Recent advances in green carbon dots (2015–2022): synthesis, metal ion sensing, and biological applications

• Aisha Kanwal,
• Naheed Bibi,
• Sajjad Hyder,
• Arif Muhammad,
• Hao Ren,
• Jiangtao Liu and
• Zhongli Lei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1068–1107, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.93

• glycol [6], phytic acid [7], phenylenediamine [8], ammonium citrate [9], citric acid [10], ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid [11], carbon nanotubes [12], and graphite [13]. Additionally, graphite, nanodiamonds, and activated carbon can be applied as precursor for the fabrication of CDs [14]. Meanwhile

Biomimetic chitosan with biocomposite nanomaterials for bone tissue repair and regeneration

• Se-Kwon Kim,
• Sesha Subramanian Murugan,
• Pandurang Appana Dalavi,
• Sebanti Gupta,
• Sukumaran Anil,
• Gi Hun Seong and
• Jayachandran Venkatesan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1051–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.92

• fabrication of scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering applications. The 2 cm × 2 cm PLGA electrospun nanofibers were prepared by electrospinning which incorporated those with hydroxybutyl chitosan hydrogels. The polycaprolactone scaffold was 3D printed and reinforced with hydrogel scaffolds to mimic the

• internal structure of cartilage. Human mesenchymal stem cell differentiation in 3D-printed scaffolds showed the differentiation ability of the cartilage tissue [128]. Future approaches Nanomaterials are widely used in the fabrication of scaffolds as they significantly mimic the extracellular matrix and

Analytical and numerical design of a hybrid Fabry–Perot plano-concave microcavity for hexagonal boron nitride

• Felipe Ortiz-Huerta and
• Karina Garay-Palmett

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1030–1037, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.90

• the desired shape. A natural extension to the development of polymer photonic structures consists of the fabrication of hybrid (i.e., metal-dielectric) resonant structures [15] with the potential to enhance the light–matter interactions of such SPEs. This work will focus on finding an optimal design

• for a hybrid plano-concave microcavity, containing a multilayer of hBN hosting a SPE (Figure 1), by using analytical methods and FDTD simulations. Fabrication design steps are first shown for our microcavity, afterwards we found the range of geometrical parameters necessary for our stable resonator

• , followed by a transfer matrix model used to find the resonant modes of the microcavity, which are then corroborated by FDTD simulations. Results and Discussion Fabrication design Hybrid plano-concave microcavity By using a quarter-wavelength DBR with a multilayer 2D material on top (Figure 2a), we designed

Effects of focused electron beam irradiation parameters on direct nanostructure formation on Ag surfaces

• Jānis Sniķeris,
• Vjačeslavs Gerbreders,
• Andrejs Bulanovs and
• Ēriks Sļedevskis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1004–1010, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.87

• nanophotonics [3]. They can also serve as catalysts for controlled chemical vapour deposition [4]. While gold is the most widely used material for fabrication of plasmonic nanostructures, silver can offer a less expensive alternative [5][6][7]. Electron beam (EB) lithography is a popular method for the

• . However, some studies suggest that this process may not always be so simple. Ueda and Yoshimura [27] reported the fabrication of free-standing nanowires on various metal surfaces (Al, Ag, Au, Cu, Pt, Ta, Ti, and W) via EBID with pump oil (hydrocarbons) as a precursor. It was observed that the substrate

Bioselectivity of silk protein-based materials and their bio-inspired applications

• Hendrik Bargel,
• Vanessa T. Trossmann,
• Christoph Sommer and
• Thomas Scheibel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 902–921, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.81

• , antimicrobial, and antibiofouling properties, including the formation of an oriented monolayer of bacterial flagellin proteins on hydrophobic surfaces [73], a reduction of oral bacteria adhesion on dental brackets by more than 95% due to a reduced surface free energy [74], and the fabrication of antifouling

DNA aptamer selection and construction of an aptasensor based on graphene FETs for Zika virus NS1 protein detection

