Silver-based SERS substrates fabricated using a 3D printed microfluidic device

• Phommachith Sonexai,
• Minh Van Nguyen,
• Bui The Huy and
• Yong-Ill Lee

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 793–803, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.65

• assembled into a monolayer on a liquid/air interface and deposited onto a porous silicon array prepared through a metal-assisted chemical etching approach. By using the developed microfluidic device, enhancement factors of the Raman signal for rhodamine B (at 10−9 M) and melamine (at 10−7 M) of 8.59 × 106

• and 8.21 × 103, respectively, were obtained. The detection limits for rhodamine B and melamine were estimated to be 1.94 × 10−10 M and 2.8 × 10−8 M with relative standard deviation values of 3.4% and 4.6%, respectively. The developed SERS substrate exhibits exceptional analytical performance and has

• [40][41][42]. Silicon nanostructures with high specific areas are especially popular because they have no fluorescence properties. In this work, we report on the synthesis of a highly sensitive SERS substrate for detecting rhodamine B (RhB) and melamine (MLM) and on the analytical properties of the

Photoelectrochemical water oxidation over TiO₂ nanotubes modified with MoS₂ and g-C₃N₄

• Phuong Hoang Nguyen,
• Thi Minh Cao,
• Tho Truong Nguyen,
• Hien Duy Tong and
• Viet Van Pham

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1541–1550, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.127

• fluoride (NH4F), N-acetyl-ʟ-cysteine, ammonium heptamolybdate ((NH4)6Mo7O24), thiourea (CH4N2S), nitrogen gas, melamine, and nafion solution. All chemicals and materials were purified and used without further treatment. Preparation of materials The individual materials including TNAs, MoS2, and g-C3N4 were

• materials (Figure 1b). This agrees with the results of previous publications in which hydrothermal methods were applied [24][25][26]. The SEM image of the g-C3N4 material shows the uniform nanosheets that were fabricated by the melamine pyrolysis method (Figure 1c). After the deposition of 2D materials MoS2

LED-light-activated photocatalytic performance of metal-free carbon-modified hexagonal boron nitride towards degradation of methylene blue and phenol

• Nirmalendu S. Mishra and
• Pichiah Saravanan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1380–1392, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.114

• light photocatalyst. Materials and Methods Chemicals required Boric acid (H3BO3), melamine, glucose, hexagonal boron nitride nanopowder (BET surface area: 19 m−2 g−1), MB, and phenol were purchased from Alfa Aesar and TCI chemicals. All the purchased chemicals were high purity analytical grade reagents

• and utilized without any further purification. Synthesis procedure The modified HBN was synthesized through a solid-state reaction approach with various modifications to the process described in Wang et al. [17]. An equimolar mix (0.1 M) of melamine, boric acid, and glucose was finely grounded in an

Boosting of photocatalytic hydrogen evolution via chlorine doping of polymeric carbon nitride

• Malgorzata Aleksandrzak,
• Michalina Kijaczko,
• Wojciech Kukulka,
• Daria Baranowska,
• Martyna Baca,
• Beata Zielinska and
• Ewa Mijowska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 473–484, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.38

• , nitrogen, and oxygen. Additionally, the chlorine signal was detected in the doped sample. The atomic concentration of the elements was calculated assuming a homogeneous distribution in the analyzed surface layer and it is given in Table 1. The obtained results show that melamine polycondensation with 2

• other hand, the amount of C–C/C=C/N3C significantly decreases. The XPS analysis indicates a successful incorporation of chlorine into the polymeric carbon nitride network. Without the doping agent melamine, thermal polycondensation leads to the formation of melon. We suppose that the presented synthesis

• procedure results in the substitution of the melamine molecule with 2-chloro-4,6-diamino-1,3,5-triazine to form Cl-doped melon, followed by further polycondensation leading to chlorine-doped polymeric carbon nitride. The substitution has an effect on the appearance of C–Cl bonds in the PCN structure where

Microwave-induced electric discharges on metal particles for the synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials under solvent-free conditions

• Vijay Tripathi,
• Harit Kumar,
• Anubhav Agarwal and
• Leela S. Panchakarla

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1019–1025, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.86

• according to [18]. In a typical reaction, melamine (150 mg) and urea (71 mg) are mixed in a quartz boat and heated at 650 °C under nitrogen flow for 2 h to obtain bulk g-C3N4 as orange product. Generation of nanomaterials using microwave-induced discharge To generate nanoparticles by microwave-induced

