Calibration of piezo actuators and systems by dynamic interferometry

• Knarik Khachatryan and
• Michael Reichling

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2086–2091, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.143

• perfect result with the straight line very well fitting the data and crossing (0,0) in the (, derr) plane, while the fit for the following expansion measurement (Figure 1a) is less precise and exhibits a systematic trend of approach towards a limiting straight line defined by the last three data points

• control loop. Note that data and fit lines are shifted by an increment of 1 V along the Vexc axis for each calibration to separate measurements from each other. The undulation of data points around the straight line is due to peculiarities in fitting the data as explained in [13]. Measured calibration

Stereodiscrimination of guests in chiral organosilica aerogels studied by ESR spectroscopy

• Sebastian Polarz,
• Yasar Krysiak,
• Martin Wessig and
• Florian Kuhlmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2034–2054, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.140

• slow component to spin probe molecules that are located near the surface of the porous host and, thus, are likely to be adsorbed to the surface. Fitting the spectra quantitatively yields the ratio between fast (non-adsorbed) and slow (adsorbed) species. For silica aerogels, one can see that, only at

Mechanical property measurements enabled by short-term Fourier-transform of atomic force microscopy thermal deflection analysis

• Thomas Mathias,
• Roland Bennewitz and
• Philip Egberts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1952–1962, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.136

• calculated Fourier transform, was carefully chosen to ensure that β in Equation 2 was much larger than 1 [22]: Fitting of the first resonant peak of the cantilever in contact with the surface during the force-versus-distance measurement thus provides the evolution of the f1, Q1, and D1 values as functions of

• . Beyond identifying and fitting the first pinned mode of oscillation, it is also possible to observe several of the higher modes within the in-contact power spectrum compared with the out-of-contact spectrum. Finally, we note that the full width at half maximum increases slightly for the first oscillation

• the softer cantilevers. At this time, the base noise of our AFM system and electronic sampling of the deflection signal is too large to automate the fitting of the resonance peak with reasonable successful fits, limiting the application of our method to cantilevers having a lower spring constant. With

Low-temperature AFM with a microwave cavity optomechanical transducer

• Ermes Scarano,
• Elisabet K. Arvidsson,
• August K. Roos,
• Erik Holmgren,
• Riccardo Borgani,
• Mats O. Tholén and
• David B. Haviland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1873–1882, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.130

• data for probe 1, obtained by converting the measured upper motional sideband to an equivalent displacement PSD through Equation 5 with Δ = −Ωm and nc = 1.98 × 106. Fitting Equation 2 to the measured data, we extract the detector (red) and cantilever (orange) contributions to the total noise. Through

• this fitting procedure we determine an effective temperature of the cantilever T = 0.74 K, which is substantially higher than the bath temperature Tbath = 10 mK. The discrepancy is most likely due to inertial actuation by noise from the piezo shaker and decoupling of the cantilever eigenmode from the

• showing the rippling effect caused by pulse-tube vibrations. The orange curve is obtained by applying a low-pass filter with cutoff frequency 0.75 Hz. (e) Effect of filtering and smoothing on the acquired image. Device parameters Ωm and Γ are determined by fitting the measured mechanical resonance. ω0, κ

Further insights into the thermodynamics of linear carbon chains for temperatures ranging from 13 to 300 K

• Alexandre Rocha Paschoal,
• Thiago Alves de Moura,
• Juan S. Rodríguez-Hernández,
• Carlos William de Araujo Paschoal,
• Yoong Ahm Kim,
• Morinobu Endo and
• Paulo T. Araujo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1818–1825, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.125

• are fitting results using Equation 2. We are then well positioned to proceed with our analysis using the Debye model, whose associated equations (see Supporting Information File 1) depend on ωLCC, , and [30]. In one hand, Figure 2b shows that u(T) displays a T2 behavior; the values of u(T) at 13 K

• discrepancy between the data found in this work and those published by Costa and collaborators [30], which is explained as follows: as discussed, γP and are calculated from the fitting of the experimental data from Figure 1a, and they are, therefore, heavily dependent on ωLCC(T,N) as a function of T, whose