• Nathalie B. F. Almeida,
• Thiago A. S. L. Sousa,
• Viviane C. F. Santos,
• Camila M. S. Lacerda,
• Thais G. Silva,
• Rafaella F. Q. Grenfell,
• Flavio Plentz and
• Antero S. R. Andrade

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 873–881, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.78

• triplicate. The mass of aptamers bound to each protein was calculated and the results were plotted using the software Graph Pad Prism 5. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal–Wallis test with Dunn’s post-test. Device fabrication and electrical characterization We carried out the electrical

Ultrafast signatures of magnetic inhomogeneity in Pd_1−xFe_x (x ≤ 0.08) epitaxial thin films

• Andrey V. Petrov,
• Sergey I. Nikitin,
• Lenar R. Tagirov,
• Amir I. Gumarov,
• Igor V. Yanilkin and
• Roman V. Yusupov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 836–844, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.74

• required, including logic gates [19][20][21][22][23], programmable logics [16], non-dissipative biasing [1], and random access and cache memories [17][24][25][26][27][28]. From the fabrication point of view, it is strongly desirable to utilize a universal tunable ferromagnetic material for every

Optimizing PMMA solutions to suppress contamination in the transfer of CVD graphene for batch production

• Chun-Da Liao,
• Andrea Capasso,
• Tiago Queirós,
• Telma Domingues,
• Fatima Cerqueira,
• Nicoleta Nicoara,
• Jérôme Borme,
• Paulo Freitas and
• Pedro Alpuim

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 796–806, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.70

• cycles, while PMMA-15k promoted depolymerization, which allowed for a complete removal of PMMA residues without the need for any post-treatment. An XPS analysis confirmed the cleanness of the optimized process. We validated the impact of the optimized PMMA solution on the mass fabrication of arrays of

• . Keywords: 2D materials; graphene transfer process; large-scale fabrication; microelectronics; poly(methyl methacrylate); Introduction Graphene and two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) have been the focus of an intense research effort aimed at developing a new class of innovative

• devices and applications [1][2][3]. Among the production methods, chemical vapor deposition (CVD) made substantial progress over the years and now guarantees high-quality standards for the growth of batches of graphene samples over wafer-scale areas [4][5][6]. This progress allowed for the fabrication of

Hierarchical Bi₂WO₆/TiO₂-nanotube composites derived from natural cellulose for visible-light photocatalytic treatment of pollutants

• Zehao Lin,
• Zhan Yang and
• Jianguo Huang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 745–762, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.66

• large variety of functional materials [10][11][12][13][14][15]; in particular, for the fabrication of specific catalytic materials [16][17][18][19]. Recently, several bismuth-based photocatalysts have drawn extensive attention owing to their unique band structures and excellent stability against

• limited owing to the aggregation of these phases, resulting in the decrement of active sites during photocatalysis [27]. In order to further increase the effectiveness of these heterostructures, the fabrication of efficient TiO2 materials for a homogeneous dispersion of Bi2WO6 through its morphological

• bionics procedure using natural cellulose can be used in the fabrication of Bi2WO6/TiO2 composites. However, the relationship between the structure and activity of these compounds still remain to be deeply investigated. In this work, cellulose-derived Bi2WO6/TiO2-NT heterostructured composites were

A nonenzymatic reduced graphene oxide-based nanosensor for parathion

• Sarani Sen,
• Anurag Roy,
• Ambarish Sanyal and
• Parukuttyamma Sujatha Devi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 730–744, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.65

• the fabrication of a robust, nonenzymatic electrochemical-sensing electrode modified with electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (ERGO) to detect PT residues in environmental samples (e.g., soil, water) as well as in vegetables and cereals. The ERGO sensor shows a significantly affected

• activities at the electrode surface, potentially leading to the fabrication of nonenzymatic electrochemical nanosensors for detecting specific OPs on the electroactive surface [2][11][17][18][19]. For example, electrochemical sensing platforms modified with zirconia-embedded PEDOT membrane, graphene

• methyl paraoxon in vegetables [23]. Recently, Jangid et al. (2021) also described the electrocatalytic activity of fenitrothion on glassy carbon electrodes modified with nitrogen and sulfur co-doped activated carbon-coated multiwalled carbon nanotubes [24]. Nevertheless, the fabrication process of the

