Studying friction while playing the violin: exploring the stick–slip phenomenon

• Santiago Casado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 159–166, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.16

• and AFM analysis on two different bow hairs used with a violin proved that a surface characterized by periodic peaks and a rough microstructure of the same order of the rubbing string roughness favors the control of the fiddle, i.e., enhances the stick–slip range at the interface. The characterization

Nitrogen-doped twisted graphene grown on copper by atmospheric pressure CVD from a decane precursor

• Ivan V. Komissarov,
• Nikolai G. Kovalchuk,
• Vladimir A. Labunov,
• Ksenia V. Girel,
• Olga V. Korolik,
• Mikhail S. Tivanov,
• Algirdas Lazauskas,
• Mindaugas Andrulevičius,
• Tomas Tamulevičius,
• Viktoras Grigaliūnas,
• Šarunas Meškinis,
• Sigitas Tamulevičius and
• Serghej L. Prischepa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 145–158, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.15

• of a •CxHy + N2 reaction has been proposed. Further work related to the mechanisms of the nitrogen doping and relation between transport properties of graphene and its microstructure is in progress now. Optical images for (a) sample A, (b) sample B as deposited on copper foil. Raman spectrum for (a

Nanocrystalline TiO₂/SnO₂ heterostructures for gas sensing

• Barbara Lyson-Sypien,
• Anna Kusior,
• Mieczylaw Rekas,
• Jan Zukrowski,
• Marta Gajewska,
• Katarzyna Michalow-Mauke,
• Thomas Graule,
• Marta Radecka and
• Katarzyna Zakrzewska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 108–122, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.12

• microstructure of 90 mol % SnO2/10 mol % TiO2 and 10 mol % SnO2/90 mol % TiO2. In the case of TiO2-rich heterostructures the grains are larger and spherical (Figure 4d), while for SnO2-rich compositions grains are smaller, more irregular in shape and elongated (Figure 4b). The spherical nanograins of TiO2 are

• % SnO2/10 mol % TiO2 (1100 ppm H2), τ is about 2500 s, whereas for 10 mol % SnO2/90 mol % TiO2 (1100 ppm H2), τ is less than 30 s. The longer recovery time of SnO2-rich sensors can be attributed to a constricted gas desorption that probably results from the differences in the microstructure evidenced by

Annealing-induced recovery of indents in thin Au(Fe) bilayer films

• Anna Kosinova,
• Ruth Schwaiger,
• Leonid Klinger and
• Eugen Rabkin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 2088–2099, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.199

• process in the unperturbed film. Results The microstructure of the ultrathin (5–20 nm) Au(Fe) films has been described in detail in [15]. It was shown that the deposition of a Au film on a thin Fe underlayer resulted in a high-quality quasi-single-crystalline Au films with large grains having diameters of

• which all grain boundaries are of the exact <111>Σ3 type, so-called mazed bicrystalline films [18][19], exhibit a special type of microstructure without triple junctions. The electron backscatter diffraction data obtained on the as-deposited film (not shown here) confirmed that only the near-<111>Σ3

• by a slight reduction of the hillock height (Figure 4d). The depressions were observed near approximately 40% of all hillocks, which may have been caused by a local variation of the kinetic parameters or microstructure inhomogeneities. Interestingly, during subsequent annealing treatments, the

Nanostructured SnO₂–ZnO composite gas sensors for selective detection of carbon monoxide

• Paul Chesler,
• Cristian Hornoiu,
• Susana Mihaiu,
• Cristina Vladut,
• Jose Maria Calderon Moreno,
• Mihai Anastasescu,
• Carmen Moldovan,
• Bogdan Firtat,
• Costin Brasoveanu,
• George Muscalu,
• Ion Stan and
• Mariuca Gartner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 2045–2056, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.195

• (AFM). The microstructure of the samples was investigated by SEM using a high-resolution microscope (FEI, Quanta 3D FEG), equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectrometer (Apollo X). The analyses were performed in high vacuum mode at different accelerating voltages (5–20 kV) and the sensors

• structure) of the prepared composites. In this sense, the superficial microstructure, consisting in nanometer-sized grains, was identified by AFM (see the areas marked by red circles), exemplified in Figure 9 for the S3 sample. As can be seen, from the selected surface profile (below the AFM image), the

Effect of nanostructured carbon coatings on the electrochemical performance of Li_1.4Ni_0.5Mn_0.5O_2+x-based cathode materials

• Konstantin A. Kurilenko,
• Oleg A. Shlyakhtin,
• Oleg A. Brylev,
• Dmitry I. Petukhov and
• Alexey V. Garshev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1960–1970, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.187

