Improving the catalytic activity for hydrogen evolution of monolayered SnSe_2(1−x)S_2x by mechanical strain

• Sha Dong and
• Zhiguo Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1820–1827, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.173

• synthesized by using traditional mechanical exfoliation techniques [24][25] because of the weak van der Waals (vdW) interactions between layers. These mono- and few-layer SnX2 (X = S, Se) compounds are expected to be widely used in the fields of water splitting [26], high-speed photodetection [27

Direct AFM-based nanoscale mapping and tomography of open-circuit voltages for photovoltaics

• Katherine Atamanuk,
• Justin Luria and
• Bryan D. Huey

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1802–1808, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.171

• resolution), compared to 4.3 h if based on pcAFMs (with 30 voltage steps and, hence, image frames), or 18.2 h for traditional point-by-point studies (based on a duration of 1 s to acquire each spectrum, move to the next location, and settle the probe). Of course, high-speed data acquisition can in principle

Surface characterization of nanoparticles using near-field light scattering

• Eunsoo Yoo,
• Yizhong Liu,
• Chukwuazam A. Nwasike,
• Sebastian R. Freeman,
• Brian C. DiPaolo,
• Bernardo Cordovez and
• Amber L. Doiron

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1228–1238, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.114

• of the waveguide is changed, which produces a local increase in intensity, and high-speed imaging of trapped nanoparticles allows for measurement of interactions between trapped nanoparticles and the waveguide. A higher intensity signal is created by a particle in close proximity to the waveguide

Scanning speed phenomenon in contact-resonance atomic force microscopy

• Christopher C. Glover,
• Jason P. Killgore and
• Ryan C. Tung

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 945–952, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.87

• has been some mention of scan-speed effects in the literature. Picco et al. [15] reported an apparent decrease in forces applied to the measured sample when using high-speed contact mode AFM versus conventional-speed contact mode AFM. Additionally, they measured the lateral forces as a function of

Effect of microtrichia on the interlocking mechanism in the Asian ladybeetle, Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

• Jiyu Sun,
• Chao Liu,
• Bharat Bhushan,
• Wei Wu and
• Jin Tong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 812–823, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.75

• elytra were also coated with a thin layer of gold and examined with ESEM The entire abdomen was cleaned with anhydrous ethanol after it was removed from the rest of the body, after which images were captured by ESEM. Wing folding by H. axyridis was photographed with a high-speed camera (Phantom V711

• is highly dependent on the microtrichia located on the surfaces of the elytra, hindwings and abdomen. The folding of H. axyridis hindwings was captured using a high-speed camera (Figure 6a–g), and Figure 6h shows the unfolding of hindwings. Figure 6a–g show the folding of H. axyridis hindwings. After

• from single to multiple in the middle of the abdomen. The contact angles for CAI, CAII, and CAIII for H. axyridis hindwings. The hindwing folding and unfolding processes of H. axyridis. (a–g) Dynamic views of folding acquired with a high-speed camera and (h) static views of unfolding actions acquired

Optimisation of purification techniques for the preparation of large-volume aqueous solar nanoparticle inks for organic photovoltaics

• Furqan Almyahi,
• Thomas R. Andersen,
• Nathan A. Cooling,
• Natalie P. Holmes,
• Matthew J. Griffith,
• Krishna Feron,
• Xiaojing Zhou,
• Warwick J. Belcher and
• Paul C. Dastoor

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 649–659, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.60

• printing and screen printing) for high-speed production due to the solution-processable nature of the device materials [1][2]. The application of high throughput R2R equipment produces devices which have a short energy payback time and which deliver power at a low levelised cost of electricity [3][4]. In

Lyapunov estimation for high-speed demodulation in multifrequency atomic force microscopy

• David M. Harcombe,
• Michael G. Ruppert,
• Michael R. P. Ragazzon and
• Andrew J. Fleming

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 490–498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.47

