Recent progress in enhancing built-in electric fields of perovskite solar cells via junction engineering

• Tong Xiao and
• Ke Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 602–621, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.42

• , optimizing the BEF provides a powerful lever for advancing power conversion efficiency, open-circuit voltage, and long-term operational stability in state-of-the-art PSCs, while avoiding the introduction of parasitic energy barriers. Keywords: band alignment; built-in electric field; carrier dynamics

• ; junction; perovskite solar cells; Introduction Driven by the global push for carbon neutrality, next-generation high-efficiency and low-cost photovoltaic technologies have gained increasing attention. Due to their high absorption coefficients, long carrier diffusion lengths, tunable bandgaps, and solution

• processability, perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have advanced significantly since their inception [1]. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of single-junction devices has risen from 3.8% to 27.3% [2][3][4], highlighting their potential to approach the Shockley–Queisser limit. In typical heterojunction solar cells

Probing tribological evolution in atomically thin MoS₂ at different scales

• Xingzhong Zeng and
• Miao Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 586–597, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.40

• -friction coatings, high-efficiency lubricants, and durable MEMS/NEMS. (a) AFM topographic image of atomically thin MoS2 along with the cross-sectional height profiles in the insets. (b) AFM phase image corresponding to the topographic image along with the cross-sectional profiles in the insets. (c, d

Impacts of annealing on structural and photophysical properties of zinc phthalocyanine adsorbed on graphene

• Gautier Creutzer,
• Quentin Fernez,
• Nataliya Kalashnyk,
• Zohreh Safarzadeh,
• Lydia Sosa Vargas,
• Céline Fiorini-Debuisschert,
• Nicolas Fabre and
• Fabrice Charra

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 576–585, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.39

• treatments, as often shown for example with α and β phases of zinc phthalocyanines (ZnPc), with consequences on molecule orientations relative to the substrate and absorbance efficiency [21] or dynamics of charge migration and charge transfer to substrate [22]. Even inside a given phase, minute structural

Laser–material interactions in liquids for the synthesis of nanomaterials: current status and perspectives

• Carlos Doñate Buendia,
• Bilal Gökce and
• Leonid V. Zhigilei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 571–575, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.38

• broadly, beam shaping techniques are gaining attention as a means to improve process control and efficiency [24]. For example, non-Gaussian beam profiles, such as donut-shaped beams, have been shown to modify the nanoparticle size distribution [71]. The balance between implementation complexity, cost

Synthesis of Cu–Mo/TiO₂ and Co–Mo/TiO₂ photocatalysts for the efficient degradation of organic pollutants in water

• Ilse Acosta,
• Brenda Zermeño,
• Edgar Moctezuma,
• Luis F. Garay-Rodríguez and
• Isaías Juárez-Ramírez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 559–570, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.37

• the optical bandgap, broaden the light absorption range, and enhance the quantum efficiency [4]. However, the partially occupied impurity states generated can act as recombination centers for photoexcited carriers, leading to band-to-band recombination [3]. To prevent charge recombination effects, the

• pollutants. The significant reduction in the bandgap energy as a result of copper incorporation is an effect previously reported in the literature as the introduction of Cu ions generates d orbitals below the conduction band, which reduces the bandgap energy [33][34]. To assess the efficiency of the

• catalytic efficiency towards different organic contaminant molecules [5]. The photochemical degradation of ketoprofen was previously reported [23] to result in a small decrease in the total organic carbon (TOC) content. TOC content remained almost constant for several hours, and only 12% of mineralization

Fractional shot noise of an SU(N) Kondo system

• Damian Krychowski and
• Stanisław Lipiński

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 515–540, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.34

Probing internal continua and atomic ultrafast charge transfer within size-controlled nanoparticles by post-collision interaction in core-hole clock spectroscopy

• Johannes Lütgert,
• Erika Giangrisostomi,
• Nomi L. A. N. Sorgenfrei and
• Alexander Föhlisch

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 505–514, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.33

