Nanocarrier-integrated multilayer films produced by 3D printing for improved skin adhesion and curcumin photostability

• Thayse Viana de Oliveira,
• Ana Paula Farias Leão,
• Júlia Leão,
• Cesar Liberato Petzhold and
• Ruy Carlos Ruver Beck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 440–453, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.30

• efficiency. Films were fabricated containing either C-NCs (FC-NC) or unloaded curcumin (FC) and consisted of three layers, namely, a chitosan-based bottom layer, a middle layer of carboxymethylcellulose and alginate, and a carboxymethylcellulose top layer incorporating titanium dioxide (TiO2). The lower and

• the initial concentration of the nanocapsule suspension, V1 is the volume of the nanocapsule suspension that was used, and V2 is the final volume of the sample. Curcumin content and encapsulation efficiency The curcumin content was assayed by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet

• extraction with acetonitrile for 20 min, followed by filtration through a 0.45 µm membrane (Millipore®) prior to HPLC analysis. All analytical procedures were performed under dark conditions to protect the samples from light. Encapsulation efficiency was determined using an ultrafiltration–centrifugation

First-principles study on elastic properties of Cu, (Cu_1−x,Ni_x)₃Sn and interfacial mechanical properties of (Cu_1−x,Ni_x)₃Sn/Cu in the lead-free solder joint

• Guomin Hua

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 428–439, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.29

• efficiency without losing the accuracy by reducing the model size of the alloy systems. Considering the phase stability of (CuxNi1−x)3Sn [22], the content of Ni was set within the range from 0 to 30 atom %. As far as the calculations of the structure optimizations and elastic properties are concerned, a

Nanoinformatics: spanning scales, systems and solutions

• Iseult Lynch,
• Diego S. T. Martinez,
• Kunal Roy and
• Georgia Melagraki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 423–427, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.28

• /features governing the cellular uptake were analysed as a basis for programming higher cellular uptake efficiency and better therapeutic response [9]. He et al. used additive AI-based approaches to identify nanoparticle systems for delivering drugs to treat neurodegenerative diseases. Their method

Biomimetic nanoparticles in cancer photodynamic therapy: a review of targeted delivery systems and therapeutic outcomes

• Valentina I. Gorbacheva,
• Alexey S. Grabovoy,
• Polina S. Marukhina,
• Anastasiia O. Syrocheva and
• Ekaterina P. Kolesova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 396–422, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.27

• maintaining sterility, especially for BNPs derived from bacterial membranes [60]. Heterogeneous coverage can affect nanoparticle stability and drug delivery efficiency, while purification processes must effectively separate fully coated particles from impurities. For bacterial membrane-based BNPs, thorough

• significantly enhances the delivery efficiency of PSs compared to conventional nanocarriers [78]. Passive targeting primarily exploits EPR effect, a pathophysiological feature of many solid tumors characterized by leaky vasculature and impaired lymphatic drainage [79][80]. BNPs amplify passive accumulation

• release due to disruption of the membrane integrity [110]. Similar to other nanodelivery systems, a wide variety of surface functionalization strategies have emerged to enhance targeting efficiency in BNPs. In a 2022 study, a sophisticated biomimetic system was developed comprising paclitaxel nanocrystals

Eco-efficient materials for agricultural crops based on a mineral rich in MOR- and HEU-type zeolites

• Esperanza Yamile de la Nuez-Pantoja,
• Inocente Rodríguez-Iznaga,
• Gerardo Rodríguez-Fuentes,
• Vitalii Petranovskii,
• Ariel Martínez García,
• José Juan Calvino Gámez and
• Daniel Goma Jiménez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 381–395, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.26

• increased nutrient utilization efficiency [3][4]. Several studies report improved growth, yield, and protection against pests and diseases in a wide range of agronomic and horticultural crops when zeolitic minerals are applied [10][11]. Also, native cations present in zeolites (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+) can be

