Optical bio/chemical sensors for vitamin B₁₂ analysis in food and pharmaceuticals: state of the art, challenges, and future outlooks

• Seyed Mohammad Taghi Gharibzahedi and
• Zeynep Altintas

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2207–2244, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.153

Electromagnetic study of a split-ring resonator metamaterial with cold-electron bolometers

• Ekaterina A. Matrozova,
• Alexander V. Chiginev,
• Leonid S. Revin and
• Andrey L. Pankratov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2199–2206, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.152

• resistance of the structure at the operating point and increases the current noise contribution of the readout amplifier [17][22]. Furthermore, a larger number of elements increases the fabrication complexity. Crucially, nearly doubling the number of elements (from 19 to 37) does not produce a proportional

• the dynamic range and complicating the optimization of noise-equivalent power (NEP). There have been proposals to integrate multiple sensing elements directly into the structure of a log-periodic antenna [28][29][30]. While promising, such designs face significant challenges in implementation. The

• achieve an optimal balance between power load, responsivity, and total noise [17][22]. This capability is particularly critical for applications like cosmic microwave background polarimetry or high-resolution spectroscopy, where the detector must operate photon-noise-limited under a specific background

Ultrathin water layers on mannosylated gold nanoparticles

• Maiara A. Iriarte Alonso,
• Jorge H. Melillo,
• Silvina Cerveny,
• Yujin Tong and
• Alexander M. Bittner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2183–2198, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.151

• . In other words, the nanoparticle has a non-centrosymmetric environment, which can simply be the presence of the gold surface. The noise-like feature at ~3400 cm−1 is assigned to hydrogen-bonded water as features above 3600 cm−1 should indicate non-hydrogen-bonded water. This is proof that water is

Multifrequency AFM integrating PeakForce tapping and higher eigenmodes for heterogeneous surface characterization

• Yanping Wei,
• Jiafeng Shen,
• Yirong Yao,
• Xuke Li,
• Ming Li and
• Peiling Ke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2077–2085, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.142

• factor (Q) cantilever dynamics amplify noise and demand meticulous parameter tuning [18]. To overcome these limitations, PeakForce tapping mode (PFT) was developed. It employs vertical probe oscillations at subresonant frequencies (0.5–8 kHz) to establish quasi-static tip–sample contact [18][19]. Unlike

• -frequency noise and baseline drift, ensuring stable force feedback for accurate topography and quantitative mechanical mapping. These processing routines are factory-implemented and operate transparently to the user [23]. The unfiltered signal branch of the high-eigenmode detection path is routed directly

Mechanical property measurements enabled by short-term Fourier-transform of atomic force microscopy thermal deflection analysis

• Thomas Mathias,
• Roland Bennewitz and
• Philip Egberts

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1952–1962, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.136

• dimensions in the determination of the Sader spring constant or other calculations of the normal spring constant are important. Finally, it has been demonstrated that the Sader method can consistently show a difference compared with the thermal noise method used above, particularly for soft cantilevers as

• the softer cantilevers. At this time, the base noise of our AFM system and electronic sampling of the deflection signal is too large to automate the fitting of the resonance peak with reasonable successful fits, limiting the application of our method to cantilevers having a lower spring constant. With

Quantum circuits with SINIS structures

• Mikhail Tarasov,
• Mikhail Fominskii,
• Aleksandra Gunbina,
• Artem Krasilnikov,
• Maria Mansfeld,
• Dmitrii Kukushkin,
• Andrei Maruhno,
• Valeria Ievleva,
• Mikhail Strelkov,
• Daniil Zhogov,
• Konstantin Arutyunov,
• Vyacheslav Vdovin,
• Vladislav Stolyarov and
• Valerian Edelman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1931–1941, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.134

• were obtained with a black body radiation source and series of band-pass filters. The specially designed SINIS arrays are intended to detect 90 GHz radiation at the “Big Telescope Alt-azimuthal” (romanized Russian: “Bolshoi Teleskop Alt-azimutalnyi”, BTA) with noise equivalent power of less than 10−16