• photoluminescence quantum yield or RedOx chemistry, depend on a complex interplay of local and collective electronic structure aspects [10]. For example, quantum efficiency is strongly influenced by surface structure [11], the fabrication of core–shell and core–multishell architectures [12][13], and the choice of

Upcycling agroindustrial waste into graphene oxide supports for gold nanoparticles: toward sustainable nanomaterials

• Juan Marcos Castro-Tapia,
• Selene Acosta,
• Hiram Joazet Ojeda-Galván,
• Elsie Evelyn Araujo-Palomo,
• Edgar Giovanni Villabona-Leal and
• Mildred Quintana

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 489–504, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.32

• performance in targeted applications. In addition to the physicochemical characterization, the AuNPs@Agro-GO composites exhibit considerable potential for environmentally oriented technological applications. AuNPs supported on graphene oxide have demonstrated high catalytic efficiency in the reduction of

Defects and defect-mediated engineering of two-dimensional materials: challenges and open questions

• Arkady V. Krasheninnikov,
• Matthias Batzill,
• Anouar-Akacha Delenda,
• Marija Drndić,
• Chris Ewels,
• Katharina J. Franke,
• Mahdi Ghorbani-Asl,
• Alexander Holleitner,
• Ado Jorio,
• Ute Kaiser,
• Daria Kieczka,
• Hannu-Pekka Komsa,
• Jani Kotakoski,
• Manuel Längle,
• David Lamprecht,
• Yun Liu,
• Steven G. Louie,
• Janina Maultzsch,
• Thomas Michely,
• Katherine Milton,
• Anna Niggas,
• Hanako Okuno,
• Joshua A. Robinson,
• Marika Schleberger,
• Bruno Schuler,
• Alexander Shluger,
• Kazu Suenaga,
• Kristian S. Thygesen,
• Richard A. Wilhelm,
• E. Harriet Åhlgren and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 454–488, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.31

• detection of the inelastic contribution. On the one hand, the small energy scale of at most a few millielectronvolts requires very low temperatures; on the other hand, the change in conductance depends on the excitation efficiency and the density of states at the Fermi level. Hence, detection of magnetic

Nanocarrier-integrated multilayer films produced by 3D printing for improved skin adhesion and curcumin photostability

• Thayse Viana de Oliveira,
• Ana Paula Farias Leão,
• Júlia Leão,
• Cesar Liberato Petzhold and
• Ruy Carlos Ruver Beck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 440–453, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.30

• efficiency. Films were fabricated containing either C-NCs (FC-NC) or unloaded curcumin (FC) and consisted of three layers, namely, a chitosan-based bottom layer, a middle layer of carboxymethylcellulose and alginate, and a carboxymethylcellulose top layer incorporating titanium dioxide (TiO2). The lower and

• the initial concentration of the nanocapsule suspension, V1 is the volume of the nanocapsule suspension that was used, and V2 is the final volume of the sample. Curcumin content and encapsulation efficiency The curcumin content was assayed by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet

• extraction with acetonitrile for 20 min, followed by filtration through a 0.45 µm membrane (Millipore®) prior to HPLC analysis. All analytical procedures were performed under dark conditions to protect the samples from light. Encapsulation efficiency was determined using an ultrafiltration–centrifugation

First-principles study on elastic properties of Cu, (Cu_1−x,Ni_x)₃Sn and interfacial mechanical properties of (Cu_1−x,Ni_x)₃Sn/Cu in the lead-free solder joint

• Guomin Hua

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 428–439, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.29

• efficiency without losing the accuracy by reducing the model size of the alloy systems. Considering the phase stability of (CuxNi1−x)3Sn [22], the content of Ni was set within the range from 0 to 30 atom %. As far as the calculations of the structure optimizations and elastic properties are concerned, a

Nanoinformatics: spanning scales, systems and solutions

• Iseult Lynch,
• Diego S. T. Martinez,
• Kunal Roy and
• Georgia Melagraki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 423–427, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.28