Dendrimer-modified carbon nanotubes for the removal and recovery of heavy metal ions from water

• Thao Quynh Ngan Tran,
• Huu Trung Nguyen,
• Subodh Kumar and
• Xuan Thang Cao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1522–1532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.107

• Freundlich isotherm fitting and heterogeneous surface characteristics. However, the adsorption behavior can vary on many factors such as type of adsorbates, adsorbent composition, reaction conditions, and degree of functionality. In our case, the adsorption behavior of pure CNT-based dendrimer adsorbents

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

Parylene-coated platinum nanowire electrodes for biomolecular sensing applications

• Chao Liu,
• Peker Milas,
• Michael G. Spencer and
• Birol Ozturk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1392–1400, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.101

• electrode. (c) EDS elemental characterization of the copper deposition in panel b (from top to down: copper, platinum, and carbon). (a) Selected differential potential voltammetry (DPV) curves for dopamine detection. (b) Peak current analysis after baseline subtraction for logarithmic fitting. (c

Transfer function of an asymmetric superconducting Gauss neuron

• Fedor A. Razorenov,
• Aleksander S. Ionin,
• Nikita S. Shuravin,
• Liubov N. Karelina,
• Mikhail S. Sidel’nikov,
• Sergey V. Egorov and
• Vitaly V. Bol’ginov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1160–1170, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.85

• ], which, however, did not prevent us from observing a noticeable output signal. However, the effective bias is hard to control during the experiment, so it was estimated as a fitting parameter in [18]. Finally, the third term in Equation 52 arises due to the direct interaction between the input (CL) and

Deep learning for enhancement of low-resolution and noisy scanning probe microscopy images

• Samuel Gelman,
• Irit Rosenhek-Goldian,
• Nir Kampf,
• Marek Patočka,
• Maricarmen Rios,
• Marcos Penedo,
• Georg Fantner,
• Amir Beker,
• Sidney R. Cohen and
• Ido Azuri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1129–1140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.83

• to perform a given task, here returning SR images from low-resolution images. Then, the pre-trained model can be used for inference without any further fitting procedure on new data such as that used in this research. This approach may work ideally when the target population is similar to the trained

A calix[4]arene-based supramolecular nanoassembly targeting cancer cells and triggering the release of nitric oxide with green light

• Cristina Parisi,
• Loredana Ferreri,
• Tassia J. Martins,
• Francesca Laneri,
• Samantha Sollima,
• Antonina Azzolina,
• Antonella Cusimano,
• Nicola D’Antona,
• Grazia M. L. Consoli and
• Salvatore Sortino

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1003–1013, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.75

• inset shows the size distribution of the same solution of 1 obtained by DLS. (B) Fluorescence emission spectrum, λexc = 467 nm, of 1 as in (A). The inset shows the fluorescence decay and the related fitting of the same solutions recorded at λexc = 455 nm and λem = 550 nm. T = 25 °C. Cell viability

• obtained by DLS. (B) Fluorescence emission spectrum, λexc = 467 nm, of 1·2 as in (A). The inset shows the fluorescence decay and the related fitting of the same solution recorded at λexc = 455 nm and λ em = 550 nm. T = 25 °C. (A) Absorption spectral changes observed upon exposure of a solution of the

Characterization of ion track-etched conical nanopores in thermal and PECVD SiO₂ using small angle X-ray scattering

• Shankar Dutt,
• Rudradeep Chakraborty,
• Christian Notthoff,
• Pablo Mota-Santiago,
• Christina Trautmann and
• Patrick Kluth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 899–909, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.68

• precision in determining the pore morphologies [29][40]. The method involved fitting two-dimensional (2D) scattering patterns to a conical pore model utilizing a series of images with different tilts of the sample with respect to the incident X-ray beam, corresponding to the alignment of the parallel pores

