In situ transport characterization of magnetic states in Nb/Co superconductor/ferromagnet heterostructures

• Olena M. Kapran,
• Roman Morari,
• Taras Golod,
• Evgenii A. Borodianskyi,
• Vladimir Boian,
• Andrei Prepelita,
• Nikolay Klenov,
• Anatoli S. Sidorenko and
• Vladimir M. Krasnov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 913–923, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.68

• layers composing a single pseudo spin valve. A more complex S2, Nb(50 nm)/[Co(1.5 nm)/Nb(6 nm)/Co(2.5 nm)/Nb(6 mn)]3Co(1.5 nm)/Nb(6 nm)/Si (the structure in square brackets is repeated three times) has five Co layers. MLs are deposited by magnetron sputtering in a single deposition cycle without breaking

• the vacuum. We use a Nb target (99.95% purity) for deposition of S-layers, Co (99.95% purity) for F-layers, and Si (99.999%) for seeding bottom and protective top layers. MLs are grown on a Si(111) wafer. Prior to deposition, targets were precleaned by plasma-etching for 3 min and in addition for 1

• min upon switching between targets. The deposition is performed at room temperature with a water-cooled sample stage. Thicknesses are defined using calibrated growth rates: 3.5 nm/s for Nb and 0.1 nm/s for Co. For every set of F-layers, three identical samples were prepared simultaneously, and some

Comprehensive review on ultrasound-responsive theranostic nanomaterials: mechanisms, structures and medical applications

• Sepand Tehrani Fateh,
• Lida Moradi,
• Elmira Kohan,
• Michael R. Hamblin and
• Amin Shiralizadeh Dezfuli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 808–862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.64

9.1% efficient zinc oxide/silicon solar cells on a 50 μm thick Si absorber

• Rafal Pietruszka,
• Bartlomiej S. Witkowski,
• Monika Ozga,
• Katarzyna Gwozdz,
• Ewa Placzek-Popko and
• Marek Godlewski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 766–774, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.60

• % for planar structures, respectively. The work, therefore, describes an environmentally friendly technology for PV architecture with surface textures increasing the efficiency of PV cells. Keywords: atomic layer deposition; hydrothermal method; photovoltaics; silicon; solar cell; zinc oxide

• environmentally friendly solar cells are cells based on zinc oxide (ZnO). ZnO thin films can be obtained using many technologies, including molecular beam epitaxy, RF magnetron sputtering, pulsed laser deposition, chemical vapor deposition, and atomic layer deposition (ALD) [3]. ALD attracts the attention of many

• , confirming the validity of our approach. A textured surface was obtained for the cell modified with ZnONR. As mentioned earlier, the nanorods were separated at the top. This means that the ALD films were deposited both on the top of and in the space between the nanorods. Therefore, the deposition process led

Recent progress in actuation technologies of micro/nanorobots

• Ke Xu and
• Bing Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 756–765, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.59

• actuated by an electric mechanism decomposing H2O2. Xu used a chemical vapor deposition method to obtain a large number of helical molecular chains and studied the motion behavior related to the number of rotations. With increasing number of rotations, the micro/nanorobot may counter greater resistance

• during motion. In addition, the study also found that the concentration of H2O2 and the distribution of platinum may also affect the movement. Although chemical vapor deposition offers a high yield, the oxide produced during chemical vapor deposition reduces the effective controllability, which is a new

Prediction of Co and Ru nanocluster morphology on 2D MoS₂ from interaction energies

• Cara-Lena Nies and
• Michael Nolan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 704–724, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.56

• favourable metal–substrate interaction should inhibit migration of atoms to form 3D structures during thin film deposition, resulting in a 2D film suitable for interconnect applications, without the need of an additional liner material to promote wetting. This is the subject of further work and will include

Electromigration-induced formation of percolating adsorbate islands during condensation from the gaseous phase: a computational study

• Alina V. Dvornichenko,
• Vasyl O. Kharchenko and
• Dmitrii O. Kharchenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 694–703, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.55

• applied to the substrate leads to efficient surface heating and, as a consequence, the induced spatially directed drift of adatoms begins to play a significant role in the formation of surface structures during deposition [8][9][10][11]. Reorganization of the step structure of the adsorbate islands was

