The effect of metal surface nanomorphology on the output performance of a TENG

• Yiru Wang,
• Xin Zhao,
• Yang Liu and
• Wenjun Zhou

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 298–312, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.25

• of a metal and a polymer. There are different charge densities on different kinds of metal surface nanomorphology, which significantly influences the output performance of the TENG. Copper samples with different nanomorphology were obtained by controlling pH value, current density, electrolyte

• nanomorphology; triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG); Introduction Energy plays a vital role in human society. It is an important material basis for human activities and promotes scientific and technological development and economic growth. The current rapid economic development almost completely relies on non

• barrier of electron transfer, thus, enabling electron flow from insulator to metal (vice versa) or from an insulator to another insulator. TENGs are miniaturized and portable. They generate current by collecting tiny amounts of energy and supply power for microelectronic devices and sensors. Wind energy

Investigation of a memory effect in a Au/(Ti–Cu)Ox-gradient thin film/TiAlV structure

• Damian Wojcieszak,
• Jarosław Domaradzki,
• Michał Mazur,
• Tomasz Kotwica and
• Danuta Kaczmarek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 265–273, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.21

• coefficient during sputtering of the Cu target allowed us to obtain the designed gradient U-shape profile of the Cu concentration in the deposited thin film. Electrical measurements of the Au/(Ti–Cu)Ox/TiAlV structure showed the presence of nonpinched hysteresis loops in the voltage–current plane testifying a

• of the current-to-voltage measurements. On the basis of the performed investigations, we suggest that the conducting filament switching is the most probable mechanism. This is supported by investigations of structure and surface properties using X-ray methods, UV photoelectron spectroscopy, and cross

• transmission coefficient in the visible part of the optical spectrum was measured using a scientific grade CCD QE65000 spectrophotometer (Ocean Optics). For DC current-to-voltage electrical measurements, a Keithley SCS4200 semiconductor characterization system and a M100 Cascade Microtech probe station were

Photothermal ablation of murine melanomas by Fe₃O₄ nanoparticle clusters

• Xue Wang,
• Lili Xuan and
• Ying Pan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 255–264, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.20

• viability to 39.3%. NPCs alone tended to decrease cell viability at higher dosages but did not reach statistical significance, whereas cells exposed to saline + NIR remained unchanged. In this sense, the PTT efficiency of the current NPCs was greater than that of our previously synthesized Fe3O4

• (Figure 4a), confirming the applicability of Fe3O4 NPCs as effective PTT agents. Similar to in vitro findings, the PTT efficiency of the current NPCs in vivo was greater than that of our previously synthesized Fe3O4 nanoparticle-containing up-conversion nanoprobes, which was administered to mice at a

• the heat shock protein HSP70 as a plausible explanation for the observed therapeutic benefits as a result of hyperthermia. Findings of the current study accentuate the potential application of Fe3O4 nanoparticle clusters in the treatment of melanoma. Experimental Reagents and animals Iron

Effects of drug concentration and PLGA addition on the properties of electrospun ampicillin trihydrate-loaded PLA nanofibers

• Tuğba Eren Böncü and
• Nurten Ozdemir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 245–254, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.19

• focused on drug-free or hydrophilic drug-loaded PLA/PLGA nanofibers produced with different polymers and solvent systems than those in the current study [8][11]. The current study is important since the effects of PLA/PLGA ratios on nanofiber morphology, nanofiber diameter, in vitro drug release, and

• used in the current study are shown in Table 1 and Table 2 (Electrospinning machine Ne-200, Inovenso, Turkey). The collector covered by a piece of aluminum foil was used for fiber deposition. The deposited fiber mats were dried for 72 h at room temperature and stored in a desiccant until the analysis

Relationship between corrosion and nanoscale friction on a metallic glass

• Haoran Ma and
• Roland Bennewitz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 236–244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.18

• polarization curves of ZrNiTi MGs in NaCl solution and phosphate buffer recorded in an electrochemical AFM cell. In NaCl solution, no passivity is observed during anodic polarization. The current density increases rapidly even at a low applied potential (approx. 0 V). In contrast, the ZrNiTi MG in phosphate

Impact of device design on the electronic and optoelectronic properties of integrated Ru-terpyridine complexes

• Max Mennicken,
• Sophia Katharina Peter,
• Corinna Kaulen,
• Ulrich Simon and
• Silvia Karthäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 219–229, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.16