• /features governing the cellular uptake were analysed as a basis for programming higher cellular uptake efficiency and better therapeutic response [9]. He et al. used additive AI-based approaches to identify nanoparticle systems for delivering drugs to treat neurodegenerative diseases. Their method

Biomimetic nanoparticles in cancer photodynamic therapy: a review of targeted delivery systems and therapeutic outcomes

• Valentina I. Gorbacheva,
• Alexey S. Grabovoy,
• Polina S. Marukhina,
• Anastasiia O. Syrocheva and
• Ekaterina P. Kolesova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 396–422, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.27

• maintaining sterility, especially for BNPs derived from bacterial membranes [60]. Heterogeneous coverage can affect nanoparticle stability and drug delivery efficiency, while purification processes must effectively separate fully coated particles from impurities. For bacterial membrane-based BNPs, thorough

• significantly enhances the delivery efficiency of PSs compared to conventional nanocarriers [78]. Passive targeting primarily exploits EPR effect, a pathophysiological feature of many solid tumors characterized by leaky vasculature and impaired lymphatic drainage [79][80]. BNPs amplify passive accumulation

• release due to disruption of the membrane integrity [110]. Similar to other nanodelivery systems, a wide variety of surface functionalization strategies have emerged to enhance targeting efficiency in BNPs. In a 2022 study, a sophisticated biomimetic system was developed comprising paclitaxel nanocrystals

Eco-efficient materials for agricultural crops based on a mineral rich in MOR- and HEU-type zeolites

• Esperanza Yamile de la Nuez-Pantoja,
• Inocente Rodríguez-Iznaga,
• Gerardo Rodríguez-Fuentes,
• Vitalii Petranovskii,
• Ariel Martínez García,
• José Juan Calvino Gámez and
• Daniel Goma Jiménez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 381–395, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.26

• increased nutrient utilization efficiency [3][4]. Several studies report improved growth, yield, and protection against pests and diseases in a wide range of agronomic and horticultural crops when zeolitic minerals are applied [10][11]. Also, native cations present in zeolites (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+) can be

Interconnection morphology effects on the radio frequency response of carbon nanotube sponges

• Manuela Scarselli,
• Javad Rezvani,
• Zeno Zuccari,
• Mattia Scagliotti and
• Simone Tocci

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 343–351, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.23

• conductors is not appreciable. Interesting results have been found for shear-aligned CNT films, which showed a radiation efficiency of 94% at 10 and 14 GHz, comparable to copper antennas [18]. Threads made of twisted bundles of as-grown CNTs worked as dipole antennas resonating at 2.45 GHz [6]. A recent

• study on SWCNT antennas built on flexible substrates measured slight changes in the radiation efficiency gain from 80.0% for flat to 83.7% for bent configurations, demonstrating that CNTs are suitable for applications requiring non-standard shapes and surfaces [13]. MWCNTs possess larger physical

• space. The response registered from the untreated CNS shows a gain of 7 dBm; directly after ethanol treatment, the gain improved to 10 dBm, and to 13 dBm after 5 min. This result validates the S11-derived efficiency enhancements found. The trend was confirmed for the distance of (7.0 ± 0.1) × 10−1 m in

Beam shaping techniques for pulsed laser ablation in liquids: Unlocking tunable control of nanoparticle synthesis in liquids

• Sergio Molina-Prados,
• Nadezhda M. Bulgakova,
• Alexander V. Bulgakov,
• Jesus Lancis,
• Gladys Mínguez Vega and
• Carlos Doñate-Buendia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 309–342, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.22

• efficiency, throughput, and colloid stability. Therefore, optimising ablation conditions (e.g., using high-repetition-rate lasers, flow-through cells, and improved cavitation management) will be critical for enabling commercially viable production [94]. One promising strategy to overcome these limitations

• involves controlling the spatial and temporal profiles of the laser beam. Spatial beam shaping allows for fine adjustment of energy distribution on the target, influencing ablation efficiency and NP uniformity. Figure 3 provides an overview of representative approaches and the corresponding beam profiles