• , enabling both z-axis feedback and phase contrast imaging to be achieved. This article proposes a model-based multifrequency Lyapunov filter implemented on a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) for high-speed MF-AFM demodulation. System descriptions and simulations are verified by experimental results

• ; digital signal processing; field-programmable gate array (FPGA); high-speed; Lyapunov filter; multifrequency; Introduction Atomic force microscopy (AFM) [1] has been integral in the field of nanoscale engineering since its invention in 1986 by Binnig et al. By sensing microcantilever tip–sample

• has been shown that conventional high-speed demodulation techniques are incompatible with MF-AFM, due to the lack of sensitivity to multiple frequency components [19]. These include the peak detector [20], peak-hold [21] and RMS-to-DC [22] conversion methods. A typical MF-AFM demodulator employs

Electrical properties of a liquid crystal dispersed in an electrospun cellulose acetate network

• Doina Manaila Maximean,
• Octavian Danila,
• Pedro L. Almeida and
• Constantin Paul Ganea

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 155–163, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.18

• . A He–Ne laser beam (wavelength 623.8 nm) passes through the sample, which is modulated by an ac voltage provided by a function generator–amplifier system. The laser beam is detected by a high-speed photodiode with adjustable gain (Thorlabs). The electrical signal generated by the photodiode was

Beyond Moore’s technologies: operation principles of a superconductor alternative

• Igor I. Soloviev,
• Nikolay V. Klenov,
• Sergey V. Bakurskiy,
• Mikhail Yu. Kupriyanov,
• Alexander L. Gudkov and
• Anatoli S. Sidorenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2689–2710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.269

Localized growth of carbon nanotubes via lithographic fabrication of metallic deposits

• Fan Tu,
• Martin Drost,
• Imre Szenti,
• Janos Kiss,
• Zoltan Kónya and
• Hubertus Marbach

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2592–2605, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.260

• electron exposures for SEM and lithography were performed at a beam energy of 15 keV and a probe current of 400 pA. The lithographic processes were realized via a self-developed lithography application based on LabView 8.6 (National Instruments) and a high speed DAC PCIe-card (M2i.6021-exp, Spectrum GmbH

High-speed dynamic-mode atomic force microscopy imaging of polymers: an adaptive multiloop-mode approach

• Juan Ren and
• Qingze Zou

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1563–1570, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.158

• control techniques, is promising to achieve high-speed dynamic-mode atomic force microscopy imaging. The performance, usability, and robustness of the AMLM in various imaging applications, however, is yet to be assessed. In this work, three benchmark polymer samples, including a PS–LDPE sample, an SBS

• ) while preserving the advantages of TM imaging over contact mode (CM) imaging [1]. Although TM imaging is the de facto most widely used imaging technique of AFM [2][3], the slow speed (throughput) of TM imaging has become its major limit and bottleneck [4][5]. It is challenging to achieve high-speed TM

• imaging because an increase of the speed can cause a loss of the tip–sample interaction and/or the annihilation of the cantilever tapping vibration, particularly when the imaging size is large. Existing efforts on high-speed TM imaging [6][7][8][9] only led to a speed increase up to three times at the

Calcium fluoride based multifunctional nanoparticles for multimodal imaging

• Marion Straßer,
• Joachim H. X. Schrauth,
• Sofia Dembski,
• Daniel Haddad,
• Bernd Ahrens,
• Stefan Schweizer,
• Bastian Christ,
• Alevtina Cubukova,
• Marco Metzger,
• Heike Walles,
• Peter M. Jakob and
• Gerhard Sextl

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1484–1493, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.148

• with a high-speed silicon CCD camera (Princeton Instruments PIXIS256). The spectra were not corrected for the spectral sensitivity of the experimental setup. MRI measurements To guarantee a homogenous distribution within each sample, all tubes were sonicated for five minutes and vortexed afterwards

A review of demodulation techniques for amplitude-modulation atomic force microscopy

