Plasmon-enhanced photoluminescence from TiO₂ and TeO₂ thin films doped by Eu³⁺ for optoelectronic applications

• Marcin Łapiński,
• Jakub Czubek,
• Katarzyna Drozdowska,
• Anna Synak,
• Wojciech Sadowski and
• Barbara Kościelska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1271–1278, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.94

• background subtraction and the least-square Gaussian–Lorentzian – GL(30) curve fitting algorithm. Calibration of obtained spectra to the binding energy of 285 eV for C 1s was conducted. Additionally, a built-in Ar ion gun was used to etch the surface of the films. To obtain depth profiles of the chemical

Electrical, electrochemical and structural studies of a chlorine-derived ionic liquid-based polymer gel electrolyte

• Ashish Gupta,
• Amrita Jain,
• Manju Kumari and
• Santosh K. Tripathi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1252–1261, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.92

• the overall mobility of free ions and segmental motion of polymeric chains. As a result, there is an increase in the conductivity of the polymer gel electrolyte system. The VTF fitting parameters (i.e., A, B, and T0) were determined by using non-linear least square fitting of the data and are

• obtained from X-ray diffraction of ionic liquid-based polymer gel electrolytes. Non-linear fitting parameters from the VTF equation. Acknowledgements All authors are thankful to Jaypee University of Engineering and Technology India for providing electrochemical and electrical characterization facilities

Two dynamic modes to streamline challenging atomic force microscopy measurements

• Alexei G. Temiryazev,
• Andrey V. Krayev and
• Marina P. Temiryazeva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1226–1236, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.90

• degrades the image resolution. It also leads to the appearance of stripes in the image since the particle is poorly fixed and it may fall off or change its position during the scanning process. As a result, adjacent scan lines differ slightly in height. Such a defect is usually corrected by fitting the

• lines during subsequent image processing. In some cases, such as when high protrusions are adjacent to flat areas, this fitting will give poor results. Using VM yields high-quality raw images that do not require post-processing. Figure 2e and Figure S2 in Supporting Information File 1 illustrate this

The effect of cobalt on morphology, structure, and ORR activity of electrospun carbon fibre mats in aqueous alkaline environments

• Markus Gehring,
• Tobias Kutsch,
• Osmane Camara,
• Alexandre Merlen,
• Hermann Tempel,
• Hans Kungl and
• Rüdiger-A. Eichel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1173–1186, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.87

• recorded with a resolution of 0.1 eV using Al Kα radiation (1.486 keV) at 50 W and a spot size of 200 μm. Fitting the cobalt XPS spectra follows the suggestions from Biesinger et al. [24] based on the complex multiplet structure of cobalt [25]. Based on these reports the Co 2p range was examined in detail

• -noise ratio (co-addition mode). The resulting spectra were analysed by fitting a Lorentz distribution and a Breit–Wigner–Fano distribution, as explained in detail in [12]. For the elemental analysis 2 mg of sample was burned in the elemental analyser (VarioelCube, Elementar) for both CHN and O analyses

• co-workers [25]. The 2p3/2 peak multiplets are found in the binding energy range between 775 and 793 eV for the investigated species. Fitting the spectra with peaks attributed to metallic cobalt, Co3O4, and cobalt(II) species reveals that significant amounts on the particle surfaces are in fact not

Irradiation-driven molecular dynamics simulation of the FEBID process for Pt(PF₃)₄

• Alexey Prosvetov,
• Alexey V. Verkhovtsev,
• Gennady Sushko and
• Andrey V. Solov’yov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1151–1172, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.86

Self-assembly of amino acids toward functional biomaterials

• Huan Ren,
• Lifang Wu,
• Lina Tan,
• Yanni Bao,
• Yuchen Ma,
• Yong Jin and
• Qianli Zou

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1140–1150, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.85

• metal nanoparticles under physiological conditions and the abrupt responsive release upon pH and glutathione changes. The half-life of Ce6 in Fmoc-H/Zn2+/Ce6 (8.71 h) and Z-HF/Zn2+/Ce6 (6.33 h) was much longer than that of unencapsulated Ce6 (3.69 h), according to the fitting results of the

A new method for obtaining model-free viscoelastic material properties from atomic force microscopy experiments using discrete integral transform techniques

• Berkin Uluutku,
• Enrique A. López-Guerra and
• Santiago D. Solares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1063–1077, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.79

• cases a continuous distribution of characteristic times is assumed via power-law rheology models [17][22]. Regardless of the model chosen, the strategy encompasses fitting the properties implied by the model to the experimental force–indentation data. In order to enable a new route to viscoelastic