Interconnection morphology effects on the radio frequency response of carbon nanotube sponges

• Manuela Scarselli,
• Javad Rezvani,
• Zeno Zuccari,
• Mattia Scagliotti and
• Simone Tocci

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 343–351, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.23

• conductors is not appreciable. Interesting results have been found for shear-aligned CNT films, which showed a radiation efficiency of 94% at 10 and 14 GHz, comparable to copper antennas [18]. Threads made of twisted bundles of as-grown CNTs worked as dipole antennas resonating at 2.45 GHz [6]. A recent

• study on SWCNT antennas built on flexible substrates measured slight changes in the radiation efficiency gain from 80.0% for flat to 83.7% for bent configurations, demonstrating that CNTs are suitable for applications requiring non-standard shapes and surfaces [13]. MWCNTs possess larger physical

• space. The response registered from the untreated CNS shows a gain of 7 dBm; directly after ethanol treatment, the gain improved to 10 dBm, and to 13 dBm after 5 min. This result validates the S11-derived efficiency enhancements found. The trend was confirmed for the distance of (7.0 ± 0.1) × 10−1 m in

Beam shaping techniques for pulsed laser ablation in liquids: Unlocking tunable control of nanoparticle synthesis in liquids

• Sergio Molina-Prados,
• Nadezhda M. Bulgakova,
• Alexander V. Bulgakov,
• Jesus Lancis,
• Gladys Mínguez Vega and
• Carlos Doñate-Buendia

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 309–342, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.22

• efficiency, throughput, and colloid stability. Therefore, optimising ablation conditions (e.g., using high-repetition-rate lasers, flow-through cells, and improved cavitation management) will be critical for enabling commercially viable production [94]. One promising strategy to overcome these limitations

• involves controlling the spatial and temporal profiles of the laser beam. Spatial beam shaping allows for fine adjustment of energy distribution on the target, influencing ablation efficiency and NP uniformity. Figure 3 provides an overview of representative approaches and the corresponding beam profiles

• unlocking the potential of PLAL. Spatial and temporal beam shaping in material processing The spatial focusing of the laser beam on the sample directly influences the ablation efficiency and the quality of the produced NPs. The most widely used PLAL system in different laboratories around the world consists

Fast vortex dynamics and relaxation times in NbRe-based heterostructures

• Francesco De Chiara,
• Zahra Makhdoumi Kakhaki,
• Francesco Avitabile,
• Francesco Colangelo,
• Abhishek Kumar,
• Carmine Attanasio and
• Carla Cirillo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 292–302, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.20

• ]. In classical, low-Tc superconductors, the dominant relaxation channel is provided by e–ph scattering events [17], while in high-Tc superconductors the situation is reversed, with e–e recombination playing a major role in energy relaxation [18]. The efficiency of these processes and the value of τE

Advancing nanolithography: a comprehensive review of materials for local anodic oxidation with AFM

• Matteo Lorenzoni

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 275–291, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.19

• morphologically and chemically degrades; therefore, the choice of tip material (e.g., n+-doped silicon, metal coating, or solid alloy) affects oxidation efficiency, with solid tips performing better than coated tips in terms of durability. Tip shape and sharpness play also a crucial role as a main regulator of

• effects. For comparison, it is worth mentioning the non-oxidative SPL technique FEL [57], which has recently proven its efficiency and reliability. It exploits a Fowler–Nordheim-type emission of low-energy electrons from a conductive AFM tip. This beam of low-energy electrons can induce highly confined

Comparative study on 3D morphologies of delignified, single tracheids and fibers of five wood species

• Helen Gorges,
• Felicitas von Usslar,
• Cordt Zollfrank,
• Silja Flenner,
• Imke Greving,
• Martin Müller,
• Clemens F. Schaber,
• Chuchu Li and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 239–250, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.16

• enhance water transport efficiency during growth seasons, enabling the trees to support rapid growth. Conversely, narrower lumina in latewood provide superior mechanical support during periods of reduced growth, ensuring structural stability. However, across the five species studied here, the hardwood