• Michael G. Ruppert,
• David M. Harcombe,
• Michael R. P. Ragazzon,
• S. O. Reza Moheimani and
• Andrew J. Fleming

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1407–1426, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.142

• performance metrics tracking bandwidth, implementation complexity and sensitivity to other frequency components are experimentally evaluated for each method. Finally, the significance of an adequate demodulator bandwidth is highlighted during high-speed tapping-mode atomic force microscopy experiments in

• commercial AFM systems. The performance metrics, tracking bandwidth and sensitivity to other frequency components, are especially important in high-speed [15][16][17][18] and multifrequency AFM [19] applications. As the tracking bandwidth directly affects the achievable scan rate, it should be maximized

• improve upon this constraint [35]. However, the method is still ultimately limited by the low-pass filters that are required to account for residual phase mismatches. For high-speed AFM applications, as required for the study of fast biological processes [36][37], the above methods are not suitable and

AgCl-doped CdSe quantum dots with near-IR photoluminescence

• Pavel A. Kotin,
• Sergey S. Bubenov,
• Natalia E. Mordvinova and
• Sergey G. Dorofeev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1156–1166, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.117

• use of a high-speed centrifuge (21000g). The details of this separation are presented in Supporting Information File 1 (the procedure of separation between different fractions). PL spectra of the heavy fractions are presented in Figure 7. It was observed that their PL extends deep in the low-energy

Photo-ignition process of multiwall carbon nanotubes and ferrocene by continuous wave Xe lamp illumination

• Paolo Visconti,
• Patrizio Primiceri,
• Daniele Longo,
• Luciano Strafella,
• Paolo Carlucci,
• Mauro Lomascolo,
• Arianna Cretì and
• Giuseppe Mele

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 134–144, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.14

• mixture triggered by MWCNTs determines a higher combustion pressure gradient and a higher peak pressure with respect to spark-induced ignition for all the tested methane/air ratios. In addition, the high-speed camera images showed that the light-induced ignition using MWCNT/ferrocene mixtures as ignition

Sub-nanosecond light-pulse generation with waveguide-coupled carbon nanotube transducers

• Felix Pyatkov,
• Svetlana Khasminskaya,
• Vadim Kovalyuk,
• Frank Hennrich,
• Manfred M. Kappes,
• Gregory N. Goltsman,
• Wolfram H. P. Pernice and
• Ralph Krupke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 38–44, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.5

• electrical signals into optical ones within a nanophotonic circuit. Here, we demonstrate that waveguide-integrated single-walled CNTs are promising high-speed transducers for light-pulse generation in the gigahertz range. Using a scalable fabrication approach we realize hybrid CNT-based nanophotonic devices

Nanostructured germanium deposited on heated substrates with enhanced photoelectric properties

• Ionel Stavarache,
• Valentin Adrian Maraloiu,
• Petronela Prepelita and
• Gheorghe Iordache

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1492–1500, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.142

• . This is closely related to the increase of high-speed operation, good reliability, low power consumption and the decrease of unit price that led to the rapid development of the semiconductor device market and to the continuous downscaling of devices. Regarding the downscaling process, high mobility

Adiabatic superconducting cells for ultra-low-power artificial neural networks

• Andrey E. Schegolev,
• Nikolay V. Klenov,
• Igor I. Soloviev and
• Maxim V. Tereshonok

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1397–1403, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.130

• receiving and computing are emerging technologies in high-speed/high-frequency electronic applications markets [7]. The advantages of a superconducting digital RF receiver [8] are high sampling rate and quantum precision of quantization, allowing direct digitization of incoming wideband RF signals without

Functional diversity of resilin in Arthropoda

• Jan Michels,
• Esther Appel and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1241–1259, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.115

Reasons and remedies for the agglomeration of multilayered graphene and carbon nanotubes in polymers

• Rasheed Atif and
• Fawad Inam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1174–1196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.109

