Fabrication of photothermally active poly(vinyl alcohol) films with gold nanostars for antibacterial applications

• Mykola Borzenkov,
• Maria Moros,
• Claudia Tortiglione,
• Serena Bertoldi,
• Nicola Contessi,
• Silvia Faré,
• Angelo Taglietti,
• Agnese D’Agostino,
• Piersandro Pallavicini,
• Maddalena Collini and
• Giuseppe Chirico

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2040–2048, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.193

• higher temperatures (ΔT > 40 °C) in the latter case [3][8][9][10]. Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) polymer is also an attractive material for GNS-based film fabrication, as it displays a range of useful properties, namely, low toxicity, biocompatibility, hydrophilicity, chemical stability, and excellent film

Synthesis of rare-earth metal and rare-earth metal-fluoride nanoparticles in ionic liquids and propylene carbonate

• Marvin Siebels,
• Lukas Mai,
• Laura Schmolke,
• Kai Schütte,
• Juri Barthel,
• Junpei Yue,
• Jörg Thomas,
• Bernd M. Smarsly,
• Anjana Devi,
• Roland A. Fischer and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1881–1894, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.180

• and low toxicity [41]. Results and Discussion Decomposition of RE(amd)3 and Eu(dpm)3 Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed decomposition of the rare-earth metal(III) tris(N,N′-diisopropyl-2-methylamidinate) (RE(amd)3; RE = Pr(III), Gd(III), Er(III) and tris(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionato

Preparation of micro/nanopatterned gelatins crosslinked with genipin for biocompatible dental implants

• Reika Makita,
• Tsukasa Akasaka,
• Seiichi Tamagawa,
• Yasuhiro Yoshida,
• Saori Miyata,
• Hirofumi Miyaji and
• Tsutomu Sugaya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1735–1754, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.165

• of biological tissues and for the reinforcement of scaffolds. Genipin has low toxicity, being about 10,000 times less cytotoxic than other crosslinking agents, such as glutaraldehyde [47]. Crosslinking with genipin has been shown to result in an improvement in tensile strength, elastic modulus, and

• 500 nm height. Discussion Preparation of gelatin patterns In this study, we created gelatin surfaces with micro- to nanoscaled patterns using a mold and crosslinking with genipin, a low toxicity natural product. Gelatin or collagen patterning with genipin has been referred to in previously studies

• low toxicity, and biodegradable. Stability of the different gelatin patterns in cell culture medium A major finding from this study is that the stability of the different gelatin patterns in cell culture medium can be controlled by the degree of genipin crosslinking. In this preliminary study, our

Closed polymer containers based on phenylboronic esters of resorcinarenes

• Tatiana Yu. Sergeeva,
• Rezeda K. Mukhitova,
• Irek R. Nizameev,
• Marsil K. Kadirov,
• Polina D. Klypina,
• Albina Y. Ziganshina and
• Alexander I. Konovalov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1594–1601, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.151

• materials. The method is based on the self-assembly of resorcinarenes, macrocyclic compounds obtained by the condensation of resorcinol with aldehydes [32]. Resorcinarenes offer the advantages of low toxicity and simple synthesis with the use of available reagents. One of their important features is the

Review on nanoparticles and nanostructured materials: history, sources, toxicity and regulations

• Jaison Jeevanandam,
• Ahmed Barhoum,
• Yen S. Chan,
• Alain Dufresne and
• Michael K. Danquah

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1050–1074, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.98

• . These are called as nanobacteria and are highly useful in the biosynthesis of low toxicity NPs [137]. Pseudomonas stutzeri A259 is the first bacteria to be used to produce Ag NPs [138]. Later, many metal NPs, such as gold [139][140], alloy NPs [141][142], nonmagnetic oxide NPs [143][144][145][146][147

Green synthesis of fluorescent carbon dots from spices for in vitro imaging and tumour cell growth inhibition

• Nagamalai Vasimalai,
• Vânia Vilas-Boas,
• Juan Gallo,
• María de Fátima Cerqueira,
• Mario Menéndez-Miranda,
• José Manuel Costa-Fernández,
• Lorena Diéguez,
• Begoña Espiña and
• María Teresa Fernández-Argüelles

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 530–544, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.51