• junction; superconducting tunnel junctions; Introduction Modern superconducting electronics is moving towards lower temperatures, lower noise levels, and higher sensitivity, which can be achieved at sub-Kelvin temperatures using aluminum-based tunnel junctions. One group of devices, such as

• in sorption 3He cryostat at 0.33 K, Figure 2b. The relatively low value of the resistance ratio (Rd/Rn – dynamic resistance/normal resistance) is associated with the high sensitivity of the interferometer to external noise. NIS thermometers The I–V characteristic and dynamic resistance of the NIS

Low-temperature AFM with a microwave cavity optomechanical transducer

• Ermes Scarano,
• Elisabet K. Arvidsson,
• August K. Roos,
• Erik Holmgren,
• Riccardo Borgani,
• Mats O. Tholén and
• David B. Haviland

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1873–1882, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.130

• noise, pointing to its crucial role in the context of force sensitivity. Through analysis of noise measurements we determine the effective temperature of the cantilever eigenmode and we determine the region of detector operation in which the sensor is thermal-noise-limited. Our analysis shows that the

• fulfills the specific requirements of the application. The latter is indeed the case for force sensing in atomic force microscopy (AFM). Force transduction at maximum sensitivity requires detecting the position of a “test mass”, while minimizing the added noise introduced by the detection itself [14][15

• determined by all sources of noise. The total noise can be expressed as the sum of the power spectral densities (PSDs) of uncorrelated contributions such as the thermal fluctuations in cantilever deflection (Ω) [m2/Hz] at the effective mode temperature T, measurement back action noise , and the frequency

Beyond the bilayer: multilayered hygroscopic actuation in pine cone scales

• Kim Ulrich,
• Max David Mylo,
• Tom Masselter,
• Fabian Scheckenbach,
• Sophia Fischerbauer,
• Martin Nopens,
• Silja Flenner,
• Imke Greving,
• Linnea Hesse and
• Thomas Speck

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1695–1710, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.119

• due to an intra-tissue gradient. In contrast, the longitudinal shrinkage measured in the abaxial and adaxial sides of the sclereid layer was more uniform, with about 0.7 percentage points higher values for the adaxial side, likely being within the measurement noise. The brown tissue exhibited lower

Ambient pressure XPS at MAX IV

• Mattia Scardamaglia,
• Ulrike Küst,
• Alexander Klyushin,
• Rosemary Jones,
• Jan Knudsen,
• Robert Temperton,
• Andrey Shavorskiy and
• Esko Kokkonen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1677–1694, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.118

• near ambient pressure. Fourth-generation synchrotron light sources, characterized by their unprecedented photon flux, provide a key advantage for APXPS, enabling rapid data acquisition with low signal-to-noise ratio and facilitating the study of transient phenomena. This capability is essential for

Nanotechnology-based approaches for the removal of microplastics from wastewater: a comprehensive review

• Nayanathara O Sanjeev,
• Manjunath Singanodi Vallabha and
• Rebekah Rubidha Lisha Rabi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1607–1632, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.114

• -noise ratio and is affected by surface fluorescence from the samples, making careful sample preparation essential before analysis [134]. In recent years, advancements in MPs research have led to the development of innovative analytical tools for their detection, such as digital holography, scanning

Modeling magnetic properties of cobalt nanofilms used as a component of spin hybrid superconductor–ferromagnetic structures

• Aleksey Fedotov,
• Olesya Severyukhina,
• Anastasia Salomatina and
• Anatolie Sidorenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1557–1566, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.110

• force parameter and damping spin coefficient, respectively; χ(t), η(t) are white noise present in the description of atom motion processes and the behavior of their spins, respectively; and ωi is the multiplication value of the gyromagnetic ratio and the local magnetic field [22]. It has been known for

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

Parylene-coated platinum nanowire electrodes for biomolecular sensing applications

• Chao Liu,
• Peker Milas,
• Michael G. Spencer and
• Birol Ozturk

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1392–1400, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.101