• unlocking the potential of PLAL. Spatial and temporal beam shaping in material processing The spatial focusing of the laser beam on the sample directly influences the ablation efficiency and the quality of the produced NPs. The most widely used PLAL system in different laboratories around the world consists

Fast vortex dynamics and relaxation times in NbRe-based heterostructures

• Francesco De Chiara,
• Zahra Makhdoumi Kakhaki,
• Francesco Avitabile,
• Francesco Colangelo,
• Abhishek Kumar,
• Carmine Attanasio and
• Carla Cirillo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 292–302, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.20

• ]. In classical, low-Tc superconductors, the dominant relaxation channel is provided by e–ph scattering events [17], while in high-Tc superconductors the situation is reversed, with e–e recombination playing a major role in energy relaxation [18]. The efficiency of these processes and the value of τE

Advancing nanolithography: a comprehensive review of materials for local anodic oxidation with AFM

• Matteo Lorenzoni

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 275–291, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.19

• morphologically and chemically degrades; therefore, the choice of tip material (e.g., n+-doped silicon, metal coating, or solid alloy) affects oxidation efficiency, with solid tips performing better than coated tips in terms of durability. Tip shape and sharpness play also a crucial role as a main regulator of

• effects. For comparison, it is worth mentioning the non-oxidative SPL technique FEL [57], which has recently proven its efficiency and reliability. It exploits a Fowler–Nordheim-type emission of low-energy electrons from a conductive AFM tip. This beam of low-energy electrons can induce highly confined

Comparative study on 3D morphologies of delignified, single tracheids and fibers of five wood species

• Helen Gorges,
• Felicitas von Usslar,
• Cordt Zollfrank,
• Silja Flenner,
• Imke Greving,
• Martin Müller,
• Clemens F. Schaber,
• Chuchu Li and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 239–250, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.16

• enhance water transport efficiency during growth seasons, enabling the trees to support rapid growth. Conversely, narrower lumina in latewood provide superior mechanical support during periods of reduced growth, ensuring structural stability. However, across the five species studied here, the hardwood

Gold nanoparticle-decorated reduced graphene oxide as a highly effective catalyst for the selective α,β-dehydrogenation of N-alkyl-4-piperidones

• Brenda Flore Kenyim,
• Mihir Tzalis,
• Marilyn Kaul,
• Robert Oestreich,
• Aysenur Limon,
• Chancellin Pecheu Nkepdep and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 218–238, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.15

• facilitate charge transfer between the metal and the support, enhancing the activation of molecular oxygen and promoting the oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) pathway. This synergistic interaction should not only improve the intrinsic catalytic activity but also allow the catalyst to achieve high efficiency

• , which have an impact on the dispersion of metal nanoparticles and the overall efficiency of the catalytic process, the presence and distribution of functional groups is also a crucial factor in the choice of the carbon support. Several studies have demonstrated that the amount of surface oxygen

• that promote strong metal–support interaction, ensuring excellent nanoparticle dispersion and catalyst stability. Catalytic test of the carbon-supported AuNPs To evaluate the efficiency of the synthesized AuNP–carbon composites, we selected the relevant oxidative dehydrogenation of N-methyl-, N-ethyl

Structure-dependent thermochromism of PAZO thin films: theory and experiment

• Georgi Mateev,
• Dean Dimov,
• Nataliya Berberova-Buhova,
• Nikoleta Kircheva,
• Todor Dudev,
• Ludmila Nikolova,
• Elena Stoykova,
• Keehoon Hong,
• Dimana Nazarova,
• Silvia Angelova and
• Lian Nedelchev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 186–199, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.12

• characteristics under illumination at 444 nm, while the thermally treated sample shows better absorption efficiency under illumination at 532 nm. Birefringence (∆n) before and after thermal treatment For the measurement of ∆n at 444 and 532 nm, we prepared different samples with the thicknesses in the range of

• with enhanced efficiency or expanded surface coverage. Density functional theory modeling PAZO is a polymer with azobenzene units incorporated as pendant groups attached to the main polymer backbone (Figure 6A). The core of PAZO polymer side chains is the azobenzene fragment (Ar–N=N–Ar), which can