Gold nanoparticle-decorated reduced graphene oxide as a highly effective catalyst for the selective α,β-dehydrogenation of N-alkyl-4-piperidones

• Brenda Flore Kenyim,
• Mihir Tzalis,
• Marilyn Kaul,
• Robert Oestreich,
• Aysenur Limon,
• Chancellin Pecheu Nkepdep and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 218–238, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.15

• facilitate charge transfer between the metal and the support, enhancing the activation of molecular oxygen and promoting the oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) pathway. This synergistic interaction should not only improve the intrinsic catalytic activity but also allow the catalyst to achieve high efficiency

• , which have an impact on the dispersion of metal nanoparticles and the overall efficiency of the catalytic process, the presence and distribution of functional groups is also a crucial factor in the choice of the carbon support. Several studies have demonstrated that the amount of surface oxygen

• that promote strong metal–support interaction, ensuring excellent nanoparticle dispersion and catalyst stability. Catalytic test of the carbon-supported AuNPs To evaluate the efficiency of the synthesized AuNP–carbon composites, we selected the relevant oxidative dehydrogenation of N-methyl-, N-ethyl

Structure-dependent thermochromism of PAZO thin films: theory and experiment

• Georgi Mateev,
• Dean Dimov,
• Nataliya Berberova-Buhova,
• Nikoleta Kircheva,
• Todor Dudev,
• Ludmila Nikolova,
• Elena Stoykova,
• Keehoon Hong,
• Dimana Nazarova,
• Silvia Angelova and
• Lian Nedelchev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 186–199, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.12

• characteristics under illumination at 444 nm, while the thermally treated sample shows better absorption efficiency under illumination at 532 nm. Birefringence (∆n) before and after thermal treatment For the measurement of ∆n at 444 and 532 nm, we prepared different samples with the thicknesses in the range of

• with enhanced efficiency or expanded surface coverage. Density functional theory modeling PAZO is a polymer with azobenzene units incorporated as pendant groups attached to the main polymer backbone (Figure 6A). The core of PAZO polymer side chains is the azobenzene fragment (Ar–N=N–Ar), which can

Safe and sustainable by design with ML/AI: A transformative approach to advancing nanotechnology

• Georgia Melagraki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 176–185, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.11

• efficiency. From advanced drug delivery systems to clean energy solutions, the applications of nanotechnology are diverse and transformative. However, these innovations are accompanied by complex challenges regarding safety and sustainability for both the nanoscale materials themselves and for the products

• macroscopic properties such as catalytic efficiency, biocompatibility, or environmental persistence. This synergy not only speeds up the discovery process but also allows for continuous refinement of computational models as new data emerge from iterative experimental validation. Moreover, inverse design

From shield to spear: Charge-reversible nanocarriers in overcoming cancer therapy barriers

• Madhuri Yeduvaka,
• Pooja Mittal,
• Ameer Boyalakuntla,
• Usman Bee Shaik,
• Himanshu Sharma,
• Thakur Gurjeet Singh,
• Siva Nageswara Rao Gajula and
• Lakshmi Vineela Nalla

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 159–175, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.10

• therapeutic value. It also explores existing challenges and prospects to advance their translation into clinical cancer treatments. 2 Concept of charge-reversible nanocarriers Surface charge plays a vital role in the efficiency and functionality of nanocarriers used for drug delivery [13]. Among various

• enhances cellular uptake by facilitating better interaction with the negatively charged cell membrane, improving drug delivery efficiency [45]. For example, nanoparticles engineered with pH-responsive polymers facilitate the controlled release of therapeutic agents specifically within the acidic tumour

• bonds and functional groups that enable charge reversal, a strategy that significantly improves cellular interaction and drug delivery efficiency in tumour environments. Additionally, it should be noted that, unlike pH-responsive charge reversal, which is reversible due to protonation and deprotonation