• apparatus using an acceleration voltage of 5 kV. The electronic characterization of the Ru(TP)2-complex wire devices as well as the Ru(MPTP)2–AuNP devices was conducted with a Keithley 6430 sub-femtoampere remote source meter as described recently [21]. Current-voltage (I/U) characteristics were taken in

• -complex wire devices have been fabricated using nanoelectrodes with a separation of 8 to 20 nm and the above described growth process. The electrical behavior of the thus formed solid-state junctions was measured by cyclic current vs voltage (I/U) sweeps in the voltage range −1.3 V < U < +1.3 V. The

• measurements on empty nanoelectrode gaps or nanoelectrode pairs only treated repeatedly with TP solution and ethanol show conductance values around 0.01 pS, corresponding to the noise level. In Figure 3 the current vs voltage graph of a typical Ru(TP)2-complex wire device (green) is given, exhibiting a low

Engineered titania nanomaterials in advanced clinical applications

• Padmavati Sahare,
• Paulina Govea Alvarez,
• Juan Manual Sanchez Yanez,
• Gabriel Luna-Bárcenas,
• Samik Chakraborty,
• Sujay Paul and
• Miriam Estevez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 201–218, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.15

• , corrosion resistance, and low toxicity, titania nanomaterials have revolutionized therapeutic approaches. Additionally, titania provides an exceptional choice for developing innovative medical devices and the integration of functional moieties that can modulate the biological responses. Thus, the current

• rigorous investigation of fundamental properties of TiO2 is essential regarding risk assessment and subsequent performance optimization in vivo. Additionally, since significant investment is required for pre-clinical and clinical studies, the majority of current research products fails in clinical

Piezoelectric nanogenerator for bio-mechanical strain measurement

• Zafar Javed,
• Lybah Rafiq,
• Muhammad Anwaar Nazeer,
• Saqib Siddiqui,
• Muhammad Babar Ramzan,
• Muhammad Qamar Khan and
• Muhammad Salman Naeem

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 192–200, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.14

• as well. Under high dynamic strain more output voltage is generated than under low dynamic strain. The maximum current density shown by the device is 172.5 nA/cm2. The developed piezoelectric nanofiber sensor was then integrated into a knitted fabric through stitching to be used for angle measurement

• . With increasing bending angle, the output voltage increased. The promising results show that the textile-based piezoelectric sensor developed in this study has a great potential to be used as an angle measuring wearable device for the human body due to its high current density output and flexibility

• , which is capable of monitoring body angles. This sensor will be able to replace the battery being used in commonly available products and is more breathable, lightweight, and flexible. The developed sensor has been characterized through advanced techniques. The current density has been calculated and

Low-energy electron interaction and focused electron beam-induced deposition of molybdenum hexacarbonyl (Mo(CO)₆)

• Po-Yuan Shih,
• Maicol Cipriani,
• Christian Felix Hermanns,
• Jens Oster,
• Klaus Edinger,
• Armin Gölzhäuser and
• Oddur Ingólfsson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 182–191, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.13

• the underlying resonances. Thermochemical threshold energies are calculated at the DFT level of theory for carbonyl loss from Mo(CO)6 through DEA and discussed in relation to the current and previous studies. We present EDX analyses of the composition of FEBID deposits from Mo(CO)6 and compare the

• deposits composition with carbonyl loss through DEA vs DI. We compare this to previous gas phase, surface science and FEBID experiments on W(CO)6 and discuss these studies in context to the current findings and potential deposition mechanisms. Method Quantum chemical calculations Similar to the approach in

• ion yield curves of the negative ions formed upon electron attachment to Mo(CO)6. Under the current experimental conditions we observed the formation of four anionic fragments, [Mo(CO)5]−, [Mo(CO)4]−, [Mo(CO)3]− and [Mo(CO)2]−. The molecular ion [Mo(CO)6]− was not observed. This is consistent with

Sputtering onto liquids: a critical review

• Anastasiya Sergievskaya,
• Adrien Chauvin and
• Stephanos Konstantinidis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 10–53, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.2

• reported data; we will address the influence of the sputtering parameters (sputter power, current, voltage, sputter time, working gas pressure, and the type of sputtering plasma) and host liquid properties (composition, temperature, viscosity, and surface tension) on the NP formation as well as a detailed

• electric fields, the latter being generated by the negative voltage applied to the cathode, allow for trapping the plasma electrons near the target surface to enhance gas ionization in that region. Consequently, the ion flux towards the target and the corresponding cathode current is significantly