• material property inversion, which is complementary to previous strategies, here we propose a paradigmatically different approach that is not based on the choice of a model. Instead of fitting force–distance data to specific functions dictated by approximate models, we transform the experimental

• challenging and requires either fitting routines for specific models [38][39][40][41] or convoluted methods [42], in the z-domain, once the retardance is calculated, the relaxance is available through simple inversion of numerator and denominator, as stated in Equation 20 and Equation 21. This inversion is

The role of convolutional neural networks in scanning probe microscopy: a review

• Ido Azuri,
• Irit Rosenhek-Goldian,
• Neta Regev-Rudzki,
• Georg Fantner and
• Sidney R. Cohen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 878–901, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.66

• classification, while for regression problems, appropriate losses could be the mean squared error or mean absolute error losses [28][88]. The problem of over-fitting When the model performance on the training set is much better than the performance on the testing set, the model is over-fit. Specifically

• , decision making is strongly influenced by random noise and meaningless trends in the training data. This boosts performance on the training dataset, but results in poor generalization to new data. There are several approaches that can reduce over-fitting. Increasing the sample data set size helps reduce

• over-fitting. Since there are more examples in the data set, a more general model is obtained. Collecting more data would increase the data set size, but this may not be feasible. Another solution is data augmentation. Data augmentation [9][10][13] is a method to increase the sample data set size, for

The preparation temperature influences the physicochemical nature and activity of nanoceria

• Robert A. Yokel,
• Wendel Wohlleben,
• Johannes Georg Keller,
• Matthew L. Hancock,
• Jason M. Unrine,
• D. Allan Butterfield and
• Eric A. Grulke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 525–540, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.43

• curve fitting of the cumulative dissolved mass, expressed as an inverse relationship of decreasing solid retained (CeO2 mass) as (Mion(T) − M0)/M0, where Mion is the amount of dissolved nanoceria and M0 is the initial mass loading, and plotted as a function of the time on a semi-log scale. The

Determining amplitude and tilt of a lateral force microscopy sensor

• Oliver Gretz,
• Alfred J. Weymouth,
• Thomas Holzmann,
• Korbinian Pürckhauer and
• Franz J. Giessibl

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 517–524, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.42

• for a given amplitude and tilt. Finally, the amplitude and tilt are determined by fitting the simulation output to the data with oscillation. Keywords: frequency-modulation atomic force microscopy; lateral force microscopy; amplitude calibration; tilt estimation; Introduction Frequency-modulation

• calculates expected STM data with oscillation as a function of A and θ. A and θ are then determined by fitting the calculated data to the experimental data. A two-dimensional current map is used. Experimental Measurements were performed with a low-temperature STM/AFM system (CreaTec Fischer GmbH, Berlin

• measuring. To efficiently determine the best-fit parameters, an automated fitting algorithm was programmed. This algorithm minimizes the least squares error between the calculated curve and the recorded curve with oscillation. A common problem when determining the least squares error is to find the global

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering of water in aqueous dispersions of silver nanoparticles

• Paulina Filipczak,
• Krzysztof Hałagan,
• Jacek Ulański and
• Marcin Kozanecki

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 497–506, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.40

• amplitudes) of high (I3400) and low (I3200) frequency components were compared. Figure 4d presents the Arrhenius plot of Ri = I3400/I3200 for water and AgNPs sample spectra after reabsorption correction. The data were treated by linear fitting (solid lines), according to the formula: where A is a pre

Interface interaction of transition metal phthalocyanines with strontium titanate (100)

• Reimer Karstens,
• Thomas Chassé and
• Heiko Peisert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 485–496, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.39

• –S11, Supporting Information File 1). Single components and a satellite were used for fitting the N 1s and F 1s spectra. The multiplet structure of the Co 2p3/2 spectrum is similar to that of CoPc (Figure 3). Similar to the case of CoPc, core level spectra related to the macrocycle are broadened at low

Boosting of photocatalytic hydrogen evolution via chlorine doping of polymeric carbon nitride

• Malgorzata Aleksandrzak,
• Michalina Kijaczko,
• Wojciech Kukulka,
• Daria Baranowska,
• Martyna Baca,
• Beata Zielinska and
• Ewa Mijowska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 473–484, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.38

• components carbon and nitrogen was done by applying the peak-fitting procedure to the N 1s and C 1s spectra of the obtained samples and the results are shown in Figure 4 and in Table 2. The type of binding energy as well as the relative contribution of each component to the total area under the peak were