• carbon is localized as separate islands on the boundaries of Li1.4Ni0.5Mn0.5O2+x particles (Figure 1C). The carbon obtained from cross-linked PVA has a sponge-like microstructure with nanometer-sized mesopores (Figure 1D). Thermogravimetry (TG) curves of the linear and cross-linked PVA demonstrate the

A new approach to grain boundary engineering for nanocrystalline materials

• Shigeaki Kobayashi,
• Sadahiro Tsurekawa and
• Tadao Watanabe

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1829–1849, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.176

• the fractal analysis of the grain boundary microstructure. Keywords: electrical resistivity control; fractal analysis; grain boundary engineering (GBE); intergranular fracture control; nanocrystalline materials; Review Introduction Nanocrystalline metals and alloys have been receiving increased

• ] have suggested that the stability of the nanocrystalline structure is improved by preferential segregation of solute atoms to grain boundaries because their excess free energy can be reduced. Therefore, it is very likely that the grain boundary microstructure characterized by appropriate

• produced by precise control of grain boundary microstructure associated with the evolution of a sharp <110> texture in the 1980s [52], soon after the first report on nanocrystalline materials. A number of excellent review papers have been published on nanocrystalline materials produced by different

3D printing of mineral–polymer bone substitutes based on sodium alginate and calcium phosphate

• Aleksey A. Egorov,
• Alexander Yu. Fedotov,
• Anton V. Mironov,
• Vladimir S. Komlev,
• Vladimir K. Popov and
• Yury V. Zobkov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1794–1799, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.172

• electron modes, was used for 3D microstructure analysis. The samples were sputter-coated with a 25 nm thick gold layer prior to imaging, imparting electrical conductivity to the surfaces. FTIR spectroscopy (Nicolet Avatar 330, England) was performed after mixing 1 mg of the grinded sample with 300 mg of

• of the surface and internal region of a 3D printed sample (white arrows indicate DCPD crystals). SEM micrographs of the microstructure of 3D printed samples on the basis of alginate with concentration of (a) 0.25, (b) 1.0 and (c) 2.0 wt %. FTIR spectra of (1) sodium alginate, (2) DCPD, and (3) the 3D

Nanostructured TiO₂-based gas sensors with enhanced sensitivity to reducing gases

• Wojciech Maziarz,
• Anna Kusior and
• Anita Trenczek-Zajac

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1718–1726, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.164

• SnO2 leads to a considerable increase in selectivity as well as increase in sensitivity to CO(CH3)2, which is according to literature [2], completely unique for both TiO2 and SnO2. Secondly, the well thought out, design engineering of the TiO2 microstructure allows for switching from the H2 highly

• different microstructure were investigated: thin layer 2D and flower-like 3D nanostructures as well as 3D structures decorated with SnO2. It was found that crystal structure and morphology of the sensors affect the material selectivity. The sensor based on a thin layer of titanium dioxide (rutile) exhibited

Microwave synthesis of high-quality and uniform 4 nm ZnFe₂O₄ nanocrystals for application in energy storage and nanomagnetics

• Christian Suchomski,
• Ben Breitung,
• Ralf Witte,
• Michael Knapp,
• Sondes Bauer,
• Tilo Baumbach,
• Christian Reitz and
• Torsten Brezesinski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1350–1360, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.126

• can be fitted by a log-normal distribution with a mean of 3.3 nm and standard deviation of 0.2 nm. The microstructure of the as-prepared ZFO nanoparticles was analyzed in more detail by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD). The XRD pattern in Figure 2 corroborates the SAED results, showing only reflections

On the pathway of cellular uptake: new insight into the interaction between the cell membrane and very small nanoparticles

• Claudia Messerschmidt,
• Daniel Hofmann,
• Anja Kroeger,
• Katharina Landfester,
• Volker Mailänder and
• Ingo Lieberwirth

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1296–1311, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.121

• concentrations is remarkable. Accordingly, we can look for the uptake microstructure using any of the above mentioned cell lines. Furthermore, since all morphological observations yield similar structural information, we checked the uptake morphologies under conditions when all energy-dependent processes in the

Improved lithium-ion battery anode capacity with a network of easily fabricated spindle-like carbon nanofibers

• Mengting Liu,
• Wenhe Xie,
• Lili Gu,
• Tianfeng Qin,
• Xiaoyi Hou and
• Deyan He

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1289–1295, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.120

• , a network of spindle-like carbon nanofibers anchored with MnO and N for LIB anodes was fabricated via a simplified synthesis route involving electrospinning followed by preoxidation in air and postcarbonization in Ar. The microstructure, chemical composition and electrochemical lithium storage