Experimental and theoretical study of field-dependent spin splitting at ferromagnetic insulator–superconductor interfaces

• Peter Machon,
• Michael J. Wolf,
• Detlef Beckmann and
• Wolfgang Belzig

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 682–688, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.60

• a Si(111) substrate heated to 800 °C. In a second fabrication step, aluminium/aluminium oxide/copper tunnel junctions were fabricated on the EuS film using e-beam lithography and shadow evaporation. The nominal aluminium film thickness was d = 10 nm. The differential conductance g = dI/dV of the

• fabrication, magnetic properties, and experimental procedures can be found in [42][43]. Examples of the conductance spectra measured for different applied fields in one of the junctions are shown in Figure 5a. At small fields, the spectra exhibit a well-defined gap with negligible subgap conductance

• during sample transfer between our two fabrication steps. Lacking a microscopic model, we have attempted to fit the field dependence of δφ with a Brillouin function. The fit is shown as a line in Figure 5b. It is in reasonable agreement with the data up to about 0.6 T, with an effective angular momentum

Tunable high-quality-factor absorption in a graphene monolayer based on quasi-bound states in the continuum

• Jun Wu,
• Yasong Sun,
• Feng Wu,
• Biyuan Wu and
• Xiaohu Wu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 675–681, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.59

• makes the fabrication quite difficult. In this paper, motivated by the investigation in [28], a tunable graphene absorber, which consists of a graphene monolayer on a dielectric grating backed with a substrate, is designed and investigated. The paper is arranged as follows: First, we present the

• . Therefore, the geometric tolerance should be precisely controlled inside a certain range during fabrication. We investigate the influence of geometric parameters on the absorption spectra so as to provide a useful guidance for practical fabrication. The results are shown in Figure 6. As shown in Figure 6a

• sensitive to the change of w than to that of d and h. In general, the ultrasharp absorption can be maintained with a large tolerance regarding the geometric parameters, which is beneficial for real-life fabrication. As the surface conductivity of the graphene sheet is proportional to the Fermi level

Reliable fabrication of transparent conducting films by cascade centrifugation and Langmuir–Blodgett deposition of electrochemically exfoliated graphene

• Teodora Vićentić,
• Stevan Andrić,
• Vladimir Rajić and
• Marko Spasenović

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 666–674, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.58

• quantitatively compared to results found in literature that are obtained using other, more complex graphene film fabrication methods, and is found to occur with a percolation exponent and percolative figure of merit that are of the same order as results in literature. A maximum optical transparency of 82.4% at a

Fabrication and testing of polymer microneedles for transdermal drug delivery

• Vahid Ebrahiminejad,
• Zahra Faraji Rad,
• Philip D. Prewett and
• Graham J. Davies

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 629–640, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.55

• manufacturing processes for MNs is of considerable interest. This study reports a simple fabrication process for thermoplastic MNs from cycloolefin polymers (COP) using hot embossing on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) soft molds. COP has gained interest due to its high molding performance and low cost. The resin

• to grow to $50.6 billion by 2025 [6]. To enable mass manufacturing of MNs, factors such as reproducibility, fabrication precision, lower production cost, and time should be addressed. For instance, manufacturing techniques such as reactive ion etching and deep reactive ion etching incorporate

• multistage fabrication processes with high production costs [7]. Similarly, laser ablation and lithography techniques are costly, requiring extended production time [8]. To overcome the current manufacturing limitations, MNs might be fabricated cost-effectively, with high precision and accuracy, using 3D

Influence of thickness and morphology of MoS₂ on the performance of counter electrodes in dye-sensitized solar cells

• Lam Thuy Thi Mai,
• Hai Viet Le,
• Ngan Kim Thi Nguyen,
• Van La Tran Pham,
• Thu Anh Thi Nguyen,
• Nguyen Thanh Le Huynh and
• Hoang Thai Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 528–537, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.44