• increased as compared to a diode glow discharge ignited without inserting magnets. In the case of MS systems, the discharge current I scales exponentially with the applied voltage V, as highlighted by the equation I = k·Vn, where k and n depend on the magnetron cathode and other process parameters as

Topographic signatures and manipulations of Fe atoms, CO molecules and NaCl islands on superconducting Pb(111)

• Carl Drechsel,
• Philipp D’Astolfo,
• Jung-Ching Liu,
• Thilo Glatzel,
• Rémy Pawlak and
• Ernst Meyer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1–9, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.1

• clean and sharp Pb tip was then prepared at low temperature by repeated indentations into the surface. STM images were acquired in constant-current mode with the bias voltage applied to the tip. All experimental data were analysed by using Gwyddion [48]. Results and Discussion CO adsorption on Pb(111

Design aspects of Bi₂Sr₂CaCu₂O_8+δ THz sources: optimization of thermal and radiative properties

• Mikhail M. Krasnov,
• Natalia D. Novikova,
• Roger Cattaneo,
• Alexey A. Kalenyuk and
• Vladimir M. Krasnov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1392–1403, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.103

• photolithography and argon-ion etching. Mesa structures are formed at the overlap between the line and the electrodes, as indicated in Figure 1a. Figure 2a,b shows current–voltage (I–V) characteristics of mesas of whisker- and crystal-based devices, respectively. The I–V curves are fairly similar. They contain

• multiple branches due to one-by-one switching of IJJs from the superconducting to the resistive state. The are N ≈ 200 and ≈300 IJJs in whisker and crystal mesas, respectively. Both the whisker and the crystal have a similar suppressed Tc ≈ 65–70 K and low critical current densities of IJJs, Jc ≈ 100 A/cm2

• results of in situ THz generation-detection experiment on a whisker-based device. We follow the procedure developed in [14], where details of the technique can be found. We use one mesa with the I–V like in Figure 2a as a generator, and another mesa on the same device as a switching current detector. The

Measurement of polarization effects in dual-phase ceria-based oxygen permeation membranes using Kelvin probe force microscopy

• Kerstin Neuhaus,
• Christina Schmidt,
• Liudmila Fischer,
• Wilhelm Albert Meulenberg,
• Ke Ran,
• Joachim Mayer and
• Stefan Baumann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1380–1391, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.102

• depends on the ceria/spinel ratio, has recently been discussed [16]. Current research efforts are aiming to improve the composition and microstructure of a dual-phase membrane with similar composition for application in a membrane reactor at considerably lower temperatures (below 600 °C) to perform

• faster than the relaxation process observed via KPFM, where (depending on tip bias) the relaxation process in most cases took more than 30 min. For the polarization with the AFM tip, higher voltages and a much smaller contact diameter were used, though, resulting in a significantly increased current

• -defined region is enlarged in the lower-right inset, with correspondingly oriented structural models. Oxygen is not shown. Electrical conductivity obtained in air by application of either +200 mV or −200 mV and analyzing the steady-state current at temperatures between 100 and 800 °C. Activation energies

Chemical vapor deposition of germanium-rich CrGe_x nanowires

• Vladislav Dřínek,
• Stanislav Tiagulskyi,
• Roman Yatskiv,
• Jan Grym,
• Radek Fajgar,
• Věra Jandová,
• Martin Koštejn and
• Jaroslav Kupčík

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1365–1371, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.100

• characteristics, their thermodynamic properties hint at quantitatively and qualitatively different behavior of their metal alloys. Therefore, germanides as counterparts of silicides have been gradually becoming a topic of current research. Thermodynamic properties of chromium germanide CrGex, that is, the phase

• with the Ga+ focused ion beam (FIB), gas injection system (GIS), and nanomanipulator OmniProbe 400 (Oxford Instruments) with a tungsten tip. The nanomanipulator enabled a direct contact of single as-grown NWs. The current–voltage (I–V) characteristics were measured using a Keithley 237 source

Identifying diverse metal oxide nanomaterials with lethal effects on embryonic zebrafish using machine learning

• Richard Liam Marchese Robinson,
• Haralambos Sarimveis,
• Philip Doganis,
• Xiaodong Jia,
• Marianna Kotzabasaki,
• Christiana Gousiadou,
• Stacey Lynn Harper and
• Terry Wilkins

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1297–1325, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.97