• Analytical Chemistry, University of Oviedo Julian Clavería 8, 33006 Oviedo, Spain 10.3762/bjnano.9.51 Abstract Carbon dots have demonstrated great potential as luminescent nanoparticles in bioapplications. Although such nanoparticles appear to exhibit low toxicity compared to other metal luminescent

• graphene quantum dots (GQDs) are emerging as new alternatives due to their excellent properties, including high photoluminescence, low photobleaching, high biocompatibility and low toxicity. C-dots avoid the use of heavy metals present in semiconductor quantum dots, which have raised important health and

Carbon nano-onions as fluorescent on/off modulated nanoprobes for diagnostics

• Stefania Lettieri,
• Marta d’Amora,
• Adalberto Camisasca,
• Alberto Diaspro and
• Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1878–1888, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.188

• development of a nanosensor which can be “turned on” in an acidic environment. Remarkably, the fluo-CNOs maintained the switching properties upon cell internalization, as they were “switched-on” in response to acidic pH. In vitro experiments on HeLa cells showed excellent cellular uptake and low toxicity of

Optical techniques for cervical neoplasia detection

• Tatiana Novikova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1844–1862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.186

• ) combined with low toxicity and resistance to photo bleaching [93] make them ideal candidates for multi-wavelength cellular imaging. Because of the small size QDs can be effectively used for labeling molecular targets at both cellular and subcellular levels. Despite the above mentioned advantages of using

Synthesis and functionalization of NaGdF₄:Yb,Er@NaGdF₄ core–shell nanoparticles for possible application as multimodal contrast agents

• Dovile Baziulyte-Paulaviciene,
• Vitalijus Karabanovas,
• Marius Stasys,
• Greta Jarockyte,
• Vilius Poderys,
• Simas Sakirzanovas and
• Ricardas Rotomskis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1815–1824, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.183

• visible light, have been extensively investigated due to the advantages associated with their unique optical properties [1]. Compared with traditional semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) or organic fluorophores, UCNPs show superior features such as sharp emission peaks, low toxicity, high photochemical

Facile fabrication of luminescent organic dots by thermolysis of citric acid in urea melt, and their use for cell staining and polyelectrolyte microcapsule labelling

• Nadezhda M. Zholobak,
• Anton L. Popov,
• Alexander B. Shcherbakov,
• Nelly R. Popova,
• Mykhailo M. Guzyk,
• Valeriy P. Antonovich,
• Alla V. Yegorova,
• Yuliya V. Scrypynets,
• Inna I. Leonenko,
• Alexander Ye. Baranchikov and
• Vladimir K. Ivanov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1905–1917, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.182

• properties of low toxicity, being environmentally friendly, offering simple synthetic routes and low cost, as well as having comparable optical properties to traditional quantum dots and organic dyes [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. Photoluminescent C-dots are superior in terms of

Straightforward and robust synthesis of monodisperse surface-functionalized gold nanoclusters

• Silvia Varela-Aramburu,
• Richard Wirth,
• Chian-Hui Lai,
• Guillermo Orts-Gil and
• Peter H. Seeberger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1278–1283, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.118

• Nanoparticles ranging in size from 1 to 100 nm are ideal tools to study biological processes [1][2]. Many different materials, including gold, have been used to create nanoparticles [3][4][5][6]. Gold nanoparticles are an attractive platform because of their biocompatibility, low toxicity, and low

Preparation of alginate–chitosan–cyclodextrin micro- and nanoparticles loaded with anti-tuberculosis compounds

• Albert Ivancic,
• Fliur Macaev,
• Fatma Aksakal,
• Veaceslav Boldescu,
• Serghei Pogrebnoi and
• Gheorghe Duca

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1208–1218, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.112

• and analyze the quaternary systems (systems 1–5): ISN/INH–β-cyclodextrin–alginate–chitosan with potentially enhanced antimycobacterial activity and bioavailability, and low toxicity. Results and Discussion Morphology of microparticulate systems As one can see from Figure 2, system 1 consists of a

High antiviral effect of TiO₂·PL–DNA nanocomposites targeted to conservative regions of (−)RNA and (+)RNA of influenza A virus in cell culture

• Asya S. Levina,
• Marina N. Repkova,
• Elena V. Bessudnova,
• Ekaterina I. Filippova,
• Natalia A. Mazurkova and
• Valentina F. Zarytova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1166–1173, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.108