Influence of surface characteristics on the in vitro stability and cell uptake of nanoliposomes for brain delivery

• Dushko Shalabalija,
• Ljubica Mihailova,
• Nikola Geskovski,
• Andreas Zimmer,
• Otmar Geiss,
• Sabrina Gioria,
• Diletta Scaccabarozzi and
• Marija Glavas Dodov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 139–158, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.9

• therapeutic outcomes [3][5]. Namely, current research on NLs predominantly focuses on their physicochemical characteristics and efficiency, but minimal attention has been given to understanding the nano–bio interactions at organ and cellular levels. When exposed to biological fluids, nanodelivery systems like

• endothelial monolayer integrity and permeability of hCMEC/D3 and SH-SY5Y in order to accurately simulate NLs uptake across the BBB and to obtain accurate representation of neuronal uptake mechanisms [14]. Other factors playing a key role in maximization of the uptake efficiency and prevention of saturation or

• nanovesicles with diameter >200 nm, and also, have better encapsulation efficiency than liposomes <100 nm [20]. On the other hand, in the study of Nowak et al. [21] it was confirmed that spherical particles around 120 nm associate with the endothelium approximately 30‐fold more than 200 nm particles, which is

Capabilities of the 3D-MLSI software tool in superconducting neuron design

• Irina E. Tarasova,
• Nikita S. Shuravin,
• Liubov N. Karelina,
• Fedor A. Razorenov,
• Evgeny N. Zhardetsky,
• Aleksandr S. Ionin,
• Mikhail M. Khapaev and
• Vitaly V. Bol’ginov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 122–138, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.8

• control line CL and carries the same control current in the opposite direction. This allows for localization of the circulating currents between CL and CL*, diminishing their effect on other elements. However, this method could not be tested in the present work due to the high efficiency of the previous

• with varying ahb at a fixed ah = 2 μm. Simulations were performed on an Intel Core(TM) i9-13900KF with 128 GB RAM and 24 cores (16 efficiency cores and 8 performance cores). When OpenMP multithreading is used, the computation time depends on the number of threads nthr approximately with inverse square

• further improvement. By now, an increase in sensitivity to the input signal and in efficiency of the output flux transfer, as well as a suppression of parasitic coupling, seems to be the most promising strategy. The potential of 3D-MLSI software demonstrated in this work will be useful in this process

Development and in vitro evaluation of liposomes and immunoliposomes containing 5-fluorouracil and R-phycoerythrin as a potential phototheranostic system for colorectal cancer

• Raissa Rodrigues Camelo,
• Vivianne Cortez Sombra Vandesmet,
• Octavio Vital Baccallini,
• José de Brito Vieira Neto,
• Thais da Silva Moreira,
• Luzia Kalyne Almeida Moreira Leal,
• Claudia Pessoa,
• Daniel Giuliano Cerri,
• Maria Vitória Lopes Badra Bentley,
• Josimar O. Eloy,
• Ivanildo José da Silva Júnior and
• Raquel Petrilli

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 97–121, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.7

• polydispersity index (PDI) (0.100 ± 0.022), small size (103.43 ± 1.31 nm), and slightly negative zeta potential (−12.23 ± 0.35 mV). The encapsulation efficiency (EE%) was 94 ± 2.4% for R-PE and 42 ± 2.8% for 5-FU. Regarding the stability study, the liposomes maintained vesicle size, PDI and zeta potential values

• ± 1.81 nm), negative zeta potential (−14.8 ± 0.81 mV) and antibody conjugation efficiency of 34.4%. Topographical AFM analysis showed that HSPC-IM-R-PE presented significantly higher surface roughness and viscoelastic contrast, indicating successful antibody anchoring. For cell viability in the HCT-116

• = 3) were expressed as mean ± standard deviation [20]. 2.3.2 Encapsulation efficiency To determine the encapsulation efficiency (EE%) of 5-FU, an indirect method was employed using ultrafiltration technique and quantification by spectrophotometry. To quantify the free/purified drug, a 1000 μL aliquot