• MnO or the microstructure change after the first lithiation process [5][7][27]. In the anodic scan, the broad peak centered at 1.31 V relates to the decomposition of Li2O and regeneration of MnO, which shifts to 1.33–1.36 V in the second and third cycle [8][15][20]. Additionally, the weak peak

The self-similarity theory of high pressure torsion

• Yan Beygelzimer,
• Roman Kulagin,
• Laszlo S. Toth and
• Yulia Ivanisenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1267–1277, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.117

• originating from the self-similarity of the microstructure, while it has been shown in the present work that the self-similarity of HPT at the macro-level requires power-law hardening, Thus, there is a relationship between self-similarities at different scales in HPT: Self-similarity at the micro-level is a

• parameters for each β value. In particular, one cannot use Equation 1 and Equation 2 to compute shear strain in this case. In [22] the scaling nature of the power-law interval of the hardening curve was established based on the self-similarity of the microstructure. Therefore, self-similarity at the micro

Influence of synthesis conditions on microstructure and phase transformations of annealed Sr₂FeMoO_6−x nanopowders formed by the citrate–gel method

• Marta Yarmolich,
• Nikolai Kalanda,
• Sergey Demyanov,
• Herman Terryn,
• Jon Ustarroz,
• Maksim Silibin and
• Gennadii Gorokh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1202–1207, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.111

• nm and a superstructural ordering of iron and molybdenum cations of 88%. Keywords: magnetic materials; microstructure; nanoparticles; phase transformation; sol–gel preparation; Introduction Due to their unique and extremely important magneto-transport and magnetic properties [1][2], metal oxide

• atmosphere with predetermined anionic and cationic defectiveness, is problematic [9]. This is due to several factors: the phase purity within the sample, cation and anion vacancies, sample microstructure, chemical composition and thickness of the grain boundaries [10][11][12][13]. Sol–gel technology is a

• correlation between the citrate–gel synthesis conditions (pH of initial solutions and annealing temperature) and the microstructure and phase transformations of the Sr2FeMoO6−x nanopowders. Results and Discussion Figure 1a–c shows representative field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images of

Fast diffusion of silver in TiO₂ nanotube arrays

• Wanggang Zhang,
• Yiming Liu,
• Diaoyu Zhou,
• Hui Wang,
• Wei Liang and
• Fuqian Yang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1129–1140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.105

• on the evolution of Ag nanofilms on the surface of TiO2 nanotubes and microstructure of Ag nanofilms are investigated by X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Ag atoms migrate mainly on the outmost surface of the TiO2 nanotubes, and fast

• ). The prepared pure TiO2 nanotube arrays exhibit a highly ordered structure, and the TiO2 nanotubes are normal to the surface of the corresponding Ti foil. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to analyze the microstructure of the prepared pure TiO2 nanotubes. Figure 3a shows the TEM images of

• with Ag nanofilm. No crystallinity of TiO2 is observable for the untreated TiO2 nanotube arrays with Ag nanofilm, and the coating of the Ag nanofilm does not cause any change of the microstructure of the TiO2 nanotube arrays. The XRD patterns of all the heat-treated TiO2 nanotube arrays with Ag

Development of highly faceted reduced graphene oxide-coated copper oxide and copper nanoparticles on a copper foil surface

• Rebeca Ortega-Amaya,
• Yasuhiro Matsumoto,
• Andrés M. Espinoza-Rivas,
• Manuel A. Pérez-Guzmán and
• Mauricio Ortega-López

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1010–1017, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.93

• ]. In fact, kinetics studies on metal melting revealed that the pre-melting temperature depends partly on the surface microstructure and partly on surface-adsorbed impurities [24]. It has also been reported that, for nanostructured materials, the melting point strongly depends on the size and it is

The hydraulic mechanism in the hind wing veins of Cybister japonicus Sharp (order: Coleoptera)

• Jiyu Sun,
• Wei Wu,
• Mingze Ling,
• Bharat Bhushan and
• Jin Tong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 904–913, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.82

• length was 35–40 mm. Microstructure testing Microstructure testing was conducted in a manner similar to that described in [20]. The microstructures of the cross sections of hind wing veins were captured using an inverted fluorescence microscope (OLYMPUS, LX71). All beetles were anesthetized with ether

Frog tongue surface microstructures: functional and evolutionary patterns

• Thomas Kleinteich and
• Stanislav N. Gorb

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 893–903, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.81

• mucus layer during tongue retraction. It is plausible to assume that different species have different physical (rheological) properties of the mucus, and that these properties are correlated with a particular microstructure of the tongue or vice versa. The viscosity of the mucus is critical for

