The role of convolutional neural networks in scanning probe microscopy: a review

• Ido Azuri,
• Irit Rosenhek-Goldian,
• Neta Regev-Rudzki,
• Georg Fantner and
• Sidney R. Cohen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 878–901, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.66

• detected differences in the actin cytoskeleton structures between cancerous and normal breast cells that were not discerned by the human eye [105]. Nitta et al. developed an intelligent real-time cell sorter, by combining deep-learning with microfluidics. They achieved automated classification of

Gold(I) N-heterocyclic carbene precursors for focused electron beam-induced deposition

• Cristiano Glessi,
• Aya Mahgoub,
• Cornelis W. Hagen and
• Mats Tilset

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 257–269, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.21

• the eye. Synthesis routes for 1–7. Sublimation temperatures, melting points, and the chosen temperature for deposition of the studied precursors. Elemental composition of deposits obtained by EDX with all values given in atom %. In addition, the ratio between carbon content and gold content in the

Toward graphene textiles in wearable eye tracking systems for human–machine interaction

• Ata Jedari Golparvar and
• Murat Kaya Yapici

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 180–189, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.14

• , USA 10.3762/bjnano.12.14 Abstract The study of eye movements and the measurement of the resulting biopotential, referred to as electrooculography (EOG), may find increasing use in applications within the domain of activity recognition, context awareness, mobile human–computer and human–machine

• interaction (HCI/HMI), and personal medical devices; provided that, seamless sensing of eye activity and processing thereof is achieved by a truly wearable, low-cost, and accessible technology. The present study demonstrates an alternative to the bulky and expensive camera-based eye tracking systems and

• electronics with real-time signal processing capability that can stream data to a remote device over Bluetooth. The potential of graphene textiles in wearable eye tracking and eye-operated remote object interaction is demonstrated by controlling a mouse cursor on screen for typing with a virtual keyboard and

Paper-based triboelectric nanogenerators and their applications: a review

• Jing Han,
• Nuo Xu,
• Yuchen Liang,
• Mei Ding,
• Junyi Zhai,
• Qijun Sun and
• Zhong Lin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 151–171, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.12

• design and to be low cost and lightweight. TENGs have also shown the pivotal ability to convert low-frequency mechanical energy from walking, waving, and eye-blinking into electricity. TENGs can readily serve as a sustainable power supply based on four basic operation modes [29], including vertical

Bio-imaging with the helium-ion microscope: A review

• Matthias Schmidt,
• James M. Byrne and
• Ilari J. Maasilta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1–23, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.1

• Boseman et al. [13]. Many different areas were imaged such as the eye, the wing and body surfaces, the sensory bristles, and the legs, with observations of nanoscale features. In addition, the pupal case and some larval tissues were also investigated. In 2013, Joens et al. [6] published a groundbreaking

Towards 3D self-assembled rolled multiwall carbon nanotube structures by spontaneous peel off

• Jonathan Quinson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1865–1872, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.168

• is observed, by the naked eye, that layers peel off from the MWCNT forests after synthesis. This is observed without the need to apply any mechanical stress. However, when this phenomenon occurs, it is not possible to identify an area without MWCNTs. In other words, despite the peeling off the

• first observed by the naked eye. Based on a morphological characterization from a previous work [16], four distinct sections are identified along the MWCNT forest. From top to bottom (bottom is marked by the silicon substrate at the bottom of the image), one can see a “wavy”, a “straight”, another “wavy

Electron beam-induced deposition of platinum from Pt(CO)₂Cl₂ and Pt(CO)₂Br₂

• Aya Mahgoub,
• Hang Lu,
• Rachel M. Thorman,
• Konstantin Preradovic,
• Titel Jurca,
• Lisa McElwee-White,
• Howard Fairbrother and
• Cornelis W. Hagen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1789–1800, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.161

• )2Cl2 (closed symbols). The error bars originate from a ±10 nm error in size measurements taken manually from SEM images. The lines between the points serve as guides to the eye and the insets show expansions of the data in the rectangular (red) areas. Comparison of pillars grown in experiment 2 from

• comparison, the graph also contains the heights obtained from MeCpPtMe3 and Pt(CO)2Cl2 in experiment 1. The error bars originate from ±10 nm errors in size measurements taken manually from SEM images. The lines between the points serve as a guide to the eye and the inset shows an expansion of the data in the

Absorption and photoconductivity spectra of amorphous multilayer structures

• Oxana Iaseniuc and
• Mihail Iovu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1757–1763, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.158

• are a guide to the eye. Peak position in the spectral distribution of the photocurrent of amorphous thin-film HS as a function of the applied voltage with positive (1) and negative (2) polarity (applied field E = 5 × 104 V/cm). The lines are a guide to the eye. The magnifying power K of the different

• thin-film structures at positive (1) and at negative (2) polarity of the applied voltage (applied field E = 5 × 104 V/cm). The lines are a guide to the eye. The magnifying power K of the amorphous thin-film HS as a function of the applied voltage with positive (1) and negative (2) polarity. The lines

• are a guide to the eye. Funding This work was supported by the project ANCD 20.80009.5007.14.