Functional surface engineering for cultural heritage protection: the role of superhydrophobic and superoleophobic coatings – a comprehensive review

• Giuseppe Cesare Lama,
• Marino Lavorgna,
• Letizia Verdolotti,
• Federica Recupido,
• Giovanna Giuliana Buonocore and
• Bharat Bhushan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 63–96, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.6

• characterization, particularly micro-FTIR coupled with principal component analysis (PCAn), confirmed the efficiency of the gel and spatially controlled cleaning action. The authors believed that this approach reduces the need for separate treatments and harsh chemicals traditionally used in metal conservation

• presented a multifunctional thermal insulation coating incorporating modified vacuum ceramic microbeads (VCMs) to enhance energy efficiency and protection of concrete structures. The VCMs were modified through the polymerization of catechol and hexamethylene diamine, forming a thin poly(catecholamine) (PCA

• degradation, assessing the coatings’ efficiency in UV protection. B72 exhibited significant photodegradation, with an increase in carbonyl index, indicating the formation of oxidation products via chain scission and radical reactions, while AMF showed a decrease in carbonyl index, suggesting crosslinking and

Reduced graphene oxide paper electrode for lithium-ion cells – towards optimized thermal reduction

• Agata Pawłowska,
• Magdalena Baran,
• Stefan Marynowicz,
• Aleksandra Izabela Banasiak,
• Adrian Racki,
• Adrian Chlanda,
• Tymoteusz Ciuk,
• Marta Wolczko and
• Andrzej Budziak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 24–37, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.3

• assembly, the cycling (between 0.01 and 3.20 V) involved steps of the following current rates: 5 × 10 mA/g, 5 × 30 mA/g, 5 × 50 mA/g, 5 × 100 mA/g, and 5 × 10 mA/g. Coulombic efficiency, defined as the ratio of discharge capacity to charge capacity, within each cycle was calculated [41]. Results and

• (with the current density set back to 10 mA/g), the discharge capacities reached 300, 223, 235, and 272 mAh/g for samples M300, T400, T600, and T800, respectively. The Coulombic efficiency plots in Figure 8e prove that a higher thermal reduction temperature results in a reduced spread of these

• parameters’ values. It is also worth mentioning that the coulombic efficiency for the T800 sample demonstrated lower variability after current density changes. The galvanostatic charge–discharge test results (i.e., charge curves and differential analysis) of sample T800 are presented in Figure 9. One needs

Competitive helical bands and highly efficient diode effect in F/S/TI/S/F hybrid structures

• Tairzhan Karabassov,
• Irina V. Bobkova,
• Pavel M. Marychev,
• Vasiliy S. Stolyarov,
• Vyacheslav M. Silkin and
• Andrey S. Vasenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2026, 17, 15–23, doi:10.3762/bjnano.17.2

• quasiclassical formalism of the Usadel equations, we demonstrate that the sign of the diode efficiency can be controlled by magnetization tuning of a single superconducting island. Moreover, we show that the diode efficiency can be substantially increased in such a device. We argue that the dramatic increase of

• the diode efficiency is due to competing contributions of the two superconducting islands to the supercurrent with single helical bands linked through the topological insulator surface. Keywords: hybrid structures; proximity effect; superconducting diode effect; superconductivity; topological

• mesoscopic diode devices, it is reasonable to expect some presence of nonmagnetic impurities in the structures. However, it has been shown previously that the diode efficiency is expected to be low in diffusive TI-based systems [37][50]. Another disadvantage of the TI diffusive diodes is their limited

Internal 3D temperature mapping in biological systems using ratiometric light-sheet imaging and lipid-coated upconversion nanothermometers

• Dannareli Barron-Ortiz,
• Enric Pérez-Parets,
• Rubén D. Cadena-Nava,
• Emilio J. Gualda,
• Jacob Licea-Rodríguez,
• Juan Hernández-Cordero,
• Pablo Loza-Álvarez and
• Israel Rocha-Mendoza