• observed on silicon substrates [12][13]. Strong effects of EM were manifested in the processes of evolution of vanadium surface morphology [14], and in the epitaxial growth of semiconductor heterostructures [15]. It was found that at low deposition temperatures the growth of surface structures occurs

• dynamics of the evolution of surface morphology at elevated temperatures. This effect can lead to a change in the morphology of the surface compared to the isotropic case of deposition without the presence of an external field. Mathematical and numerical modeling of nanostructured thin film growth

Fate and transformation of silver nanoparticles in different biological conditions

• Barbara Pem,
• Marija Ćurlin,
• Darija Domazet Jurašin,
• Valerije Vrček,
• Rinea Barbir,
• Vedran Micek,
• Raluca M. Fratila,
• Jesus M. de la Fuente and
• Ivana Vinković Vrček

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 665–679, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.53

• are created by several pathways, including partial AgNPs dissolution in the gastric fluid, uptake and systemic transport of ionic and nanoparticulate Ag as thiol and selenium complexes, and final deposition in the near-skin regions [15]. Especially important is the process of interaction with thiols

• (902A; Carl Zeiss Meditec AG, Jena, Germany) operated in bright-field mode with an acceleration voltage of 80 kV, while a Canon PowerShot S50 camera was used to capture the images. The sample preparation for TEM involved the deposition of a drop of the AgNP suspension onto a Formvar®-coated copper grid

A review of defect engineering, ion implantation, and nanofabrication using the helium ion microscope

• Frances I. Allen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 633–664, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.52

• ; focused helium ion beam-induced deposition; focused helium ion beam milling; helium ion beam lithography; helium ion implantation; Introduction Since the helium ion microscope (HIM) was introduced 15 years ago [1][2][3], over one hundred HIMs have been installed worldwide and over one thousand research

• irradiation effects, such as defect formation and ion implantation, are used to locally change the properties of the material, and at higher doses, nanofabrication is performed using localized material removal (by sputtering) or addition (by gas-assisted deposition). Sometimes, lower-dose irradiation effects

• . gas-assisted deposition. Each topic is illustrated using a series of research highlights from the literature. In many cases, a particular application draws on the effects of more than one of the above areas, which is also discussed. At the root of all of these applications are the unique

Nanoporous and nonporous conjugated donor–acceptor polymer semiconductors for photocatalytic hydrogen production

• Zhao-Qi Sheng,
• Yu-Qin Xing,
• Yan Chen,
• Guang Zhang,
• Shi-Yong Liu and
• Long Chen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 607–623, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.50

• deposition of Pt as the cocatalyst, P45 exhibited the most prominent photocatalytic activity for H2 evolution (29.6 μmol·h−1, 100 mg) under visible light. These results suggest that the D–π–A architecture might be better than the conventional D–A counterpart for designing high-performance polymer-based

Impact of GaAs(100) surface preparation on EQE of AZO/Al₂O₃/p-GaAs photovoltaic structures

• Piotr Caban,
• Rafał Pietruszka,
• Jarosław Kaszewski,
• Monika Ożga,
• Bartłomiej S. Witkowski,
• Krzysztof Kopalko,
• Piotr Kuźmiuk,
• Katarzyna Gwóźdź,
• Ewa Płaczek-Popko,
• Krystyna Lawniczak-Jablonska and
• Marek Godlewski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 578–592, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.48

• solution with no final passivation. Subsequent I–V measurements, however, confirmed that from these samples, only the sulfur-passivated ones provided the highest current density. The tested devices were fabricated by using the ALD method. Keywords: atomic layer deposition; external quantum efficiency

• ; gallium arsenide; photovoltaics; surface passivation; Introduction The atomic layer deposition (ALD) method is used for silicon passivation in photovoltaics. In recent years we proposed the usage of ALD for the construction of simplified Si-based cells [1]. Once zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods were employed as

• the removal of the native oxide layer followed by an adequate surface passivation technique [13] and/or by a proper choice of the dielectric and its deposition method. Regarding the dielectric, the most common ones are aluminum oxide (Al2O3) and hafnium dioxide (HfO2) for which the preferable