• , as shown in Figure 7. The thermoplastic pellets mixed with CNTs are fed through an extruder hopper. The CNT agglomerates are dispersed by shear flow created by twin screws rotating at high speed [35]. Abdalla et al. dispersed CNTs by extrusion into EPIKOTE resin EPON 815C (bisphenol A with n-butyl

Advanced atomic force microscopy techniques III

• Thilo Glatzel and
• Thomas Schimmel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1052–1054, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.98

• developed an advanced microscope capable of obtaining nanoscale topography as well as mechanical properties by multifrequency AFM at high speed. They combined recent progress in increased imaging speed and photothermal actuation in a unique and versatile AFM head using ultrasmall cantilevers [18]. Single

The hydraulic mechanism in the hind wing veins of Cybister japonicus Sharp (order: Coleoptera)

• Jiyu Sun,
• Wei Wu,
• Mingze Ling,
• Bharat Bhushan and
• Jin Tong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 904–913, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.82

• of 488 nm in the retinal camera. The unfolding hind wings process of the hind wings of a flying beetle was photographed with a high-speed camera (OLYMPUS, i-SPEED 3, camera speed of 400 frames/s). The beetle was suspended in front of the camera. A biological pressure sensor and dynamic signal

• the object and the internal deformation does not affect the whole movement, then the object can be simplified as a rigid body with no penetration of the wall [21]. Results and Discussion Experimental The deployment process of the hind wings of C. japonicus was recorded using a high-speed camera, as

• , for the realization of the hind wing exercise, torsion was created in the folded position so that the fixed part and moving part of the costa veins were not in a plane (RA vein). Figure 1F and Figure 1G show the vein movement diagram. By using a high-speed camera to observe the folding/unfolding

Comparative kinematical analyses of Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) snap traps

• Simon Poppinga,
• Tim Kampowski,
• Amélie Metzger,
• Olga Speck and
• Thomas Speck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 664–674, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.59

• Freiburg. General cinematographic analyses For filming fast closure motions, traps were stimulated with a nylon thread on the trigger hairs of one lobe and recorded with a high-speed camera (Motion Scope Y4, Redlake, USA, recording speed 100 fps) in combination with a macro objective lens (Zeiss Makro

• recorded as described above. Video analyses were performed with Fiji/ImageJ. Comparative kinematical analyses of seedling and adult traps Movements of 12 traps from different seedlings were recorded by using the high-speed-equipment described above and analyzed with Fiji/ImageJ. Trap closure durations in

• and snapping durations of seedlings and the above mentioned adult traps for significant differences, and additionally analyzed the correlation between seedling trap length and snapping duration. From the high-speed-videos of one additional seedling trap and from an additional adult trap we measured in

Active multi-point microrheology of cytoskeletal networks

• Tobias Paust,
• Tobias Neckernuss,
• Lina Katinka Mertens,
• Ines Martin,
• Michael Beil,
• Paul Walther,
• Thomas Schimmel and
• Othmar Marti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 484–491, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.42

• the motion of the excited particle and the particles in the surrounding is captured by a high speed camera and the positions of each particle over time are determined. In a group of particles, one particle – the reference particle R – is excited to sinusoidal oscillations at a specific frequency ω

• laser beam with its pivot in the back focal plane of the objective. The CCD high-speed camera records the motion of the microspheres embedded in the examined medium. An additional photodiode is used for the calibration of the trap. C) Image of a microrheology measurement. The white lines show the

Efficiency improvement in the cantilever photothermal excitation method using a photothermal conversion layer

• Natsumi Inada,
• Hitoshi Asakawa,
• Taiki Kobayashi and
• Takeshi Fukuma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 409–417, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.36

• due to its great potential for many applications. For example, recent advancements in instrumentation of dynamic-mode AFM have enabled atomic-resolution imaging not only in vacuum [2][3][4] but also in liquid [5][6]. In addition, other advanced AFM techniques such as high-speed AFM [7][8][9] and