The surface properties of nanoparticles determine the agglomeration state and the size of the particles under physiological conditions

• Christoph Bantz,
• Olga Koshkina,
• Thomas Lang,
• Hans-Joachim Galla,
• C. James Kirkpatrick,
• Roland H. Stauber and
• Michael Maskos

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1774–1786, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.188

• small amounts of agglomerates could be detected. However, the alkylation of the secondary amine groups results in a significant growth of the hydrodynamic size at physiological salinity. In presence of serum proteins a dissipation of the agglomerates was observed. Thus, the increase in diameter in the

Controlling the optical and structural properties of ZnS–AgInS₂ nanocrystals by using a photo-induced process

• Takashi Yatsui,
• Fumihiro Morigaki and
• Tadashi Kawazoe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1767–1773, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.187

• -radiative energy dissipation, and resulted in the increase of the emission intensity of the band edge. Using the emission spectra to control the nanocrystal size For the investigation of ways to control the size of ZAIS nanocrystals, we synthesized ZAIS nanocrystals with 532 nm irradiation (λ2) during the

Probing viscoelastic surfaces with bimodal tapping-mode atomic force microscopy: Underlying physics and observables for a standard linear solid model

• Santiago D. Solares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1649–1663, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.176

• properties and the AFM observables. The physics of the tip–sample interactions and its effect on the observables are illustrated and discussed, and a brief research outlook on viscoelasticity measurement with intermittent-contact AFM is provided. Keywords: amplitude-modulation; bimodal; dissipation

• ] and Garcia et al. [31] proved mathematically that when tip–sample energy dissipation is absent, the phase shift remains unchanged even if the elastic properties of the sample are non-uniform across the surface. This enables the user to directly map variations in energy dissipation based on the phase

• to obtain images of the sample topography, energy dissipation and elasticity of polymer surfaces immersed in a liquid environment [16]. We have also reported experiments in which images of Vts and Pts were compared for different control schemes applied to the higher mode, including open loop

A sonochemical approach to the direct surface functionalization of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles with (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane

• Bashiru Kayode Sodipo and
• Azlan Abdul Aziz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1472–1476, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.160

• synthesized in an ice bath for heat dissipation. The colloidal suspension of SPION was initially dispersed for 2 min by using a Vibra-Cell ultrasonic horn. Subsequently, APTES was then added and the mixture was further sonicated for 20 min. The resulting product was left overnight and then separated with

Probing the electronic transport on the reconstructed Au/Ge(001) surface

• Franciszek Krok,
• Mark R. Kaspers,
• Alexander M. Bernhart,
• Marek Nikiel,
• Benedykt R. Jany,
• Paulina Indyka,
• Mateusz Wojtaszek,
• Rolf Möller and
• Christian A. Bobisch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1463–1471, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.159

• financial support from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft under the program “SFB616: Energy Dissipation at Surfaces” and the Polish National Science Center, grant no. DEC-2012/07/B/ST5/00906. Part of the research was carried out with equipment purchased with financial support from the European Regional

Synthesis, characterization, and growth simulations of Cu–Pt bimetallic nanoclusters

• Subarna Khanal,
• Ana Spitale,
• Nabraj Bhattarai,
• Daniel Bahena,
• J. Jesus Velazquez-Salazar,
• Sergio Mejía-Rosales,
• Marcelo M. Mariscal and
• Miguel José-Yacaman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1371–1379, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.150

• each particle and represents the force due to the potential interaction between the particles and the NP, as they do not interact with each other. The friction constant γ and the random force are related by the fluctuation–dissipation theorem. The Langevin dynamics was implemented by Ermak's

A nanometric cushion for enhancing scratch and wear resistance of hard films

• Katya Gotlib-Vainshtein,
• Olga Girshevitz,
• Chaim N. Sukenik,
• David Barlam and
• Sidney R. Cohen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1005–1015, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.114

• dissipation during deformation of the hard film. In their classic model of friction, Bowden and Tabor [13] divide the friction into two terms, a plowing term and an adhesion term. The latter is associated with friction arising from the energy required to break the adhesive bonds, and the former from the

• or spallation due to compressive stress. Thus, a large mismatch between the lateral stresses on the two components will lead to wear and to energy dissipation. The FEA modeling confirms the observed behavior. The modeling points to a mechanistic interpretation: (1) The extensive deformation of the