• applying distribution functions in a 2D fitting scenario. To address these limitations, we have developed a new approach that maintains the high precision of SAXS analysis while significantly reducing computational requirements and enabling the investigation of size distributions. This method involves

• analyzing and fitting one-dimensional (1D) sections of the SAXS patterns employing different form factors rather than performing 2D image fitting. We implemented our new fitting method to investigate conical nanopores in the two different SiO2 membrane materials. For nanopores in thermal SiO2 we confirm

Heat-induced transformation of nickel-coated polycrystalline diamond film studied in situ by XPS and NEXAFS

• Olga V. Sedelnikova,
• Yuliya V. Fedoseeva,
• Dmitriy V. Gorodetskiy,
• Yuri N. Palyanov,
• Elena V. Shlyakhova,
• Eugene A. Maksimovskiy,
• Anna A. Makarova,
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva and
• Aleksandr V. Okotrub

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 887–898, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.67

• XPS spectra was performed by referring to the Au 4f7/2 line at 84.0 eV measured from a clean Au foil. XPS data processing was carried out using CASA XPS software version 2.3.15. Fitting of the core-level spectra was performed using the sum of Gauss–Lorenz and Doniach–Sunjic functions after the

Insights into the electronic and atomic structures of cerium oxide-based ultrathin films and nanostructures using high-brilliance light sources

• Paola Luches and
• Federico Boscherini

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 860–871, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.65

• model catalyst”, pages 8-13, Copyright (2019), with permission from Elsevier. This content is not subject to CC BY 4.0. (a) Ce–O interatomic distances for 2 ML and 10 ML CeO2 films evaluated by fitting Ce L3-edge EXAFS with the electric field parallel (dCe−O PAR) and perpendicular (dCe−O PER) to the

• distance in CeO2 NPs of different diameter as function of the reciprocal average diameter evaluated by fitting Ce L3-edge EXAFS. The solid line is a linear fit of the data. Used with permission from [42] (“Contraction, cation oxidation state and size effects in cerium oxide nanoparticles”, by J. S. P

Synchrotron X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of sodium adsorption on vertically arranged MoS₂ layers coated with pyrolytic carbon

• Alexander V. Okotrub,
• Anastasiya D. Fedorenko,
• Anna A. Makarova,
• Veronica S. Sulyaeva,
• Yuliya V. Fedoseeva and
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 847–859, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.64

• cross sections. Shirley background subtraction was used in analysis of fine lines. For the Mo 3d, S 2p, and Na 2s spectra, curve fitting was performed using a Gaussian (40%)/Lorentzian (60%) product function. For the C 1s spectra, the main peak at ≈284.4 eV was fitted using a Lorentzian asymmetric line

Morphology and properties of pyrite nanoparticles obtained by pulsed laser ablation in liquid and thin films for photodetection

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• Rene Fabian Cienfuegos Pelaes,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• Josué Amílcar Aguilar-Martínez and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 785–805, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.60

• all the samples, the peak position corresponding to the adventitious carbon value was fixed at 284.6 eV. A Shirley-type background baseline was used, and the Gaussian–Lorentzian sum function was applied for peak fitting. The high-resolution spectra of Fe 2p and S 2p after soft surface etching using

• argon ions is provided in Figure 7. The Fe 2p spectra of pyrite NPs in all solvents (Figure 7a–e) show two major peaks of Fe 2p3/2 and Fe 2p1/2 at 709 and 722 eV, respectively, which denotes the Fe2+ chemical state [44] with a separation ΔE of 13.1 eV. The peak fitting of the Fe 2p3/2 peak reveals a

• the peak fitting is in accordance to the hybrids reported [46][47]. The Fe 2p1/2 peak does not require deconvolution due to its relatively lower intensity and minimal contribution to the overall spectral profile. Specifically, in studies of iron, as proposed by Grosvenor et al., the Fe 2p3/2 peak

Changes of structural, magnetic and spectroscopic properties of microencapsulated iron sucrose nanoparticles in saline