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2306–2316, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.159

• 62209, México Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, A.P. 70-360, México City 04510, México 10.3762/bjnano.16.159 Abstract Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) are well-known for their high efficiency, photostability, near-infrared excitation, and ability to

Terahertz-range on-chip local oscillator based on Josephson junction arrays for superconducting quantum-limited receivers

• Fedor V. Khan,
• Lyudmila V. Filippenko,
• Andrey B. Ermakov,
• Mikhail Yu. Fominsky and
• Valery P. Koshelets

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2296–2305, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.158

• terahertz range up to 2 mW and efficiency of approx. 5% [12]. However, these devices can be fabricated only in few laboratories around the world (e.g., JPL NASA) and may not be accessible in some countries. The other approach was suggested in previous works [13][14] where the LO based on the FFO is

Improving magnetic properties of Mn- and Zn-doped core–shell iron oxide nanoparticles by tuning their size

• Dounia Louaguef,
• Ghouti Medjahdi,
• Sébastien Diliberto,
• Klaus M. Seemann,
• Thomas Gries,
• Joelle Bizeau,
• Damien Mertz,
• Eric Gaffet and
• Halima Alem

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2285–2295, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.157

• , we report on the synthesis of polyhedral core–shell SPIONs. Their size was tuned to improve their magnetic properties. Furthermore, by hybridizing into a core–shell inorganic/inorganic structure, the nanoparticles can achieve significantly improved magnetic-to-thermal energy conversion efficiency (at

• , biocompatible ferrite nanoparticles and are higher than those reported in previous studies involving similar core–shell systems [16]. The corresponding heating curves (Figure 6b) show temperature increases of 6.5 and 9.6 °C after 60 s, confirming the efficiency of these nanoparticles for hyperthermia

• to note, however, that magnetic anisotropy alone does not guarantee enhanced heating efficiency. As highlighted by Dirba et al., there exists an optimal range of magnetic anisotropy for effective energy dissipation in alternating magnetic fields [22]. Excessively high anisotropy may hinder relaxation

Optical bio/chemical sensors for vitamin B₁₂ analysis in food and pharmaceuticals: state of the art, challenges, and future outlooks

• Seyed Mohammad Taghi Gharibzahedi and
• Zeynep Altintas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2207–2244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.153

• for adults in the European Union is 4.0 µg [32][33]. The bioavailability of VB12 in food sources for healthy adults with typical absorption efficiency is roughly estimated to be 50%. In contrast, crystalline VB12 incorporated into supplements and fortified foods shows an absorption rate ranging from

• efficiency, and ease of implementation [22]. Moreover, Lok et al. assessed VB12 doses in a continuous-flow lab-on-a-chip system based on luminol-peroxide CL tests to monitor Co2+ in the molecular structure of VB12 [24], where the released Co2+ acted as the recognition target, luminol as the indicator

Electromagnetic study of a split-ring resonator metamaterial with cold-electron bolometers

• Ekaterina A. Matrozova,
• Alexander V. Chiginev,
• Leonid S. Revin and
• Andrey L. Pankratov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2199–2206, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.152

• bandwidth. The trade-off between the bandwidth expansion due to miniaturization and the reduction in absorption efficiency determined by the Airy spot size of the coupling lens is investigated. To solve this issue, a simultaneous miniaturization of the size of the entire structure with an increase in the

• original single-ring structure, larger absorption efficiency at the first peak can be achieved (Figure 4, red line), but the working bandwidth will be narrower than for the structure with smaller rings. Thus, by selecting the overall structure size, a compromise can be found between the maximum absorption

• efficiency and the widest receiving bandwidth. It is important to note that the choice of the number of receiving antennas should be in a proper balance. Although a larger array can better fill the Airy spot, it also increases the total number of bolometers. This, in turn, increases the differential