• ) valence band (VB) XPS spectra, and (d) band diagram of PCN and Cl-PCN. (a) Photocurrent response and (b) EIS spectra of PCN and Cl-PCN. C, N, O, and Cl atomic concentration in PCN and Cl-PCN. Chemical composition of PCN and Cl-PCN calculated from the peak-fitting procedure applied to the N 1s and C 1s

Scanning transmission helium ion microscopy on carbon nanomembranes

• Daniel Emmrich,
• Annalena Wolff,
• Nikolaus Meyerbröker,
• Jörg K. N. Lindner,
• André Beyer and
• Armin Gölzhäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 222–231, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.18

• based on Figure 5. Both curves are plotted for visualization. (b) Measurement of the same CNM (thin) at different energies to determine the variation of thickness results. The best-fitting curve at 15 keV yields a thickness of 2.4 nm per layer, at 30 keV it yields 2.0 nm per layer. Alteration of a CNM

Mapping the local dielectric constant of a biological nanostructured system

• Wescley Walison Valeriano,
• Rodrigo Ribeiro Andrade,
• Juan Pablo Vasco,
• Angelo Malachias,
• Bernardo Ruegger Almeida Neves,
• Paulo Sergio Soares Guimarães and
• Wagner Nunes Rodrigues

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 139–150, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.11

• voltage, we obtain a parabolic function, as can be seen in Figure 4. Fitting the data with the function where VSP is the tip–sample surface potential difference due to their different work functions [21], we obtain the coefficient α. Construction of the relative permittivity map From the topographic image

• each profile as fitting parameters. The continuous profiles are discretized in layers thin enough to give the smoothest possible variation and then the transfer matrix technique [27] is used to simulate the reflectance of the structure. This is actually a similar process as that used by Vukusic and

• measures the frequency shift for each bias voltage at each position on the sample. We varied the bias voltage from −10 V to +10 V, in steps of 1 V. Plotting the frequency shift as a function of the bias voltage, we obtain a parabolic function. Fitting the data with Equation 7 we obtain the α coefficient

Bulk chemical composition contrast from attractive forces in AFM force spectroscopy

• Dorothee Silbernagl,
• Media Ghasem Zadeh Khorasani,
• Natalia Cano Murillo,
• Anna Maria Elert and
• Heinz Sturm

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 58–71, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.5

• absorption spectrum of the sample εS and, therefore, to a change in AHam. Das and coworkers showed that instead of fitting the force plot F(ζ) (as shown in Supporting Information File 1) the deflection distance δJTC (= Fattr/kc) can be used to estimate AHam [33]: This is a valid approach for estimating the

• recorded with a frequency of 1 Hz. The spring constant of the cantilever was determined by a noninvasive thermal noise method. In the case of FDC experiments, the tip radius was estimated by fitting the reference measurements of glass and by applying the Hertz theory, as described in Supporting Information

Free and partially encapsulated manganese ferrite nanoparticles in multiwall carbon nanotubes

• Saja Al-Khabouri,
• Salim Al-Harthi,
• Toru Maekawa,
• Mohamed E. Elzain,
• Ashraf Al-Hinai,
• Ahmed D. Al-Rawas,
• Abbsher M. Gismelseed,
• Ali A. Yousif and
• Myo Tay Zar Myint

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1891–1904, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.170

• at 77 K, using a Mössbauer spectrometer in constant-acceleration mode with 50 mC 57Co in a Rh source. Results and Discussion Free MnFe2O4 nanoparticles The XRD patterns were analyzed using the MAUD (material analysis using diffraction) fitting software based on the Rietveld method and on Fourier

Nanomechanics of few-layer materials: do individual layers slide upon folding?

• Ronaldo J. C. Batista,
• Rafael F. Dias,
• Ana P. M. Barboza,
• Alan B. de Oliveira,
• Taise M. Manhabosco,
• Thiago R. Gomes-Silva,
• Matheus J. S. Matos,
• Andreij C. Gadelha,
• Cassiano Rabelo,
• Luiz G. L. Cançado,
• Ado Jorio,
• Hélio Chacham and
• Bernardo R. A. Neves

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1801–1808, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.162

• material where it folds over itself during the exfoliation process. Our method is based on AFM measurements of the geometry and mechanical response of folded edges, and on the fitting of the experimental data by an analytical continuum model parameterized solely by α, κ, and the total thickness d of the

• layered 2D materials by fitting results of AFM force curves on naturally occurring folded edges to an expression predicted by a simple model for those edges. The obtained interlayer adhesion energy for graphene (0.25 N/m) and talc (0.62 N/m) are in good agreement with recent experimental results [28][30

Application of contact-resonance AFM methods to polymer samples

• Sebastian Friedrich and
• Brunero Cappella

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1714–1727, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.154