Imaging and milling resolution of light ion beams from helium ion microscopy and FIBs driven by liquid metal alloy ion sources

• Nico Klingner,
• Gregor Hlawacek,
• Paul Mazarov,
• Wolfgang Pilz,
• Fabian Meyer and
• Lothar Bischoff

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1742–1749, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.156

• ), experimentally achieved trench width, and simulated minimum milling width (FWHM) for FIBs working with different ion species and technologies depending on the ion mass. The line serves as a guide to the eye. SRIM simulation [39] of the sputter profile from a 30 keV point-like beam in a gold substrate as a

Wafer-level integration of self-aligned high aspect ratio silicon 3D structures using the MACE method with Au, Pd, Pt, Cu, and Ir

• Mathias Franz,
• Romy Junghans,
• Paul Schmitt,
• Adriana Szeghalmi and
• Stefan E. Schulz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1439–1449, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.128

• moth-eye effect. The samples etched with 190 mmol/L and 240 mmol/L H2O2 showed an average reflectance of 0.22%. Figure 7 shows the etching results for wafers covered with Pd (Figure 7a,b) or Pt (Figure 7c,d) nanoparticles. Both were etched with an H2O2 concentration of 50 mmol/L. The etching processes

Analysis of catalyst surface wetting: the early stage of epitaxial germanium nanowire growth

• Owen C. Ernst,
• Felix Lange,
• David Uebel,
• Thomas Teubner and
• Torsten Boeck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1371–1380, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.121

• to the eye: dashed red line) and mean droplet diameter values (black dots, guide to the eye: dashed black line) as a function of the substrate temperature. The insets show histograms with the size distribution of droplet diameter values at 550 °C. For Au on SiOx the distribution is approximated by a

Growth of a self-assembled monolayer decoupled from the substrate: nucleation on-command using buffer layers

• Robby Reynaerts,
• Kunal S. Mali and
• Steven De Feyter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1291–1302, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.113

• . (a) STM image showing the superposition of the n-C50 lamellae with those of BA-OC14 confirming the bilayer structure of the system. Panels (b) and (c) show the same STM image with colored markers to aid the eye to identify the superimposed STM contrast arising from the columns of benzoic acid (blue

Integrated photonics multi-waveguide devices for optical trapping and Raman spectroscopy: design, fabrication and performance demonstration

• Gyllion B. Loozen,
• Arnica Karuna,
• Mohammad M. R. Fanood,
• Erik Schreuder and
• Jacob Caro

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 829–842, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.68

• . This hopping is visible by eye in the camera image and can be seen for a 3 μm bead in the 2-waveguide device in Supporting Information File 4. With increasing Pfib the local traps becomes stronger, resulting in stronger confinement of the Brownian motion of a bead in the local trapping potential. For

Using gold nanoparticles to detect single-nucleotide polymorphisms: toward liquid biopsy

• María Sanromán Iglesias and
• Marek Grzelczak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 263–284, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.20

• attracted wide interest. Particularly attractive is the colorimetric detection of analytes in a liquid phase, which represents a direct way to evaluate the presence of an analyte by the naked eye. This facilitates its implementation as a transduction system in point-of-care devices. Therefore, noble metal

• over aggregation or redispersion processes is of paramount importance in the design of devices for the naked-eye detection of molecular events on the surface of nanoparticles. The early experiments by Mirkin and co-workers [60][61] on the aggregation of gold nanoparticles stabilized with radially

• target with a probe followed by the direct naked-eye readout. The need for further improvements motivated the researchers to increases the complexity of the assays. Today, the methods for SNP detection can be classified as enzymatic and nonenzymatic. In enzyme-free strategies, the signal amplification is

Semitransparent Sb₂S₃ thin film solar cells by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis for use in solar windows

• Jako S. Eensalu,
• Atanas Katerski,
• Erki Kärber,
• Lothar Weinhardt,
• Monika Blum,
• Clemens Heske,
• Wanli Yang,
• Ilona Oja Acik and
• Malle Krunks