Safe and sustainable by design with ML/AI: A transformative approach to advancing nanotechnology

• Georgia Melagraki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 176–185, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.11

• efficiency. From advanced drug delivery systems to clean energy solutions, the applications of nanotechnology are diverse and transformative. However, these innovations are accompanied by complex challenges regarding safety and sustainability for both the nanoscale materials themselves and for the products

• macroscopic properties such as catalytic efficiency, biocompatibility, or environmental persistence. This synergy not only speeds up the discovery process but also allows for continuous refinement of computational models as new data emerge from iterative experimental validation. Moreover, inverse design

From shield to spear: Charge-reversible nanocarriers in overcoming cancer therapy barriers

• Madhuri Yeduvaka,
• Pooja Mittal,
• Ameer Boyalakuntla,
• Usman Bee Shaik,
• Himanshu Sharma,
• Thakur Gurjeet Singh,
• Siva Nageswara Rao Gajula and
• Lakshmi Vineela Nalla

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 159–175, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.10

• therapeutic value. It also explores existing challenges and prospects to advance their translation into clinical cancer treatments. 2 Concept of charge-reversible nanocarriers Surface charge plays a vital role in the efficiency and functionality of nanocarriers used for drug delivery [13]. Among various

• enhances cellular uptake by facilitating better interaction with the negatively charged cell membrane, improving drug delivery efficiency [45]. For example, nanoparticles engineered with pH-responsive polymers facilitate the controlled release of therapeutic agents specifically within the acidic tumour

• bonds and functional groups that enable charge reversal, a strategy that significantly improves cellular interaction and drug delivery efficiency in tumour environments. Additionally, it should be noted that, unlike pH-responsive charge reversal, which is reversible due to protonation and deprotonation

Influence of surface characteristics on the in vitro stability and cell uptake of nanoliposomes for brain delivery

• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Andreas Zimmer,
• Otmar Geiss,
• Sabrina Gioria,
• Diletta Scaccabarozzi and
• Marija Glavas Dodov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 139–158, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.9

• therapeutic outcomes [3][5]. Namely, current research on NLs predominantly focuses on their physicochemical characteristics and efficiency, but minimal attention has been given to understanding the nano–bio interactions at organ and cellular levels. When exposed to biological fluids, nanodelivery systems like

• endothelial monolayer integrity and permeability of hCMEC/D3 and SH-SY5Y in order to accurately simulate NLs uptake across the BBB and to obtain accurate representation of neuronal uptake mechanisms [14]. Other factors playing a key role in maximization of the uptake efficiency and prevention of saturation or

• nanovesicles with diameter >200 nm, and also, have better encapsulation efficiency than liposomes <100 nm [20]. On the other hand, in the study of Nowak et al. [21] it was confirmed that spherical particles around 120 nm associate with the endothelium approximately 30‐fold more than 200 nm particles, which is

Capabilities of the 3D-MLSI software tool in superconducting neuron design

• Irina E. Tarasova,
• Nikita S. Shuravin,
• Liubov N. Karelina,
• Fedor A. Razorenov,
• Evgeny N. Zhardetsky,
• Aleksandr S. Ionin,
• Mikhail M. Khapaev and
• Vitaly V. Bol’ginov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 122–138, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.8

• control line CL and carries the same control current in the opposite direction. This allows for localization of the circulating currents between CL and CL*, diminishing their effect on other elements. However, this method could not be tested in the present work due to the high efficiency of the previous

• with varying ahb at a fixed ah = 2 μm. Simulations were performed on an Intel Core(TM) i9-13900KF with 128 GB RAM and 24 cores (16 efficiency cores and 8 performance cores). When OpenMP multithreading is used, the computation time depends on the number of threads nthr approximately with inverse square

• further improvement. By now, an increase in sensitivity to the input signal and in efficiency of the output flux transfer, as well as a suppression of parasitic coupling, seems to be the most promising strategy. The potential of 3D-MLSI software demonstrated in this work will be useful in this process