional

• deviations from rectangular cross-sections, e.g., trapezoid). Minimal and maximal values of possible geometry deviations are used for modelling elastic modulus variations. These cross-section errors are detailed in Table S4 and Table S5, along with Figure S4, available in Supporting Information File 1. These

Comparative analysis of the ultrastructure and adhesive secretion pathways of different smooth attachment pads of the stick insect Medauroidea extradentata (Phasmatodea)

• Julian Thomas,
• Stanislav N. Gorb and
• Thies H. Büscher

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 612–630, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.52

• microscopy (CLSM), histological staining of longitudinal and cross sections (toluidine blue and Cason), and micro-computed tomography (µCT), our investigation of the arolium and euplantulae of the stick insect M. extradentata addresses the following questions: (1) Are there structural and material

• tarsi and cross sections of the pretarsal (arolium) and tarsal (euplantulae) attachment pads of adult female stick insects M. extradentata were analysed using CLSM. Fresh tarsi of M. extradentata were cut off, directly placed in 100% Triton X-100 (Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH, Steinheim, Germany) for 30

• min, and then transferred to glycerine. To analyse the entire tarsus, it was directly transferred onto a glass slide and mounted with a coverslip (thickness = 0.170 ± 0.005 mm, refractive index = 1.52550 ± 0.00015, Carl Zeiss Microscopy GmbH, Jena, Germany). For the cross sections of arolium and

Electron-induced deposition using Fe(CO)₄MA and Fe(CO)₅ – effect of MA ligand and process conditions

• Hannah Boeckers,
• Atul Chaudhary,
• Petra Martinović,
• Amy V. Walker,
• Lisa McElwee-White and
• Petra Swiderek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 500–516, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.45

• ]. In these cases, though, the initial CO loss was more rapid, which was ascribed to the larger size of the molecules and consequently larger reactive scattering cross sections. Overall, the results summarized above show that there is room for further improvements to devise FEBID processes for

A combined gas-phase dissociative ionization, dissociative electron attachment and deposition study on the potential FEBID precursor [Au(CH₃)₂Cl]₂

• Elif Bilgilisoy,
• Ali Kamali,
• Thomas Xaver Gentner,
• Gerd Ballmann,
• Sjoerd Harder,
• Hans-Peter Steinrück,
• Hubertus Marbach and
• Oddur Ingólfsson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1178–1199, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.98

• ) and the energy dependence of the cross sections for the respective electron-induced processes. For more quantitative comparison with the UHV FEBID experiments presented here and the earlier HV experiments on this precursor, Figure 8 shows the energy dependence of the relative cross sections for the

• incident electron energy [25], and the attachment cross sections are highest at the 0 eV threshold. Consequently, exothermic DEA processes that proceed at the 0 eV threshold are generally the most efficient. This is also the case here, and we find the single methyl loss leading to the formation of [Au2Cl2

A bifunctional superconducting cell as flux qubit and neuron

• Dmitrii S. Pashin,
• Pavel V. Pikunov,
• Marina V. Bastrakova,
• Andrey E. Schegolev,
• Nikolay V. Klenov and
• Igor I. Soloviev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 1116–1126, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.92

• approximation according to Equation 12 with accuracy equal to PLZ > 1%. For D = 0.0044 (e) and DR = 0.008 and DF = 0.002 (f), cross sections of probabilities P1(l) are given, which are marked with red arrows in (c, d). (g, h) Population of the excited state as a function of Δt = t2 − t1 with fixed values of (a