Functionalized nanostructures for enhanced photocatalytic performance under solar light

• Liejin Guo,
• Dengwei Jing,
• Maochang Liu,
• Yubin Chen,
• Shaohua Shen,
• Jinwen Shi and
• Kai Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 994–1004, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.113

• charge carriers to the target surface reaction sites within their life time to avoid their recombination in the form of heat dissipation, and (2) the rapid implementation of reduction and oxidation reactions by those excited charges, should be promoted. Among the various approaches, nanostructure design

Resonance of graphene nanoribbons doped with nitrogen and boron: a molecular dynamics study

• Ye Wei,
• Haifei Zhan,
• Kang Xia,
• Wendong Zhang,
• Shengbo Sang and
• Yuantong Gu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 717–725, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.84

• with the results presented in Figure 2a, a much slower energy dissipation is found for the GNR with 1.89% B-dopant (see Figure 2b). We note that, although the GNR with a higher density of B-dopant might have a higher Q, the resonance frequency appears to have a consistent trend to decrease when the B

• , the external energy is observed to experience a sharp dissipation from 0.10 to 0.06 eV within 150 ps of simulation time. Afterwards, it fluctuates around 0.06 eV with no obvious dissipation. From the frequency spectrum, the resonance frequency is estimated to be 106 GHz. For the GNRs with a density of

• % B- and N-dopants, a very high Q of about 8300 is observed, while for the case with 0.88% dopants, an extremely low Q of about 1980 is detected. Figure 7a depicts the results obtained from the case with 0.38% dopants. A fast energy dissipation is observed, with the resonance frequency being estimated

Correction to "Energy dissipation in multifrequency atomic force microscopy"

• Valentina Pukhova,
• Francesco Banfi and
• Gabriele Ferrini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 667–667, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.78

• /bjnano.5.78 Keywords: band excitation; multifrequency atomic force microscopy (AFM); phase reference; wavelet transforms; In the section "Energy dissipation" of the above manuscript, there is a typesetting error in the mathematical expressions after Equation 5. The correct form must be: The energy

Energy dissipation in multifrequency atomic force microscopy

• Valentina Pukhova,
• Francesco Banfi and
• Gabriele Ferrini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 494–500, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.57

• energy dissipation is a fundamental aspect of the tip–sample interaction, allowing to quantify compositional contrast variations at the nanoscale [2]. The applied forces and the energy delivered to the sample are relevant for the imaging and the manipulation of soft materials in a variety of environments

• each flexural eigenmode upon impact. In the present work we build on that results to study in greater details the tip–sample force interactions separately for each mode and in particular the energy dissipation. Since the dissipative interactions are important in characterizing the compositional

• and third modes are not contact modes. This is proved by their frequency scaling, which is similar to that of free flexural modes and differs considerably from that of a pinned cantilever. For a discussion on this point we refer the reader to [5]. Energy dissipation The energy balance of each decaying

Challenges and complexities of multifrequency atomic force microscopy in liquid environments

• Santiago D. Solares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 298–307, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.33

• cantilever are momentarily excited through the tip–sample impact (see Figure 1c), which is more prevalent for softer cantilevers than for harder ones. When this happens, the phase contrast does not map dissipation, but instead short-range conservative interaction variations. The phenomenon is called

• change as tip–sample dissipation changes, leading to inaccurate readings. In frequency modulation operation this would cause the system to lock to a varying (non-constant) phase, which would render the results meaningless. Accurate measurements of this type with base-excited systems would only be

• level of tip–sample dissipation changes due to tip–sample interactions, such that the effective quality factor drops to 1.5, the phase will remain locked at the same value, but now the phase response of the system will follow a different curve (red dotted line). If one now follows the horizontal green

Effect of contaminations and surface preparation on the work function of single layer MoS₂

• Oliver Ochedowski,
• Kolyo Marinov,
• Nils Scheuschner,
• Artur Poloczek,
• Benedict Kleine Bussmann,
• Janina Maultzsch and
• Marika Schleberger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 291–297, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.32

• DFG in the framework of the Priority Program 1459 Graphene (O.O., N.S.), the SFB 616 Energy dissipation on surfaces (K.M., B.K.B.), and from the ERC under Grant No. 259286 (J.M.). We thank M. Freudenberg for graphics support.