Properties of graphene deposited on GaN nanowires: influence of nanowire roughness, self-induced nanogating and defects

• Jakub Kierdaszuk,
• Piotr Kaźmierczak,
• Justyna Grzonka,
• Aleksandra Krajewska,
• Aleksandra Przewłoka,
• Wawrzyniec Kaszub,
• Zbigniew R. Zytkiewicz,
• Marta Sobanska,
• Maria Kamińska,
• Andrzej Wysmołek and
• Aneta Drabińska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 566–577, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.47

• a separate analysis of graphene strain, carrier concentration, and defects. The presented analysis is also important in the tracing of the interdependencies of the parameters which characterize graphene properties. Experimental Monolayer graphene was grown by chemical vapour deposition (CVD) on a

• -called defect bands. In the case of graphene transferred onto NWs, the analysis of scattering on defects allows for one to trace how graphene structure changes after the deposition on NWs and how these changes depend on the density of NWs and their differences in height. An additional aspect is the

Local stiffness and work function variations of hexagonal boron nitride on Cu(111)

• Abhishek Grewal,
• Yuqi Wang,
• Matthias Münks,
• Klaus Kern and
• Markus Ternes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 559–565, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.46

• acquisition. Sample preparation: A Cu(111) single crystal (MaTeck GmbH) is cleaned via repeated cycles of Ar-ion sputtering at room temperature followed by annealing to 1020 K in an ultrahigh-vacuum preparation chamber. A partial layer of h-BN is grown by chemical vapour deposition by heating the Cu(111

Influence of electrospray deposition on C₆₀ molecular assemblies

• Antoine Hinaut,
• Sebastian Scherb,
• Sara Freund,
• Zhao Liu,
• Thilo Glatzel and
• Ernst Meyer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 552–558, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.45

• important for scanning probe studies at the atomic or molecular level. For large or fragile organic molecules, where sublimation cannot be used, high-vacuum electrospray deposition is a good alternative. However, because this method requires the introduction into vacuum of the molecules from solution, clean

• conditions are more difficult to be maintained. Additionally, because the presence of solvent on the surface cannot be fully eliminated, one has to take care of its possible influence. Here, we compare the high-vacuum electrospray deposition method to thermal evaporation for the preparation of C60 on

• different surfaces and compare, for sub-monolayer coverages, the influence of the deposition method on the formation of molecular assemblies. Whereas the island location is the main difference for metal surfaces, we observe for alkali halide and metal oxide substrates that the high-vacuum electrospray

On the stability of microwave-fabricated SERS substrates – chemical and morphological considerations

• Limin Wang,
• Aisha Adebola Womiloju,
• Christiane Höppener,
• Ulrich S. Schubert and
• Stephanie Hoeppener

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 541–551, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.44

• ethanolic solutions were reported. Since specialized applications also involve the deposition of analytes from other organic solvents or, in the case of the investigation of biological samples, even from buffer solutions, a more careful investigation of the performance and stability of the microwave

The preparation temperature influences the physicochemical nature and activity of nanoceria

• Robert A. Yokel,
• Wendel Wohlleben,
• Johannes Georg Keller,
• Matthew L. Hancock,
• Jason M. Unrine,
• D. Allan Butterfield and
• Eric A. Grulke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 525–540, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.43

• exposure positively correlated with exposure time and nanoceria concentration, with deposition fractions of 12%, 15%, 14%, and 8%, and predicted clearance half-lives of 86, 114, 164, and 200 days [9]. These studies showed that pulmonary exposure to NM-212 could lead to long-term biological persistence and

Interface interaction of transition metal phthalocyanines with strontium titanate (100)

• Reimer Karstens,
• Thomas Chassé and
• Heiko Peisert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 485–496, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.39

• treatments [12][13] or water leaching [14][15]. The SrO termination is often achieved via thermal Sr segregation [16][17][18] or by deposition of SrO in vacuo [19][20]. Due to the thermal Sr segregation effect, sputtering and annealing procedures result commonly in SrO-terminated surfaces [21]. The detailed

• interface components were found. The small shift of the Ti 2p spectra in Figure 2a after deposition of CoPc to lower binding energies is also observed in the corresponding O 1s and Sr 3d spectra (Figure S2 and Figure S3, Supporting Information File 1) and might be assigned to an adsorbate-induced band