• : cyclic voltammetry (CV); dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs); electrocatalytic activity; honeycomb-like; molybdenum disulfide (MoS2); thin film; Introduction Since Grätzel’s first report in 1991, dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have been the subject of much research due to the easy fabrication process

• should be noted that this is the first report dealing with the fabrication of MoS2 honeycomb-like thin films for DSSC application. Results and Discussion Electrodeposition of MoS2 thin films Electrodeposition of MoS2 thin films was carried out from precursor solutions containing a mixture of (NH4)6Mo7O24

• including 1.25:7.5 (solution 1.25), 2.5:15 (solution 2.5), and 5:30 (solution 5.0). The CV measurement was performed under a dynamic potential between −1.0 V and 1.0 V for ten cycles at a scan rate of 100 mV·s−1 in a nitrogen atmosphere. Fabrication of DSSCs DSSCs with an active area of 0.25 cm2 were

Ciprofloxacin-loaded dissolving polymeric microneedles as a potential therapeutic for the treatment of S. aureus skin infections

• Sharif Abdelghany,
• Walhan Alshaer,
• Yazan Al Thaher,
• Maram Al Fawares,
• Amal G. Al-Bakri,
• Saja Zuriekat and
• Randa SH. Mansour

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 517–527, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.43

• was demonstrated. This can be of great benefit for the painless topical/transdermal delivery of antibiotics, overcoming the barrier properties of the skin. Microneedle fabrication using the two-layer centrifugation method. PVA/PVP or PVA gel with ciprofloxacin is stirred at 70 °C and poured on 14 × 14

Design and characterization of polymeric microneedles containing extracts of Brazilian green propolis

• Camila Felix Vecchi,
• Rafaela Said dos Santos,
• Jéssica Bassi da Silva and
• Marcos Luciano Bruschi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 503–516, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.42

• clear, it was possible to insert the master structure for mold development (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S1). After 24 h, after the careful removal of the cartridge, a flexible mold was obtained, with intact and visible micropores, both on its surface and on its extension. Fabrication of

• the mold obtained was cleaned and evaluated for integrity for later use. Fabrication of microneedles Polymeric MNs were prepared using the mold casting technique. The polymeric matrix, composed of PVA, PVP, P407, and the different types of PRP extract, was prepared to compose the microneedle system

Zinc oxide nanostructures for fluorescence and Raman signal enhancement: a review

• Ioana Marica,
• Fran Nekvapil,
• Maria Ștefan,
• Cosmin Farcău and
• Alexandra Falamaș

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 472–490, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.40

• applications [13]. This review article seeks to present the fabrication methods and applications of zinc oxide nanostructures enhancing the photoluminescence emission or the Raman signal of analyte molecules. First, we focus on a wide range of synthesis methods of ZnO nanostructures and nanocomposites based on

• ZnO–metal hybrid nanoparticles. Moreover, we consider the physical phenomena governing both the Raman and fluorescence enhancement using ZnO nanostructures. Review Fabrication of ZnO–noble metal nanocomposites Synthesis of ZnO nanostructures Among the exhaustive list of available physical and chemical

• on semiconductors decorated with noble metals, or vice versa, has been proposed. These hybrid nanostructures show enhanced optical and electronic properties due to the coupling between the noble metal and the semiconductor [10][11][13]. Various fabrication techniques have been employed to develop

Tubular glassy carbon microneedles with fullerene-like tips for biomedical applications

• Sharali Malik and
• George E. Kostakis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 455–461, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.38

• material was pre-patterned as an array, which was then converted to glassy carbon microneedle patches via a conventional carbon-microelectromechanical system (C-MEMS) process [14]. In this article we report the fabrication of freestanding glassy carbon microneedles in a single step achieved by the

A chemiresistive sensor array based on polyaniline nanocomposites and machine learning classification

• Jiri Kroutil,
• Alexandr Laposa,
• Ali Ahmad,
• Jan Voves,
• Vojtech Povolny,
• Ladislav Klimsa,
• Marina Davydova and
• Miroslav Husak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 411–423, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.34