Frequency, amplitude, and phase measurements in contact resonance atomic force microscopies

• Gheorghe Stan and
• Santiago D. Solares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 278–288, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.30

• using the tapping-mode (amplitude modulation) technique [13], within which variations in the phase contrast can be directly related to changes in energy dissipation [14][15]. Conservative and dissipative interactions are generally expressed in terms of the virial (Vts) and the dissipated power (Pts

• use of their specific frequency dependences, both amplitude and phase are theoretically available for elastic modulus and dissipation measurements in both UAFM and AFAM configurations. a) UAFM configuration with a mechanical vibration applied to the base of the cantilever and signal detection at the

Influence of the adsorption geometry of PTCDA on Ag(111) on the tip–molecule forces in non-contact atomic force microscopy

• Gernot Langewisch,
• Jens Falter,
• André Schirmeisen and
• Harald Fuchs

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 98–104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.9

• molecule A as well as for molecule B. Previous ab-initio simulations of PTCDA on Ag(111) predict a slight asymmetry of the end groups in the dissipation channel at small distances [17], but only for one molecular orientation. Therefore we speculate that this effect is related to an asymmetry of the tip

Friction behavior of a microstructured polymer surface inspired by snake skin

• Martina J. Baum,
• Lars Heepe and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 83–97, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.8

• with acoustic emissions, to an increase in abrasion and to stronger energy dissipation, to an increase in maintenance costs of industrial facilities due to (1) the higher need of lubricants, (2) the replacement costs of machine parts, and (3) the loss of productivity due to maintenance. However, the

Exploring the retention properties of CaF₂ nanoparticles as possible additives for dental care application with tapping-mode atomic force microscope in liquid

• Matthias Wasem,
• Joachim Köser,
• Sylvia Hess,
• Enrico Gnecco and
• Ernst Meyer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 36–43, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.4

• and on tooth enamel in liquid. From the phase-lag of the forced cantilever oscillation the local energy dissipation at the detachment point of the nanoparticle was determined. This enabled us to compare different as-synthesized CaF2 nanoparticles that vary in shape, size and surface structure. CaF2

• closely related to energy dissipation maps [3][4]. While phase imaging in ambient with high quality cantilever Q-factors is well established [5], a comprehensive model of the energy dissipation process in liquid is still missing since the first studies of AM-AFM measurements in liquid [6][7]. Recent

• studies have related the phase contrast, when measuring in liquid in which low Q-factors are found, to two origins: the excitation of higher eigenmodes and the energy dissipation on the sample surface [8][9]. In this work we show that for surface associated manipulation of nanoparticles in liquid, the

Noise performance of frequency modulation Kelvin force microscopy

• Heinrich Diesinger,
• Dominique Deresmes and
• Thierry Mélin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1–18, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.1

• the distance control loop does not interfere with the Kelvin control loop. First, it must not modify, by tip–surface interaction, the PLL response, e.g., by modifying Q via dissipation; second, it must not respond periodically to the frequency modulations caused by the Kelvin loop. This means that

Structural development and energy dissipation in simulated silicon apices

• Samuel Paul Jarvis,
• Lev Kantorovich and
• Philip Moriarty

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 941–948, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.106

• unstable structures can be revealed by a characteristic hysteretic behaviour present in the F(z) curves that were calculated with DFT, which corresponds to a tip-induced dissipation of hundreds of millielectronvolts resulting from reversible structural deformations. Additionally, in order to model the

• rotational degree of freedom can have as measurable an impact on the tip–surface interaction as a completely different tip structure. Keywords: apex structure; atomic force microscopy; DFT; dissipation; hysteresis; NC-AFM; silicon; spectroscopy; tip structure; Introduction The theoretical treatment of

• , let alone due to variations in tip apices. Energy dissipation in NC-AFM measurements has most effectively been explained by adhesion hysteresis due to deformations in the tip–sample junction originating from bistable defects [31][32][33] or by structural relaxations within the larger structure of the

Energy transfer in complexes of water-soluble quantum dots and chlorin e6 molecules in different environments

• Irina V. Martynenko,
• Anna O. Orlova,
• Vladimir G. Maslov,
• Alexander V. Baranov,
• Anatoly V. Fedorov and
• Mikhail Artemyev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 895–902, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.101

• quantum dots and chlorin e6 molecules form stable complexes that exhibit Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) from quantum dots to chlorin e6 regardless of complex formation conditions. Competitive channels of photoexcitation energy dissipation in the complexes, which hamper the FRET process, were