• specific for the Co ion, we study interface properties of the related system FePcFx on STO(100). Similar to CoPcFx on STO(100), the substrate-related core level spectra (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S8 and Figure S9) do not show changes of the peak shape upon FePc deposition, that is, they are not

Rapid controlled synthesis of gold–platinum nanorods with excellent photothermal properties under 808 nm excitation

• Jialin Wang,
• Qianqian Duan,
• Min Yang,
• Boye Zhang,
• Li Guo,
• Pengcui Li,
• Wendong Zhang and
• Shengbo Sang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 462–472, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.37

• –Pt nanoparticles with adjustable LSPR wavelength range. In this work, the effects of Ag+ and K2PtCl4 on the deposition of Pt on the surface of gold nanorods (AuNRs) were investigated. A fast, precise, and controlled synthesis of dumbbell-like Pt-coated AuNRs (Au@Pt NRs) under mild conditions is

• al. synthesized bimetal noncompact dendritic Pt shell-decorated AuNRs with spatial control of the Pt growth [26]. Grzelczak et al. developed two different deposition modes of Pt on the surface of AuNRs by removing or keeping the Ag+ ions used in the formation of AuNRs [27]. However, these studies

• deposition on AuNRs, it is impossible to determine the excessive unreacted Ag+ concentration in the freshly prepared AuNRs solution, which hinders the accurate control of the synthesis of Au@Pt NRs. Herein, we used AuNRs as seeds and re-added reagents in the reaction solution to study the influence of Ag

Reconstruction of a 2D layer of KBr on Ir(111) and electromechanical alteration by graphene

• Zhao Liu,
• Antoine Hinaut,
• Stefan Peeters,
• Sebastian Scherb,
• Ernst Meyer,
• Maria Clelia Righi and
• Thilo Glatzel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 432–439, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.35

• to the expected cubic configuration of bulk KBr and the work function of the system is strongly altered. Results and Discussion The thermal deposition of less than a monolayer of KBr on an atomically clean Ir(111) surface under ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions results in the formation of islands on

• Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM), as can be seen in Supporting Information File 1, Figure S3. To be able to tune this corrugated structure, a monolayer of graphene was prepared on Ir(111) before KBr deposition. Figure 4a shows a large-area topography of the Ir(111) surface, half of which is covered

The impact of molecular tumor profiling on the design strategies for targeting myeloid leukemia and EGFR/CD44-positive solid tumors

• Nikola Geskovski,
• Nadica Matevska-Geshkovska,
• Simona Dimchevska Sazdovska,
• Marija Glavas Dodov,
• Kristina Mladenovska and
• Katerina Goracinova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 375–401, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.31

Spontaneous shape transition of Mn_xGe_1−x islands to long nanowires

• S. Javad Rezvani,
• Luc Favre,
• Gabriele Giuli,
• Yiming Wubulikasimu,
• Isabelle Berbezier,
• Augusto Marcelli,
• Luca Boarino and
• Nicola Pinto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 366–374, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.30

• obtained via chemical methods [28][29] or via vapor–solid–liquid (VLS) and, less frequently, vapor–solid–solid (VSS) mechanisms. A metallic droplet (liquid or solid) acts as a catalyst, in chemical vapor deposition (CVD), or as a seed, in molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), for the NW growth [7][30][31]. By

• deposition, Ge wafers were annealed at 400 °C for 30 min to remove the overgrown oxide. Then, a Ge buffer layer of 80 nm was deposited at 350 °C, using a Knudsen cell, and let to cool down to 60 °C for Mn deposition. Two to nine monolayers of Mn were deposited at 60 °C. The films were annealed immediately

• after deposition (in the same chamber) at 650 °C for 15–30 min and then cooled down rapidly to room temperature (RT). Samples were studied using SEM, XRD, and HRTEM. XRD data were collected by means of a PW 1830 diffractometer in Bragg–Brentano geometry. A long fine-focus Cu tube was operated at 40 kV

Structural and optical characteristics determined by the sputtering deposition conditions of oxide thin films

• Petronela Prepelita,
• Florin Garoi and
• Valentin Craciun

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 354–365, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.29