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2396–2409, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.230

• schematic. Photoconversion parameters of 100 nm Sb2S3 solar cells under illumination at AM1.5G as a function of cell area. The dotted lines are a guide to the eye; the purple star signifies the best-performing 1.7 mm2 cell with 5.5% PCE. The vertical bars signify standard deviation, and black dots represent

• either average values of smaller cells (area <10 mm2), or individual values of larger cells (area >10 mm2). Photoconversion parameters of (≈100 nm Sb2S3) solar cells at AM1.5G as a function of storage time. The dotted lines are a guide to the eye. Black circles refer to 7.1 mm2 cell area, and red

• up to 363 days at ≈20 °C, RH <30%. Photoconversion parameters of 100 nm Sb2S3 solar cells without aging (black dots) or after 180 days of aging (red triangles) as a function of light intensity. The dotted lines are a guide to the eye. The light intensity was attenuated from AM1.5G, 100 mW cm−2 with

Synthesis of highly active ETS-10-based titanosilicate for heterogeneously catalyzed transesterification of triglycerides

• Muhammad A. Zaheer,
• David Poppitz,
• Khavar Feyzullayeva,
• Marianne Wenzel,
• Jörg Matysik,
• Radomir Ljupkovic,
• Aleksandra Zarubica,
• Alexander A. Karavaev,
• Andreas Pöppl,
• Roger Gläser and
• Muslim Dvoyashkin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2039–2061, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.200

Optimization and performance of nitrogen-doped carbon dots as a color conversion layer for white-LED applications

• Tugrul Guner,
• Hurriyet Yuce,
• Didem Tascioglu,
• Eren Simsek,
• Umut Savaci,
• Aziz Genc,
• Servet Turan and
• Mustafa M. Demir

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2004–2013, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.197

• scattering, and the gradual transparency loss of the PVP, which increases the backscattering of light from the sample towards the LED. In Figure 3b, the white-light properties, such as CRI, CCT, and LER, that represent the efficacy of the produced light on the human eye (calculated by considering the human

• eye sensitivity [35][60]) together with the total visible light output (luminous flux) are presented as a function of the N-CDot amount. At the lowest N-CDot amount (15 µL), there is no valid registered CRI (filled circles) or CCT (empty circles) output. As the amount increases, the CRI increases

Stationary beam full-field transmission helium ion microscopy using sub-50 keV He⁺: Projected images and intensity patterns

• Michael Mousley,
• Santhana Eswara,
• Olivier De Castro,
• Olivier Bouton,
• Nico Klingner,
• Christoph T. Koch,
• Gregor Hlawacek and
• Tom Wirtz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1648–1657, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.160

• comparison of Figure 4A–C, it can be seen that the direction of the intensity deflection and expansion (see video for BN, Supporting Information File 1) matches the approximate local surface normal directions of the three main sides of the particle (lines are drawn as guides for the eye in Figure 4). This

• , He+ ions had an energy of 12.5 keV. Scale bars: (A,B) 20 µm and (C,D) 5 mrad. The set of three lines in A and C (with an arrowhead, a circle and a diamond at the ends) are rough guides for the eye showing the relative orientation of the sample and the directions of deflection and expansion (visible

Hierarchically structured 3D carbon nanotube electrodes for electrocatalytic applications

• Pei Wang,
• Katarzyna Kulp and
• Michael Bron

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1475–1487, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.146

• . The vertical dashed lines are intended as a guide for the eye. Cyclic voltammograms of Pt-CNT/GC and Pt-CNT/CNT/GC in N2-saturated 1 M CH3OH and 0.5 M H2SO4 electrolyte solution recorded at a scan rate of 5 mV s−1 normalized to a) Pt mass and b) Pt-ECSA evaluated by COad stripping. The vertical dashed

• lines are intended as a guide for the eye. Pt mass on the different supports and corresponding electrochemically active surface area (ECSA) determined by Hupd and COads. Supporting Information Supporting Information File 176: Additional SEM images and results of electrochemical characterization

Selective gas detection using Mn₃O₄/WO₃ composites as a sensing layer

• Yongjiao Sun,
• Zhichao Yu,
• Wenda Wang,
• Pengwei Li,
• Gang Li,
• Wendong Zhang,
• Lin Chen,
• Serge Zhuivkov and
• Jie Hu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1423–1433, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.140

• concentrations of the target gases. When the H2S concentration exceeds 6.6 ppm, acute eye irritation may occur and prolonged exposure may cause pulmonary edema. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set the acceptable exposure to 25 and 35 ppm NH3 for 8 h and 15 min, respectively, for