• –tetrapyrrole complexes, a formation of competitive channels of nonradiative photoexcitation energy dissipation different from FRET may take place for both donor and acceptor [4]. The origin of these energy transfer channels is not completely understood. Several physical mechanisms have been proposed, for

• normalized PL spectrum of the energy donor; εA(ν) is the absorption spectrum of the acceptor; ν is the wavenumber. Equation 1 does not take into account a possible appearance of additional nonradiative dissipation channels due to the complex formation. That is why we can use it only for estimation of the

Peak forces and lateral resolution in amplitude modulation force microscopy in liquid

• Horacio V. Guzman and
• Ricardo Garcia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 852–859, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.96

• some analytical scaling laws to determine the interaction forces in AM-AFM. Hu and Raman parametrized the peak force (repulsive) by using a nonlinear asymptotic theory [46] and Hertz contact mechanics, Rodriguez and Garcia, by using the virial-dissipation method [39][47][48], deduced the following

Dynamic nanoindentation by instrumented nanoindentation and force microscopy: a comparative review

• Sidney R. Cohen and
• Estelle Kalfon-Cohen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 815–833, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.93

• . Dynamic imaging modes that are commonly used in AFM provide the phase information, typically as an image channel measured and displayed simultaneously with the topographic image. The phase shift is interpreted as giving an estimate, generally qualitative, of the energy dissipation [92][93]. Nonetheless

• , there are many contributions to such phase contrast including the changing tip–surface contact area as the tip scans the sample. Each case must be modeled differently. Theoretical studies exploit phase and amplitude data together to identify and quantitatively measure the different dissipation processes

• [82][94]. One caveat arising from the modulation techniques is that the phase lag signal carries information on additional dissipative processes other than viscoelastic energy dissipation, such as surface adhesion and capillary forces [95]. “On-the-fly” measurements of dissipation, which integrate the

AFM as an analysis tool for high-capacity sulfur cathodes for Li–S batteries

• Renate Hiesgen,
• Seniz Sörgel,
• Rémi Costa,
• Linus Carlé,
• Ines Galm,
• Natalia Cañas,
• Brigitta Pascucci and
• K. Andreas Friedrich

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 611–624, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.68

• smaller energy dissipation and a slightly increased adhesion. It is noted, that the measured DMT modulus has values out of the recommended range for this type of tip. Therefore, the accuracy of those values is not very high. However, the large differences allowed a good differentiation from carbon. No

• regions exhibit high energy dissipation (not shown) and are quite ductile. The magnitude of the current (QNM™ current) decreased from approximately 30 nA before cycling to less than 1.5 nA (average values). In the adhesion image (not shown), three different magnitudes are distinguishable: a very high

• dissipation values. Higher currents were measured at regions with higher stiffness. Because it is not averaged, the PeakForce QNM™ current is comparable to the peak current of the PeakForce-TUNA™ mode, and thereby includes transient as well as steady-state current. Conductivity measured in stiff areas is not

Mapping of plasmonic resonances in nanotriangles

• Simon Dickreuter,
• Julia Gleixner,
• Andreas Kolloch,
• Johannes Boneberg,
• Elke Scheer and
• Paul Leiderer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 588–602, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.66

• ablation experiments when compared to the intensity enhancement calculated by FDTD. When dissipated over a wider region, the overall effect of the near-field enhancement is diminished by a factor given by the ratio of the volume with an intense near field and the dissipation volume. A possible mechanism

• takes place due to dissipation inside the structures. Mechanism All the findings described above can be explained by ultrafast heating and subsequent melting of the plasmonic nanostructures. Assuming that the heat is produced in the area of the highest near-field intensity during the laser pulse, the

• enhancement, (b) dissipation, and (c) field distribution for a nanotriangle like in Figure 4. (The model structure on which the simulation was based is depicted in Figure S2 in Supporting Information File 1). The polarization of the incident laser radiation was here horizontal. The simulation volume was 1 × 1

A nano-graphite cold cathode for an energy-efficient cathodoluminescent light source

• Alexander N. Obraztsov,
• Victor I. Kleshch and
• Elena A. Smolnikova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 493–500, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.58

• materials and special designs, allowing more efficient heat dissipation, may reduce the temperature and increase the energy efficiency of the lamps with NGF cold cathodes up to the values predicted from a general consideration of the CL process [3][4][5]. Standard RGB phosphors used in the present study