• dioxide (SiO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films deposited by radio frequency magnetron sputtering on quartz substrates was investigated. The deposition conditions were optimized to achieve stoichiometric thin films. The orientation of crystallites, structure, and composition were investigated by X-ray

• diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), while the surface topography of the samples was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The optical characteristics were measured for samples with the same composition but obtained with different deposition parameters, such as increasing

• dielectric properties (e.g., SiO2 and ZnO) exhibit a dependence of the electrical resistance with temperature [22][23]. SiO2 and ZnO films are obtained by various deposition techniques, such as matrix-assisted pulsed laser evaporation (MAPLE) [24][25], spin coating of sol–gel precursor solutions [26], radio

Exploring the fabrication and transfer mechanism of metallic nanostructures on carbon nanomembranes via focused electron beam induced processing

• Christian Preischl,
• Linh Hoang Le,
• Elif Bilgilisoy,
• Armin Gölzhäuser and
• Hubertus Marbach

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 319–329, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.26

• electron beam-induced processing is a versatile method for the fabrication of metallic nanostructures with arbitrary shape, in particular, on top of two-dimensional (2D) organic materials, such as self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). Two methods, namely electron beam-induced deposition (EBID) and electron

• ” approach for the fabrication of arbitrarily shaped nanostructures [1][2][3][4][5]. The most prominent method within the FEBIP family is electron beam-induced deposition (EBID). In EBID, a focused electron beam is used to locally dissociate adsorbed precursor molecules. Thus, a localized deposit of the non

• , the large amount of available precursors allows for the deposition of many different materials [3]. One major challenge in EBID is the undesired co-deposition of carbon and other impurities [4]. The resulting carbonaceous deposits need to undergo further purification steps in order to obtain

The patterning toolbox FIB-o-mat: Exploiting the full potential of focused helium ions for nanofabrication

• Victor Deinhart,
• Lisa-Marie Kern,
• Jan N. Kirchhof,
• Sabrina Juergensen,
• Joris Sturm,
• Enno Krauss,
• Thorsten Feichtner,
• Sviatoslav Kovalchuk,
• Michael Schneider,
• Dieter Engel,
• Bastian Pfau,
• Bert Hecht,
• Kirill I. Bolotin,
• Stephanie Reich and
• Katja Höflich

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 304–318, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.25

• combination with a thermal stability up to 2600 K [50], renders graphene an exciting candidate for room-temperature bolometry [51]. Single-layer graphene was grown by chemical vapor deposition onto a multicrystalline copper foil using methane as precursor gas at 1035 °C. For the transfer process, the graphene

Gold(I) N-heterocyclic carbene precursors for focused electron beam-induced deposition

• Cristiano Glessi,
• Aya Mahgoub,
• Cornelis W. Hagen and
• Mats Tilset

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 257–269, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.21

• Sciences, Dept. Imaging Physics, Lorentzweg 1, 2628CJ Delft, Netherlands 10.3762/bjnano.12.21 Abstract Seven gold(I) N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes were synthesized, characterized, and identified as suitable precursors for focused electron beam-induced deposition (FEBID). Several variations on the

• −. Keywords: Au(I) precursors; focused electron beam-induced deposition (FEBID); gold-NHC; gold precursors; nanofabrication; N-heterocyclic carbene; Introduction Focused electron beam-induced deposition (FEBID) is a nanofabrication technique that allows for the growth of three-dimensional free-standing

• the deposit. A major challenge is therefore to achieve control over the composition of the deposited material through a proper design of the precursor molecule [17][18]. Gold deposition has been one of the earliest interests in FEBID [19], as gold 3D-nanostructures can find a wide range of

The nanomorphology of cell surfaces of adhered osteoblasts

• Christian Voelkner,
• Mirco Wendt,
• Regina Lange,
• Max Ulbrich,
• Martina Gruening,
• Susanne Staehlke,
• Barbara Nebe,
• Ingo Barke and
• Sylvia Speller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 242–256, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.20

• preparation such as critical point drying and deposition of thin Au layers. This enables the observation of cell surfaces containing membrane protrusion features; however, apart from [32], no clear ruffles as observed by SICM are recognizable. When no Au coating was applied on the cells of the same