• with various ENM characteristics. In the current work, classification models were developed to classify coated or uncoated metal oxide nanomaterials as lethal or non-lethal, based upon whether statistically significant lowest observed effect levels (LOELs) [32] for lethality, or excess lethality, in

• -lethal effects at each of the tested ENM concentrations and the zero-dose control group [25][28][31]. Figure 2 summarizes the procedure used in the current study to convert the raw observations at either 24 or 120 hpf into binary classification labels, meaning toxic (= 1) vs non-toxic (= 0) for

• (e.g., “cylindrical”, “unknown”) was treated as a unique descriptor, with values of one and zero assigned if the ENM had and did not have the specified value for that characteristic respectively. A summary of all modelling carried out in the current work is presented in Figure 3. In addition to the

Nonmonotonous temperature dependence of Shapiro steps in YBCO grain boundary junctions

• Leonid S. Revin,
• Dmitriy V. Masterov,
• Alexey E. Parafin,
• Sergey A. Pavlov and
• Andrey L. Pankratov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1279–1285, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.95

• are in agreement with the calculations based on the resistively–capacitively shunted junction model and Bessel theory. The emergence of the receiving optima is explained by the mutual influence of the varying critical current and the characteristic frequency. Keywords: characteristic frequency

• through an optical window with IR filters using a semiconductor synthesizer with a multiplier (70–78 GHz) or using a backward wave oscillator (230–370 GHz). The JJ transport properties and the response were characterized by a precise Keithley low-noise current source and nanovoltmeter using a standard 4

• -probe technique. In the RCSJ model to which we compare our experimental results, the junction phase ϕ with an ideal critical current Ic, a resistance RN and a capacitance C are described by the stochastic differential equation [32][33] where the voltage V = dϕ/dt × 2π/Φ0 (Φ0 is the magnetic flux quantum

Enhancement of the piezoelectric coefficient in PVDF-TrFe/CoFe₂O₄ nanocomposites through DC magnetic poling

• Marco Fortunato,
• Alessio Tamburrano,
• Maria Paola Bracciale,
• Maria Laura Santarelli and
• Maria Sabrina Sarto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1262–1270, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.93

• the use of a top electrode or of high magnetic fields (the maximum value of d33 was obtained at 50 mT, using a current of 0.4 A) making the PVDF-TrFE/CoFe2O4 nanocomposite suitable for the fabrication of highly efficient devices for energy harvesting and wearable sensors. Keywords: CoFe2O4; magnetic

Electrical, electrochemical and structural studies of a chlorine-derived ionic liquid-based polymer gel electrolyte

• Ashish Gupta,
• Amrita Jain,
• Manju Kumari and
• Santosh K. Tripathi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1252–1261, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.92

• at a scan rate of 5 mV·s−1. The plot clearly reflects that there is a gradual increase in the values of current with an increase in voltage up to certain values of potential. Afterward, there is an abrupt increase in the current value recorded which represents a working voltage, or potential window

• . Thereafter, the resultant current as a function of time is monitored. In order to calculate the values of the ionic transport number, Equation 2 was used and this value was found to be 0.91. This means that the total conductivity in the present electrolyte films is primarily due to ions, and the electron

• voltage of 1.0 V was applied across the polymer gel electrolyte film sandwiched between two stainless steel electrodes. The total ionic transference number was calculated by using the following equation: where, iT is the initial electronic current and ie is the residual electronic current [9]. SEM images

A review on slip boundary conditions at the nanoscale: recent development and applications

• Ruifei Wang,
• Jin Chai,
• Bobo Luo,
• Xiong Liu,
• Jianting Zhang,
• Min Wu,
• Mingdan Wei and
• Zhuanyue Ma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1237–1251, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.91

• , electrophoresis, streaming current or potential, and sedimentation potential have played crucial roles in the development of microfluidics and nanofluidics [73][74][75]. Among them, the electro-osmotic flow refers to the motion of an electrolyte solution relative to the stationary charged surface due to an

• that the drag reduction might lead to the improvement of energy conversion efficiency from mechanical to electrical energy for the generation of streaming current induced by the pressure difference [119]. As stated in Section 1.1, the drag reduction is equivalent to the increase of slip length, which

Two dynamic modes to streamline challenging atomic force microscopy measurements

• Alexei G. Temiryazev,
• Andrey V. Krayev and
• Marina P. Temiryazeva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1226–1236, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.90

• resonant frequency (usually 40–400 kHz). As the distance between the probe and the sample decreases, the oscillation amplitude A also decreases. A certain amplitude value is selected as a set point Asp (a reference level). A feedback loop compares the current amplitude value with Asp and, moving the Z