Angle-dependent structural colors in a nanoscale-grating photonic crystal fabricated by reverse nanoimprint technology

• Xu Zheng,
• Qing Wang,
• Jinjin Luan,
• Yao Li,
• Ning Wang and
• Rui Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1211–1216, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.120

• can be seen from the graph that the color of the grating is distinctly different under different horizontal observation angles. The color shift is visible to the naked eye throughout most of the measurement cycle. Effects of vertical observation angle on structural color The fiber spectrometer was

Electroluminescence and current–voltage measurements of single-(In,Ga)N/GaN-nanowire light-emitting diodes in a nanowire ensemble

• David van Treeck,
• Johannes Ledig,
• Gregor Scholz,
• Jonas Lähnemann,
• Mattia Musolino,
• Abbes Tahraoui,
• Oliver Brandt,
• Andreas Waag,
• Henning Riechert and
• Lutz Geelhaar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1177–1187, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.117

• ) Cross-sectional micrograph of the investigated self-assembled GaN NW LEDs on Si acquired in the field-emission SEM. (b) Bird’s-eye view micrograph of a probe tip contacting single NWs taken in the thermionic emission SEM with a magnification at the edge of the resolution. (c) Sketch of a tungsten probe

• guide to the eye. (a) Normalized EL spectra at various measurement points, including NW C for a driving current of 100 nA (ca. 1.3 kA/cm2). (b) FWHM of the EL spectra of single-NW LEDs as a function of their peak emission energy. (a) I–V characteristic of points C, E, F, and G. The dashed line shows an

Tailoring the stability/aggregation of one-dimensional TiO₂(B)/titanate nanowires using surfactants

• Atiđa Selmani,
• Johannes Lützenkirchen,
• Kristina Kučanda,
• Dario Dabić,
• Engelbert Redel,
• Ida Delač Marion,
• Damir Kralj,
• Darija Domazet Jurašin and
• Maja Dutour Sikirić

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1024–1037, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.103

• points are a guide for the eye. The dh (a) and (b) the zeta potential (ζ) of 12-2-12/TNWs in Milli-Q water and 1 × 10−3 mol dm−3 NaBr after 24 h. γ(TNW)/g dm−3 = 1 × 10−2, 5 × 10−2, 1 × 10−1. θ = 25 °C. The critical micelle concentration (cmc) of 12-2-12 is indicated with dotted line. The lines

• connecting the data points are a guide for the eye. The comparison of dh obtained for TNW/surfactant systems in Milli-Q water (a) and 1 × 10−3 mol dm−3 NaBr (b) and the zeta potential (ζ) in Milli-Q water (c) and 1 × 10−3 mol dm−3 NaBr (d) after 24 h. θ = 25 °C. The lines connecting the data points are a

• guide for the eye. The zeta potential (ζ) of TNWs with and without surfactant in NaBr aqueous electrolyte solution, c(NaBr)/mol dm−3 = 1 × 10−3 and at different a) DTAB concentrations, c(DTAB)/mol dm−3 = (black square) 0, (dark blue square) 1 × 10−4, (blue square) 5 × 10−4, (light blue square) 5 × 10−3

Towards rare-earth-free white light-emitting diode devices based on the combination of dicyanomethylene and pyranine as organic dyes supported on zinc single-layered hydroxide

• Jeff L. Nyalosaso,
• Rachod Boonsin,
• Pierre Vialat,
• Damien Boyer,
• Geneviève Chadeyron,
• Rachid Mahiou and
• Fabrice Leroux

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 760–770, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.75

• of the visible spectrum, where the human eye is less sensitive. A low R9 value leads to a low CRI. In the HPTS/DCM/LED configuration, we got a better CRI rating of 81. Note that a good daylight CRI rating is framed between 60 and 80 and an incandescent light bulb, considered a black-body radiator

An iridescent film of porous anodic aluminum oxide with alternatingly electrodeposited Cu and SiO₂ nanoparticles

• Menglei Chang,
• Huawen Hu,
• Haiyan Quan,
• Hongyang Wei,
• Zhangyi Xiong,
• Jiacong Lu,
• Pin Luo,
• Yaoheng Liang,
• Jianzhen Ou and
• Dongchu Chen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 735–745, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.73

• film. To scientifically describe the color of the sample, CIERGB, CIEXYZ and CIELAB models were successively established by International Lighting Commission, and CIELAB is considered as the most complete color model to describe the color observable by the naked eye. CIELAB (CIE1976*) consists of three