A 3D-polyphenylalanine network inside porous alumina: Synthesis and characterization of an inorganic–organic composite membrane

• Jonathan Stott and
• Jörg J. Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 938–951, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.78

• Fores et al. The authors realized peptide hydrogels in a porous melamine foam for use in continuous flow chemistry [30]. Other polyelectrolytes such as poly(acrylic acid) were prepared using an ozone-induced grafting process for cellulose fibers [31]. Hydrophobic foams of poly(γ-benzyl-ʟ-glutamate-co-ʟ

Multilayer capsules made of weak polyelectrolytes: a review on the preparation, functionalization and applications in drug delivery

• Varsha Sharma and
• Anandhakumar Sundaramurthy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 508–532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.41

• inorganic particles, NPs, proteins, biological cells, liposomes, DNA, dyes and drugs have served as suitable sacrificial templates [22]. After serving as a support to develop multilayer assembly, the core is dissolved by using suitable solvents. Organic cores such as melamine formaldehyde (MF) and

Review of advanced sensor devices employing nanoarchitectonics concepts

• Katsuhiko Ariga,
• Tatsuyuki Makita,
• Masato Ito,
• Taizo Mori,
• Shun Watanabe and
• Jun Takeya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2014–2030, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.198

• efforts. Guo and co-workers fabricated a field-effect transistor with monolayers and multilayers of pentathiophene-type organic semiconductor for melamine detection [144] (Figure 7). The used dialkoxyphenyl pentathiophene derivative has a semiconductive pentathiophene core sandwiched by two insulating C12

• structure was integrated into a microfluidic device. The monolayer structure of the semiconductive layer provided better sensor performance with long-term stability and high sensitivity. The minimum detection limit for melamine was approximately 10 ppb. The high performance of nanoarchitectonic

• antibody. The addition of bisphenol A induces the removal of the antibody from the sensor surface, resulting in an increase in the drain current. A field-effect transistor with a monolayer of pentathiophene-type organic semiconductor for melamine detection where the monolayer structure of the

Upcycling of polyurethane waste by mechanochemistry: synthesis of N-doped porous carbon materials for supercapacitor applications

• Christina Schneidermann,
• Pascal Otto,
• Desirée Leistenschneider,
• Sven Grätz,
• Claudia Eßbach and
• Lars Borchardt

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1618–1627, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.157

• either by solution-based impregnation with nitrogen-containing precursors, e.g., melamine or urea [19][46], or via post-treatment processes with gaseous, nitrogen-containing precursors, e.g., N2 or NH3, at high temperatures [31][47][48]. In PU nitrogen is already part of the urethane group rendering it a

Materials nanoarchitectonics at two-dimensional liquid interfaces

• Katsuhiko Ariga,
• Michio Matsumoto,
• Taizo Mori and
• Lok Kumar Shrestha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1559–1587, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.153

• ., crystallinity controlled two-dimensional patterns based on guanidinium/carboxylate molecular recognition [196] and the two-dimensional assembly of one-dimensional supramolecular polymers formed between alkylated melamine and aqueous barbiturate [197] have been also accomplished. Oishi and co-workers utilized

A biomimetic nanofluidic diode based on surface-modified polymeric carbon nitride nanotubes

• Kai Xiao,
• Baris Kumru,
• Lu Chen,
• Lei Jiang,
• Bernhard V. K. J. Schmidt and
• Markus Antonietti

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1316–1323, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.130

• of melamine as the starting material (Figure 1a), which is a common way to obtain g-CN [25][26][27]. In this work, melamine and the AAO membrane with a pore diameter of 100 nm were placed in a tube furnace with N2 flow (Figure 1b) [16]. The evaporation temperature was set to 573 K while the

• -allyloxy-2-hydroxy-1-propanesulfonic acid sodium salt solution (40 wt %, AHPA, Sigma-Aldrich) and melamine (purity >98.0%, Sigma-Aldrich). 60 μm thick AAO membranes with a pore width of 84 ± 16 nm were purchased from Heifei Puyuan Nano, China. Glass test tubes for vapor deposition–polymerization (VDP) were

• (diameter: 5 mm) was cleaned with ethanol and deionized water, then dried with nitrogen. Subsequently, the cleaned AAO and the precursor melamine were put on the bottom of the glass test tube. The samples were placed in the oven to heat to 773 K with a heating rate of 10 K/min, and then kept for 4 h to

Glucose-derived carbon materials with tailored properties as electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction

• Rafael Gomes Morais,
• Natalia Rey-Raap,
• José Luís Figueiredo and
• Manuel Fernando Ribeiro Pereira

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1089–1102, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.109

• were applied to modify the textural properties, while nitrogen functionalities were incorporated via different N-doping methodologies (ball milling and conventional methods) using melamine. A direct relationship between the microporosity of the activated carbons and the limiting current density was

• in conventionally doped materials (N-AGC and N-CGC) is more pronounced than that of their doped ball-milled counterparts. This peak can be assigned to sp2-hybridized carbons in a triazine aromatic ring (N–C=N) [30], which may result from the polymerization of melamine during the subsequent thermal

• ]. Moreover, ball-milled samples exhibit an increase of nitrogen adsorbed at high relative pressure (P/P0 > 0.9), suggesting the formation of macropores. The addition of nitrogen by conventional mixing the carbon materials with melamine also results in a decrease in the surface area. In this case, the

Synthesis of novel C-doped g-C₃N₄ nanosheets coupled with CdIn₂S₄ for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution

• Jingshuai Chen,
• Chang-Jie Mao,
• Helin Niu and
• Ji-Ming Song

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 912–921, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.92

• -light irradiation. Results and Discussion Preparation and characterization of photocatalysts The preparation procedure of CdIn2S4/CCN photocatalysts is demonstrated in Figure 1. Firstly, carbon-bridged g-C3N4 (CCN) was prepared by a simple supramolecular self-assembly process using melamine and chitosan

• composite photocatalyts with enhanced visible-light absorption and highly efficient charge migration and separation. Experimental Sample preparation Self-doped carbon/g-C3N4 structures were prepared according to the literature [32]. In detail, 1 g of melamine powder was first dispersed in 300 mL of

A review of carbon-based and non-carbon-based catalyst supports for the selective catalytic reduction of nitric oxide

• Shahreen Binti Izwan Anthonysamy,
• Syahidah Binti Afandi,
• Mehrnoush Khavarian and
• Abdul Rahman Bin Mohamed

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 740–761, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.68

• prepared using the other two methods. Interestingly, the MnO2/ACF catalyst prepared by the co-precipitation method appeared to be a promising catalyst, as it can reduce NO at a temperature as low as 25 °C [1]. A similar finding was reported by Sousa et al. [99], where the melamine/AC catalyst prepared by

One-step chemical vapor deposition synthesis and supercapacitor performance of nitrogen-doped porous carbon–carbon nanotube hybrids

• Egor V. Lobiak,
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva,
• Ekaterina O. Fedorovskaya,
• Yury V. Shubin,
• Pavel E. Plyusnin,
• Pierre Lonchambon,
• Boris V. Senkovskiy,
• Zinfer R. Ismagilov,
• Emmanuel Flahaut and
• Alexander V. Okotrub

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2669–2679, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.267

• nickel hydroxide in hydrogen atmosphere [15]. The hybrid showed improved cycling stability in lithium–sulfur batteries as compared to the electrode made from porous carbon only. Cai et al. have synthesized N-doped hierarchical porous carbon–CNT hybrids using a melamine-formaldehyde resin, Fe/Co catalyst

Two-dimensional carbon-based nanocomposites for photocatalytic energy generation and environmental remediation applications

• Suneel Kumar,
• Ashish Kumar,
• Ashish Bahuguna,
• Vipul Sharma and
• Venkata Krishnan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1571–1600, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.159

• morphology of catalytic material. Therefore the fabrication of g-C3N4 with different microstructures is expected to show different surface properties and ability to enhance the photocatalytic performance. As per one of the reports by Zhu et al., g-C3N4 synthesized by using melamine, thiourea, or urea as

Development of a nitrogen-doped 2D material for tribological applications in the boundary-lubrication regime

• Shende Rashmi Chandrabhan,
• Velayudhanpillai Jayan,
• Somendra Singh Parihar and
• Sundara Ramaprabhu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1476–1483, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.147

•  1. Nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide (N-rGO) was prepared from melamine and GO. Melamine was used as nitrogen precursor. For this, the GO and melamine were mixed thoroughly in 1:1 ratio. The GO and melamine mixture was loaded into a tubular furnace. Initially, argon gas was flushed inside the

• °C. At this temperature, melamine was decomposed completely resulting in the uniform doping of nitrogen in graphene. The final sample is labeled as N-rGO. Figure 1 shows the schematic for the synthesis of N-rGO. Characterization techniques The powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were recorded in