• . If there is a vertical wall of height h, then, at the moment when the probe quickly hits the wall, the oscillation amplitude decreases by the amount of h. The error signal δA = A − Asp appears, defined by the difference of the current amplitude and Asp. The value of δA = −h is fed to the feedback

• high-vacuum conditions, the AFM allows for obtaining atomic resolution [33]. Such measurements are usually carried out in the frequency modulation mode, which means that the driving frequency is automatically kept equal to the current resonant frequency of the probe, and the shift of the resonant

Morphology-driven gas sensing by fabricated fractals: A review

• Vishal Kamathe and
• Rupali Nagar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1187–1208, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.88

• of nanodendrites). (c) The sensor response as function of the temperature with different C2H5OH concentrations. Figure 9a–c was reprinted from [71], Current Applied Physics, vol. 11, by S. Phadungdhitidhada; S. Thanasanvorakun; P. Mangkorntong; S. Choopun; N. Mangkorntong; D. Wongratanaphisan, “SnO2

The effect of cobalt on morphology, structure, and ORR activity of electrospun carbon fibre mats in aqueous alkaline environments

• Markus Gehring,
• Tobias Kutsch,
• Osmane Camara,
• Alexandre Merlen,
• Hermann Tempel,
• Hans Kungl and
• Rüdiger-A. Eichel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1173–1186, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.87

• at high carbonisation temperatures it forms particles with diameters up to 300 nm. Free-standing, current-collector-free electrodes assembled from carbonised cobalt-decorated fibre mats display promising performance for the oxygen reduction reaction in aqueous alkaline media. High current densities

• at an overpotential of 100 mV and low overpotentials at current densities of 333 μA·cm−2 were found for all electrodes made from cobalt-decorated fibre mats carbonised at temperatures between 800 and 1000 °C. Keywords: carbon fibres; cobalt-decorated fibres; electrospinning; metal–air batteries

• to be both stable and adequately performing at a current density of 80 mA·cm−2. They attributed the enhanced ORR activity (compared to the cobalt-free fibres) to the presence of Co(II) species, graphitic nitrogen, and Co–Nx species. They concluded that Co3O4-enhanced carbon fibres from

Irradiation-driven molecular dynamics simulation of the FEBID process for Pt(PF₃)₄

• Alexey Prosvetov,
• Alexey V. Verkhovtsev,
• Gennady Sushko and
• Andrey V. Solov’yov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1151–1172, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.86

• be achieved at slightly lower beam current. Such a behavior makes the FEBID outcomes not very sensitive to specific fragmentation channels and permits one to compare the characteristics of the simulated FEBID process with experimentally observed characteristics under given experimental conditions

• ) would correspond to slightly different values of the beam current. The product of space- and energy-resolved electron distribution and the precursor fragmentation cross section gives the fragmentation probability per PE per unit time. The calculated probability based on the defined PE flux of 1 Å−2·fs−1

• spot radii. The following experimental irradiation parameters [22] have been used in the simulations performed in the present study: electron current Iexp = 2.8 nA and estimated beam spot radius Rexp = 40 nm. Although in the experiments [22] irradiation was performed with a continuous electron beam, we

pH-driven enhancement of anti-tubercular drug loading on iron oxide nanoparticles for drug delivery in macrophages

• Karishma Berta Cotta,
• Sarika Mehra and
• Rajdip Bandyopadhyaya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1127–1139, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.84

• different NOR@IONPs synthesized in previous and current studies. Supporting Information Supporting Information File 112: Supplementary Information. Data that supports the experimental choices and data analysis. Acknowledgements We would like to acknowledge Sophisticated Analytical Instrumental Facility

Open-loop amplitude-modulation Kelvin probe force microscopy operated in single-pass PeakForce tapping mode

• Gheorghe Stan and
• Pradeep Namboodiri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1115–1126, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.83

• the proximity of the surface, might inadvertently include contributions from the van der Waals tip–sample interaction to the measured CPD. In the current OL KPFM-PFT implementation, all these impediments are avoided by precisely controlling the synchronization of the bias modulation with the PFT

• current OL AM-KPFM was synthesized a priori in LabView (National Instruments, Austin, TX, USA) as a sinusoidal waveform with the desired amplitude and frequency that was later synchronized with the PFT oscillation. A typical configuration used in this work was with a bias of 5.0 V amplitude and 4.0 kHz