• ). It was demonstrated that these nanocomposites exhibited a low toxicity and very high activity against IAV in the cell culture [18][19]. Only one site in the IAV 5 segment was used in our previous works. In this work, we examined the antiviral activity of DNA fragments in the proposed TiO2·PL–DNA

Role of solvents in the electronic transport properties of single-molecule junctions

• Katharina Luka-Guth,
• Sebastian Hambsch,
• Andreas Bloch,
• Philipp Ehrenreich,
• Bernd Michael Briechle,
• Filip Kilibarda,
• Torsten Sendler,
• Dmytro Sysoiev,
• Thomas Huhn,
• Artur Erbe and
• Elke Scheer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1055–1067, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.99

• range around 10−5G0 in view of a particular functional molecule that was studied [16]. The average |E0| and Φ values are higher than those of typical functional molecules. In combination with its low toxicity it therefore appears as a suitable choice. Tol/THF reveals many S-shaped I–Vs in the

Facile synthesis of water-soluble carbon nano-onions under alkaline conditions

• Gaber Hashem Gaber Ahmed,
• Rosana Badía Laíño,
• Josefa Angela García Calzón and
• Marta Elena Díaz García

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 758–766, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.67

• discovered before the former [1]. C-dots are a special class of carbon nanoparticles that have interesting practical advantages such as low toxicity, relatively small size (≤10 nm), chemical stability, high solubility in water and easy synthesis. Besides, owing to their remarkable photoluminescence (PL

pH-Triggered release from surface-modified poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles

• Manuel Häuser,
• Klaus Langer and
• Monika Schönhoff

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2504–2512, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.260

• proven to have outstanding emulsification properties and a low toxicity at the same time. In brief, 500 mg of PLGA was dissolved in 5 mL ethyl acetate. After addition of 10 mL aqueous PVA solution (10 mg/mL), the obtained emulsion was mixed using an Ultra Turrax T25 homogenization device (IKA Werke GmbH

Silica-coated upconversion lanthanide nanoparticles: The effect of crystal design on morphology, structure and optical properties

• Uliana Kostiv,
• Miroslav Šlouf,
• Hana Macková,
• Alexander Zhigunov,
• Hana Engstová,
• Katarína Smolková,
• Petr Ježek and
• Daniel Horák

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2290–2299, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.235

• as low toxicity [11], sharp emission bandwidths, large anti-Stokes shifts [12] and high resistance to photobleaching and photoblinking [13]. NIR light can non-invasively penetrate living organisms deeply because the excitation wavelength is within the optical transparency window of tissues (700–1000

A facile method for the preparation of bifunctional Mn:ZnS/ZnS/Fe₃O₄ magnetic and fluorescent nanocrystals

• Houcine Labiadh,
• Tahar Ben Chaabane,
• Romain Sibille,
• Lavinia Balan and
• Raphaël Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1743–1751, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.178

• facile synthesis of epitaxial heterocrystalline nanoparticles, consisting of an Fe3O4 shell surrounding a core/shell of Mn-doped ZnS/ZnS QDs. The choice of the Mn:ZnS/ZnS system was motivated by its very low toxicity and thus potential use in various biological applications such as fluorescent labelling

• properties. We therefore believe that the synthetic protocol developed in this work may pave a reliable way for constructing imaging probes with good performance and low toxicity for biological applications. Experimental Chemicals Zinc sulfate heptahydrate (ZnSO4·7H2O, 99.99%), manganese acetate tetrahydrate

Synthesis, characterization and in vitro biocompatibility study of Au/TMC/Fe₃O₄ nanocomposites as a promising, nontoxic system for biomedical applications

• Hanieh Shirazi,
• Maryam Daneshpour,
• Soheila Kashanian and
• Kobra Omidfar

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1677–1689, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.170

• important that the Fe3O4 nanoparticles are stable under physiological conditions that are necessary for biomedical applications, it is crucial to use controllable synthesis conditions in order to obtain monodisperse, uniform nanoparticles with desired properties [18]. Despite their low toxicity, fine

Synthesis, characterization and in vitro effects of 7 nm alloyed silver–gold nanoparticles

• Simon Ristig,
• Svitlana Chernousova,
• Wolfgang Meyer-Zaika and
• Matthias Epple

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1212–1220, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.124

• on HeLa cells and hMSCs, we used 6 to 7 nm silver–gold nanoalloys prepared by wet chemistry, having a slightly higher gold content in the core [30][45]. Nevertheless, the observed toxic effects resembled the findings of Tiedemann et al. and Grade et al. with an unexpectedly low toxicity for