• given cantilever, the CR frequency has an upper limit. Furthermore, measurements with very large forces or tip radii or on very stiff samples can be used to estimate the parameter γ without “mode crossing”. Whereas the parameter γ determines the asymptotic value of fn, the fitting parameter Etot affects

• (see Supporting Information File 1, Figure S2). The second fitting parameter, γ, is different for the three curves (0.982 for glass and 0.973 for PS and PMMA), although they have been acquired with the same cantilever. This contradicts the interpretation of γ as determined only by the relative position

Detecting stable adsorbates of (1S)-camphor on Cu(111) with Bayesian optimization

• Jari Järvi,
• Patrick Rinke and
• Milica Todorović

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1577–1589, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.140

• ) and (0.45, 0.42) in fractional coordinates of the unit cell. These correspond to the translational symmetry of the Cu(111) surface in the orthogonal unit cell. We conclude that our model fitting is qualitatively correct even when the landscapes are very flat, as with this choice of parameters. The

Wafer-level integration of self-aligned high aspect ratio silicon 3D structures using the MACE method with Au, Pd, Pt, Cu, and Ir

• Mathias Franz,
• Romy Junghans,
• Paul Schmitt,
• Adriana Szeghalmi and
• Stefan E. Schulz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1439–1449, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.128

• with 45 cycles. The Ir samples were not annealed thermally. The given scale bar is representative for all SEM images within this figure. The metal films have segregated into small particles on the Si surface. For the analysis, we approximated the particles with the best fitting ellipses. The calculated

One-step synthesis of carbon-supported electrocatalysts

• Sebastian Tigges,
• Nicolas Wöhrl,
• Ivan Radev,
• Ulrich Hagemann,
• Markus Heidelmann,
• Thai Binh Nguyen,
• Stanislav Gorelkov,
• Stephan Schulz and
• Axel Lorke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1419–1431, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.126

• scan, no other signal besides those related to carbon, oxygen and platinum was detected. In b) and c) the oxidation degree is determined by fitting. The dependence of mean particle diameter and geometric standard deviation on platinum loading of the catalyst layers for samples deposited at varying

Triboelectric nanogenerator based on Teflon/vitamin B1 powder for self-powered humidity sensing

• Liangyi Zhang,
• Huan Li,
• Yiyuan Xie,
• Jing Guo and
• Zhiyuan Zhu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1394–1401, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.123

• % and 90%, respectively. As illustrated in Figure 5a, the output voltage as a function of RH has a linear fitting and the fitting equation for the output voltage (Y) and the relative humidity (X) can be represented as Y = 596.03 − 5.65X, with an R-squared value of 0.9741. A representative photograph of

3D superconducting hollow nanowires with tailored diameters grown by focused He⁺ beam direct writing

• Rosa Córdoba,
• Alfonso Ibarra,
• Dominique Mailly,
• Isabel Guillamón,
• Hermann Suderow and
• José María De Teresa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1198–1206, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.104

• resistance-vs-temperature curves under perpendicular magnetic field (inset of Figure 6b). By fitting µ0Hc2(T) to a power-law equation µ0Hc2(T) ∝ (1 –T/Tc)n, µ0Hc2(0 K) is estimated to be approx. 14.5 T for the different NWs. The coherence length, ξ, at 0 K is around 4.77 nm and the estimated magnetic field

Hybridization vs decoupling: influence of an h-BN interlayer on the physical properties of a lander-type molecule on Ni(111)

• Maximilian Schaal,
• Takumi Aihara,
• Marco Gruenewald,
• Felix Otto,
• Jari Domke,
• Roman Forker,
• Hiroyuki Yoshida and
• Torsten Fritz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1168–1177, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.101

• ) and bare h-BN/Ni(111) are presented. The analysis of the peak positions and intensities was realized by fitting asymmetric pseudo-Voigt functions [42] in the case of the N 1s and the B 1s levels and symmetric pseudo-Voigt functions in the case of the C 1s levels in combination with an active Shirley

• lattice constants of the substrate as well as slightly different lattice parameters of the adsorbate. We used the acronyms POL and LOL (for point-on-line and line-on-line epitaxy) to characterize the type of epitaxy. The uncertainty of the numerical fitting procedure is given in parentheses behind each

• the binding energies (BE) of the N 1s, C 1s and B 1s core levels for DBP on bare Ni(111) (approx. 1.0 MLE) as well as h-BN on Ni(111) and DBP on h-BN/Ni(111) (less ordered (approx. 1.0 MLE) and highly ordered (approx. 1.6 MLE)). The uncertainty of the numerical fitting procedure is given in