Voltammetric determination of polyphenolic content in pomegranate juice using a poly(gallic acid)/multiwalled carbon nanotube modified electrode

• Refat Abdel-Hamid and
• Emad F. Newair

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1104–1112, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.103

• developed for determination of GA in a mild neutral conditions. The sensor is based on a poly (melamine) film immobilized on a preanodized screen-printed carbon electrode [5]. A voltammetric determination of GA on a hanging mercury drop electrode was investigated by cathodic adsorptive stripping voltammetry

DNA–melamine hybrid molecules: from self-assembly to nanostructures

• Rina Kumari,
• Shib Shankar Banerjee,
• Anil K. Bhowmick and
• Prolay Das

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1432–1438, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.148

• Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India 10.3762/bjnano.6.148 Abstract Single-stranded DNA–melamine hybrid molecular building blocks were synthesized using a phosphoramidation cross-coupling reaction with a zero linker approach. The self-assembly of the DNA–organic hybrid molecules was achieved by DNA

• hybridization. Following self-assembly, two distinct types of nanostructures in the form of linear chains and network arrays were observed. The morphology of the self-assembled nanostructures was found to depend on the number of DNA strands that were attached to a single melamine molecule. Keywords: DNA

• –organic hybrid; melamine; nanostructures; phosphoramidation; self-assembly; Findings The importance of DNA in the field of nanotechnology stems from the fact that DNA is a macromolecule on the nanoscale with self-assembling properties [1][2]. The molecular recognition through base pairing in DNA makes it

Filling of carbon nanotubes and nanofibres

• Reece D. Gately and
• Marc in het Panhuis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 508–516, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.53

• later be released under high temperature conditions [108][109]. One method to produce nitrogen-doped MWCNTs is a modified, floating catalyst, CVD technique, which is most commonly used to produce VGCNFs. The catalyst (ferrocene) was placed into the CVD chamber under an argon/ethylene flow, and melamine

• was used as an efficient source for N-doping [110]. The chamber was then heated to 950 °C, with an effective heating of the ferrocene and melamine to 350 °C. At this temperature both compounds undergo sublimation. After the purification steps, it was found that the resulting MWCNTs were highly doped

Synthesis of boron nitride nanotubes and their applications

• Saban Kalay,
• Zehra Yilmaz,
• Ozlem Sen,
• Melis Emanet,
• Emine Kazanc and
• Mustafa Çulha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 84–102, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.9

• found to be successful catalysts for the synthesis, NiB and Ni2B were the most efficient precursors to obtain the highest BNNT yield. Later, Ma et al. demonstrated that BNNTs could be synthesized without any metal catalyst using melamine diborate (C3N6H6∙2H3BO3) [50]. A comprehensive study also showed

Liquid-phase exfoliated graphene: functionalization, characterization, and applications

• Mildred Quintana,
• Jesús Iván Tapia and
• Maurizio Prato

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 2328–2338, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.242

• ball milling process [16]. The melamine-coated graphene layers are easily dispersed in polar solvents. Later, following a similar methodology, the stabilization of a high concentration of graphene sheets in different solvents was achieved by using diverse aminotriazine molecules [17]. The methodologies

Biomolecule-assisted synthesis of carbon nitride and sulfur-doped carbon nitride heterojunction nanosheets: An efficient heterojunction photocatalyst for photoelectrochemical applications

• Hua Bing Tao,
• Hong Bin Yang,
• Jiazang Chen,
• Jianwei Miao and
• Bin Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 770–777, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.89

• reported pyrolysis method [23]. Typically, 2 g of melamine powder was put into an alumina crucible covered with a piece of titanium sheet, then heated at a heating rate of 2.3 °C/min to 550 °C in a tube furnace and maintained at this temperature for 4 h under flowing argon. To synthesize sulfur-doped

• carbon nitride (CNS), 222 mg of L-cysteine was blended with 2 g of melamine in an agate mortar, wherein L-cysteine acts as the sulfur source for sulfur doping. During the pyrolysis process, the –SH functional group in L-cysteine reacts with the amine group in melamine to substitute the N atoms and to

• form the S–C bond. Following, this mixture was heated to 550 °C at a heating rate of 2.3 °C/min and maintained at this temperature for 2 h. The CN/CNS heterojunction was prepared through thermal condensation of melamine on preformed CNS nanosheets. Specifically, 1 g of melamine and 1 g of preformed CNS