Silica micro/nanospheres for theranostics: from bimodal MRI and fluorescent imaging probes to cancer therapy

• Shanka Walia and
• Amitabha Acharya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 546–558, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.57

• materials have limitations such as low chemical stability (magnetic component) and harsh cytotoxic effects (fluorescent component) and, hence, require a biocompatible protecting agent. Silica micro/nanospheres have shown promise as protecting agent due to the high stability and low toxicity. This review

• biochemical assays also confirmed low toxicity of Mn3O4@SiO2(RB)–PEG–Apt NPs. Again, Schladt et al. [24] designed PEG-functionalized silica-shell-coated manganese oxide NPs. Further the surface of these NPs was modified by using fluorescent APS–Atto 465. These nanocomposites were characterized by UV–vis and

Inorganic Janus particles for biomedical applications

• Isabel Schick,
• Steffen Lorenz,
• Dominik Gehrig,
• Stefan Tenzer,
• Wiebke Storck,
• Karl Fischer,
• Dennis Strand,
• Frédéric Laquai and
• Wolfgang Tremel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2346–2362, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.244

• low toxicity. Moreover, the higher decomposition temperature of metal oleate complexes compared to metal carbonyls, such as Fe(CO)5 [37][52][56], amplifies the control over the morphology and, thus, were used for the formation of Au@MnO and Au@Fe3O4 heterodimers (Figure 9). As reported previously [39

Nanobioarchitectures based on chlorophyll photopigment, artificial lipid bilayers and carbon nanotubes

• Marcela Elisabeta Barbinta-Patrascu,
• Stefan Marian Iordache,
• Ana Maria Iordache,
• Nicoleta Badea and
• Camelia Ungureanu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2316–2325, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.240

• carbon nanotubes [18]. Bianco et al. [19] showed that carbon nanotube biofunctionalization lead not only to the improved solubility and biocompatibility of CNTs, but also transformed them into platforms for biomedical applications. Carbon nanotubes are generally considered biocompatible and of low

• toxicity for biomedical purposes. To this regard, Firme and Bandaru [11] reviewed the applications of carbon nanotubes to biological systems and highlighted the possibility that cells have cascade reactions that can resist the toxicity induced by CNTs. Ghafari et al. [20] observed that CNTs can be actively

Controlling the optical and structural properties of ZnS–AgInS₂ nanocrystals by using a photo-induced process

• Takashi Yatsui,
• Fumihiro Morigaki and
• Tadashi Kawazoe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1767–1773, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.187

• during synthesis. Detailed analysis of transmission electron microscope images confirmed that the photo-induced synthesis yielded a high crystallinity of the ZAIS nanocrystals with small variations in size and content. Keywords: low toxicity; self-assembly; visible-light-emitting nanocrystals; ZnS

• . Therefore, ZnS–AgInS2 solid-solution (ZAIS) nanocrystals [13] are promising materials for nanophotonic devices in the visible region because of their low toxicity. In addition, since ZAIS nanocrystals have long decay times for emissions [14], it can be applied to optical buffer memory [15]. To realize a

• Takashi Yatsui Fumihiro Morigaki Tadashi Kawazoe School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan 10.3762/bjnano.5.187 Abstract ZnS–AgInS2 (ZAIS) solid-solution nanocrystals are promising materials for nanophotonic devices in the visible region because of their low

Current state of laser synthesis of metal and alloy nanoparticles as ligand-free reference materials for nano-toxicological assays

• Christoph Rehbock,
• Jurij Jakobi,
• Lisa Gamrad,
• Selina van der Meer,
• Daniela Tiedemann,
• Ulrike Taylor,
• Wilfried Kues,
• Detlef Rath and
• Stephan Barcikowski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1523–1541, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.165

• release ions under physiological conditions. Hence, in contrast to gold atom clusters [33], gold nanoparticles are known to have a comparably low toxicity [34][35]. Hence, all adverse effects probably originate from the nanoscopic dimensions of the material, e.g., causing the formation of reactive oxygen

• cytocompatibility of implants due to their surface texture [125]. As titania nanoparticles are generally considered to possess a relatively low toxicity [126][127], possible adverse effects of NiTi alloys are prone to originate from nickel. So in order to evaluate toxic effects from these particles, TEM-EDX and