• oxides, and various volatile organic compounds, is crucial in automotive, defense, aviation, chemical, medicine, and food industries [1][2]. Research on chemical sensors is currently focused on the fabrication of multisensor arrays for enhanced detection and identification of various chemical compounds

• different mathematical algorithms and we examined the interaction between these algorithms. The seven algorithms were studied in deep using different combinations and the highest classification rate was obtained by PCA/GPC. Conclusion We presented the fabrication and characterization of seven different

• random variables and define the covariance function of the data, a crucial ingredient for our system predictions. The highest classification rate of about 99% was obtained for our classification system using PCA and GPC. Experimental Sensor array fabrication The sensor array with four interdigitated

Electrostatic pull-in application in flexible devices: A review

• Teng Cai,
• Yuming Fang,
• Yingli Fang,
• Ruozhou Li,
• Ying Yu and
• Mingyang Huang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 390–403, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.32

• quickly realize positioning and alignment of CNTs in 10–60 s. GR-NEM switches Based on the large-scale fabrication of graphene (GR) using CVD and oxygen plasma etching, GR-NEM switches have attracted the attention of researchers. Table 2 summarizes GR-NEM switch structures described in the literature. Two

Micro- and nanotechnology in biomedical engineering for cartilage tissue regeneration in osteoarthritis

• Zahra Nabizadeh,
• Mahmoud Nasrollahzadeh,
• Hamed Daemi,
• Mohamadreza Baghaban Eslaminejad,
• Ali Akbar Shabani,
• Mehdi Dadashpour,
• Majid Mirmohammadkhani and
• Davood Nasrabadi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 363–389, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.31

• least in part, disappointing and frustrating results for patients with osteoarthritis. Recent progress in the design and fabrication of tissue-engineered microscale/nanoscale platforms, which arises from the convergence of stem cell research and nanotechnology methods, has shown promising results in the

• structures and functions to native cartilage. Nevertheless, despite the progresses made in biomaterial synthesis, scaffold fabrication, and development of growth factor delivery systems, TE has been unable to address OA disease using the routine methods. Recently, more attention has been paid to the

• involvement of micro-/nanotechnological possibilities in the process of scaffold design and fabrication [4]. Since a lot of cellular mechanisms are controlled by environmental stimuli (cell signaling molecules, extracellular matrix, and bioactive macromolecules) on the nanoscale, the recognition and

Alcohol-perturbed self-assembly of the tobacco mosaic virus coat protein

• Ismael Abu-Baker and
• Amy Szuchmacher Blum

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 355–362, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.30

• ; Introduction Bottom-up fabrication of nanomaterials with precise control over the spatial arrangement of components is of great interest in nanotechnology [1][2]. A promising approach to this issue is the use of templates based on self-assembling biological materials, such as nucleic acids and proteins [3][4

A broadband detector based on series YBCO grain boundary Josephson junctions

• Egor I. Glushkov,
• Alexander V. Chiginev,
• Leonid S. Kuzmin and
• Leonid S. Revin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 325–333, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.27

• = 60°, r1 = 28 μm, τ = 2, and n = 5. To improve the match between receiving system and antenna, designs with series of up to eleven Josephson junctions were considered. In this case, there are two possible ways to implement the geometry (Figure 3a,b). The fabrication of bicrystal junctions requires the

• dynamically calculate the MW current flowing in each of the junctions at a given total high-frequency current in the antenna. As previously mentioned, the junctions parameters were set the same for all JJs. Although there is always a parameter spread in fabrication, for high temperatures of the order of 70 K

Interfacial nanoarchitectonics for ZIF-8 membranes with enhanced gas separation

• Season S. Chen,
• Zhen-Jie Yang,
• Chia-Hao Chang,
• Hoong-Uei Koh,
• Sameerah I. Al-Saeedi,
• Kuo-Lun Tung and
• Kevin C.-W. Wu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 313–324, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.26

• . Unlike zeolite membranes, MOF membranes do not need structure-directing agents in the fabrication process. In addition, the pore sizes and surface functionalities of MOF membranes can be chemically modified, which allows for a rational design to separate various sizes of molecules [13][14][15][16][17