• Sabina Lewińska,
• Pavlo Aleshkevych,
• Roman Minikayev,
• Anna Bajorek,
• Mateusz Dulski,
• Krystian Prusik,
• Tomasz Wojciechowski and
• Anna Ślawska-Waniewska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 762–784, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.59

• exhibit superparamagnetic behavior. The M(H) relation registered at 300 K was not included in the fitting due to the linear character. It should be highlighted that, although the iron sucrose is only 5% of the Ferisan mass, the nonmagnetic contribution from the additives, which can be expected especially

• sample regardless of the measurement temperature is that such behavior is typical for antiferromagnetic systems. This conclusion correlates with the TEM results which predicts the antiferromagnetic α-FeOOH or, with a lower probability, the β polymorph in the nanoparticle cores. The fitting equation used

• fitting parameters. One of the start values in the fitting procedure was the median of D, named , and its standard deviation σ, which were difficult to estimate as the distribution of nanoparticle diameters f(D) was not known. Following the literature values for iron sucrose nanoparticles in other

Nanostructured materials characterized by scanning photoelectron spectromicroscopy

• Matteo Amati,
• Alexey S. Shkvarin,
• Alexander I. Merentsov,
• Alexander N. Titov,
• María Taeño,
• David Maestre,
• Sarah R. McKibbin,
• Zygmunt Milosz,
• Ana Cremades,
• Rainer Timm and
• Luca Gregoratti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 700–710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.54

• technologically relevant nanostructure devices. The type and amount of surface oxide and defects can be obtained from XPS peak fitting, as presented in Figure 2c, assuming a Shirley background and Voigt doublet components (more fitting components can be found in [18]). Both the In 4d and P 2p spectra were fitted

Retrieval of B1 phase from high-pressure B2 phase for CdO nanoparticles by electronic excitations in Cd_xZn_1−xO composite thin films

• Arkaprava Das,
• Marcin Zając and
• Carla Bittencourt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 551–560, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.43

• the CASA software, with Shirley background removal applied during the fitting process. The Cd 3d5/2 peak in Figure 5a appears at 404.5 eV for CZ900_Pris, CZ900_313O, and CZ900_313Ag thin films, indicative of Cd–O bonding [18][19]. Notably, the Cd 3d5/2 peak position for the CZ900_313Ag thin film has

• from the Zn2SiO4, as indicated by the single peak fitting of the Si 2p3/2 peak in Figure 5d. The presence of the Zn2SiO4 phase is evident in the Si 2p3/2 peak for CZ900_Pris and CZ900_313O thin films. Therefore, the data from the O 1s and Si 2p3/2 peaks indicate that the Zn2SiO4 phase is not

• silver ion irradiation indicates the complete amorphization of the Zn2SiO4 phase. However, the intensity of this feature remains relatively unchanged with oxygen ion irradiation. The fitting analysis of the Si 2p XPS peak, showing the absence of the component related to Zn2SiO4 after Ag ion irradiation

Functionalized gold nanoflowers on carbon screen-printed electrodes: an electrochemical platform for biosensing hemagglutinin protein of influenza A H1N1 virus

• Carlos Enrique Torres-Méndez,
• Sharmilee Nandi,
• Klara Martinovic,
• Patrizia Kühne,
• Yifan Liu,
• Sam Taylor,
• Maria Lysandrou,
• Maria Ines Berrojo Romeyro Mascarenhas,
• Viktoria Langwallner,
• Javier Enrique Sebastián Alonso,
• Ivana Jovanovic,
• Maike Lüftner,
• Georgia-Vasiliki Gkountana,
• David Bern,
• Abdul-Raouf Atif,
• Ehsan Manouchehri Doulabi,
• Gemma Mestres and
• Masood Kamali-Moghaddam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 540–550, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.42

• − employed as redox probe in this study. The magnitude of the Rct of the electrodes at different modification stages was calculated by fitting the experimental Nyquist plots to the Randles equivalent circuit model. The commercial CSPE showed a high Rct of 12.90 kΩ (Supporting Information File 1, Figure S2