Synthesis and applications of carbon nanomaterials for energy generation and storage

• Marco Notarianni,
• Jinzhang Liu,
• Kristy Vernon and
• Nunzio Motta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 149–196, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.17

Dependence of lattice strain relaxation, absorbance, and sheet resistance on thickness in textured ZnO@B transparent conductive oxide for thin-film solar cell applications

• Kuang-Yang Kou,
• Yu-En Huang,
• Chien-Hsun Chen and
• Shih-Wei Feng

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 75–80, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.9

• addition, the microstructure, optical properties, and strain of thickness-dependent ZnO thin film grown by atomic layer deposition have been reported [17]. The thicker ZnO thin films show a larger crystalline grain, a smaller lattice strain, a higher Zn/O ratio, and better crystal quality. Furthermore

Influence of wide band gap oxide substrates on the photoelectrochemical properties and structural disorder of CdS nanoparticles grown by the successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) method

• Mikalai V. Malashchonak,
• Alexander V. Mazanik,
• Olga V. Korolik,
• Еugene А. Streltsov and
• Anatoly I. Kulak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2252–2262, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.231

• states, but is determined also by the microstructure of the system under study. At the same time, the Urbach energy enables one to track the variation of structural disorder with N, because according to the obtained SEM data, variation of the number of SILAR cycles over a wide range has no appreciable

Surface engineering of nanoporous substrate for solid oxide fuel cells with atomic layer-deposited electrolyte

• Sanghoon Ji,
• Waqas Hassan Tanveer,
• Wonjong Yu,
• Sungmin Kang,
• Gu Young Cho,
• Sung Han Kim,
• Jihwan An and
• Suk Won Cha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1805–1810, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.184

• the impoverished mass transport and shortened TPB length caused by excessively thick BEC, which is parallel to previous research discussing the effects of the thickness and microstructure of BECs [14]. To examine the diffusion characteristics of ALD YSZ on the BEC side, 50 nm-thick ALD YSZ was

• deposited on BECs with different thicknesses, whose cross-sectional microstructure was investigated by focused ion beam and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FIB/FE-SEM) imaging: the BECs were 40 nm and 320 nm in thickness. In case of the thinner BEC, a significant amount of ALD YSZ certainly

• fabrication processes of the Pt films are close to the ways described in our preview work [24]. Thin film characterization The film density was determined by X-ray reflectometry analysis using the X’Pert Pro (PANalytical, Netherlands) instrument. The surface microstructure was investigated by FIB/FE-SEM

Possibilities and limitations of advanced transmission electron microscopy for carbon-based nanomaterials

• Xiaoxing Ke,
• Carla Bittencourt and
• Gustaaf Van Tendeloo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1541–1557, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.158

• Xiaoxing Ke Carla Bittencourt Gustaaf Van Tendeloo EMAT, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium Institute of Microstructure and Property of Advanced Materials, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China Chemistry of Interaction Plasma Surface (ChiPS

Influence of the shape and surface oxidation in the magnetization reversal of thin iron nanowires grown by focused electron beam induced deposition

• Luis A. Rodríguez,
• Lorenz Deen,
• Rosa Córdoba,
• César Magén,
• Etienne Snoeck,
• Bert Koopmans and
• José M. De Teresa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1319–1331, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.136

• producing the magnetization reversal. Most of magnetic devices work by producing a voltage output when the magnetization reversal occurs. In the case of cobalt deposits, it was previously found that the coercive field is governed by shape anisotropy [24] due to the polycrystalline microstructure [25], and

• the growth were, respectively, 1.4 nA and 3 kV. The first experiments under relatively high precursor flux (process pressure approx. 6 × 10−6 mbar) indicated that the microstructure of the deposits consisted of grains with a typical size of about 100 nm, as can be observed in Figure S1 of Supporting

• reproduce the observed dependence of the coercive field. TEM experiments: deposit shape, halo extension, surface oxidation TEM characterization of the microstructure and composition of Fe nanowires was carried out in a probe-corrected FEI Titan 60-300 operated at 300 kV. Two TEM lamellae of Fe nanowires

High photocatalytic activity of V-doped SrTiO₃ porous nanofibers produced from a combined electrospinning and thermal diffusion process

• Panpan Jing,
• Wei Lan,
• Qing Su and
• Erqing Xie

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1281–1286, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.132

• photocatalytic activity with excellent endurance. Results and Discussion The morphology and microstructure are very important for the development of an excellent photocatalyst. In Figure 1a, the pure SrTiO3 nanofibers appear to be tens of micrometers in length, with a porous surface and uniform diameter