• , electrode stability in different solvents, and circuit fitting for the EIS data. Acknowledgements The authors acknowledge SensUs organization for technical discussions on biosensors development, Dr. Quentin Palomar-Marchand for the technical advice provided on electrochemical measurements, and Jayendra

N₂⁺-implantation-induced tailoring of structural, morphological, optical, and electrical characteristics of sputtered molybdenum thin films

• Usha Rani,
• Kafi Devi,
• Divya Gupta and
• Sanjeev Aggarwal

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 495–509, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.38

• between these components after contact with the sample. Upon successfully fitting the results of N2+-implanted molybdenum thin films for all thickness, a small error percentage (in this case, 0.15%) between the experimental and simulated curves is observed, indicating a close match [2][44]. The simulated

ReactorAFM/STM – dynamic reactions on surfaces at elevated temperature and atmospheric pressure

• Tycho Roorda,
• Hamed Achour,
• Matthijs A. van Spronsen,
• Marta E. Cañas-Ventura,
• Sander B. Roobol,
• Willem Onderwaater,
• Mirthe Bergman,
• Peter van der Tuijn,
• Gertjan van Baarle,
• Johan W. Bakker,
• Joost W. M. Frenken and
• Irene M. N. Groot

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 397–406, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.30

• to determine the temperature range at which we can operate the tuning fork and to illustrate the degree of difficulty while scanning at high temperature. Beyond 500 K, no resonance was measured for this specific sensor as the signal became too weak. The fitted function follows Equation 1 with fitting

Pulsed laser in liquid grafting of gold nanoparticle–carbon support composites

• Madeleine K. Wilsey,
• Teona Taseska,
• Qishen Lyu,
• Connor P. Cox and
• Astrid M. Müller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 349–361, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.26

• and measured with a 0.1 eV step size, 260 ms dwell time, and 20 eV pass energy. All spectra were referenced against the adventitious C 1s peak at 284.8 eV [51]. The data processing, including Shirley background subtraction and Gaussian/Lorentzian peak fitting, was performed in CasaXPS (Version 2.3.24

Graphene oxide–chloroquine conjugate induces DNA damage in A549 lung cancer cells through autophagy modulation

• Braham Dutt Arya,
• Sandeep Mittal,
• Prachi Joshi,
• Alok Kumar Pandey,
• Jaime E. Ramirez-Vick,
• Govind Gupta and
• Surinder P. Singh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 316–332, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.24

• (287.6), C=O (287.7), and COOH (288.8) eV, respectively, using the Voigt (mixed Gaussian–Lorentzian) function. The peak fitting was performed with respect to the chemical bonding of the materials, the least count of the instrument, and in agreement with the available literature [48][49]. The appearance

• ), and deconvoluted fitting components (multicolored regions) are also shown here. Quantitative estimation of Chl binding onto GO nanosheets using UV–vis spectroscopy: (a) Optical density measurement of various concentrations (2.5–25 µg/mL) of Chl for the preparation of a standard calibration curve. (b

• GO and GO–Chl nanoconjugate via UV–vis, FTIR, Raman Spectroscopy, FESEM, and HRTEM. Figure S2 shows the atomic force microscopy-based topographical analysis of GO nanosheets. Figure S3 represents the XPS survey spectra of GO, GO–Chl, and Chl. Table S1 shows the summary of fitting parameters for the

Modeling and simulation of carbon-nanocomposite-based gas sensors

• Roopa Hegde,
• Punya Prabha V,
• Shipra Upadhyay and
• Krishna S B

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 90–96, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.9

• studies related to examining the suitability and limitations of the Langmuir adsorption isotherm for major unconventional gas resources [16]. The Langmuir isotherm is suitable for modeling monolayer adsorption on uniform sites. Fitting experimental adsorption data to the appropriate isotherm model is

• homogeneous surface. It is often used in gas sensors where only one layer of gas molecules is adsorbed and where there are no interactions between adsorbed molecules. Fitting of obtained result values into the Langmuir adsorption model is shown in Figure 6, which is defined using the Equation 1. where K is