• , and enhanced signal-to-noise ratio besides high-resolution scanning applications [4][5]. These properties have made nanoscale electrodes the preferred choice in the biosensing industry, particularly for point-of-care applications. As this market continues to expand, there is a growing demand for more

• electrodes were used as above. The Gamry potentiostat was used for CV tests with scan range from −0.5 to 0.5 V, 30 mV/s, 1 mV step size (1 data point for 1 mV change, 30 data point per second), and four cycles. For noise reduction and statistical considerations, the mean value from the last three cycles were

Synthesis and antibacterial properties of nanosilver-modified cellulose triacetate membranes for seawater desalination

• Lei Wang,
• Shizhe Li,
• Kexin Xu,
• Wenjun Li,
• Ying Li and
• Gang Liu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1380–1391, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.100

• sample. The low concentration of PDA and Ag may result in characteristic peaks being masked by noise; thus no significant differences are observed in the FTIR curves of the three materials. To confirm the successful polymerization of dopamine into PDA, the dark brown layer adhering to the PCTA membrane

Deep-learning recognition and tracking of individual nanotubes in low-contrast microscopy videos

• Vladimir Pimonov,
• Said Tahir and
• Vincent Jourdain

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1316–1324, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.96

• initial frame rate, typically between 40 and 25 fps, was reduced by averaging frames to one frame per second. This operation boosts further analysis and improves signal-to-noise ratio without compromising kinetic data quality, as the nanotube growth rate is typically of the order of 0.5 µm·s−1 and the

• localization precision of the optical setup is 0.33 µm. Frames were then aligned using a template matching algorithm from the OpenCV Python library. Shade correction was applied to compensate for uneven illumination caused by the optics. Residual noise was reduced using fast Fourier transform (FFT) band-pass

Mechanical stability of individual bacterial cells under different osmotic pressure conditions: a nanoindentation study of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

• Lizeth García-Torres,
• Idania De Alba Montero,
• Eleazar Samuel Kolosovas-Machuca,
• Facundo Ruiz,
• Sumati Bhatia,
• Jose Luis Cuellar Camacho and
• Jaime Ruiz-García

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1171–1183, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.86

• minimum damage to the mechanical integrity of the cell membrane. Before each experiment in FV mode, the cantilever was calibrated using the thermal-noise method which is integrated in the multimode AFM software and is briefly described next. First, the optical-lever sensitivity (OLS) of the cantilever was

Deep learning for enhancement of low-resolution and noisy scanning probe microscopy images

• Samuel Gelman,
• Irit Rosenhek-Goldian,
• Nir Kampf,
• Marek Patočka,
• Maricarmen Rios,
• Marcos Penedo,
• Georg Fantner,
• Amir Beker,
• Sidney R. Cohen and
• Ido Azuri

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1129–1140, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.83

• -resolution AFM images. In those studies, fidelity metrics were applied to quantify the quality of the reconstructed images. The most common fidelity metrics include peak-signal-to-noise-ratio (PSNR), which is based on pixel-to-pixel differences of the reference and reconstructed images and structural

• assessments, a blind and subjective evaluation was conducted, polling AFM experts for their opinions on both image fidelity and image quality. Reference metrics The first comparison of the SR images to the GT references was to take the peak-signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR). This is done by taking the logarithm of

• calculating the sharpness of that image. In some sense, sharpness quantifies the clearness of an image. Nonetheless, high sharpness values can be due to the spikes typical of noise, and values should be interpreted carefully. One way to determine sharpness is by calculating first-order derivatives (gradients

Time-resolved probing of laser-induced nanostructuring processes in liquids

• Maximilian Spellauge,
• David Redka,
• Mianzhen Mo,
• Changyong Song,
• Heinz Paul Huber and
• Anton Plech

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 968–1002, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.74

• particularly advantageous for visualizing structural changes in single particles. Although technical challenges remain in achieving sufficient signal-to-noise ratio, single-particle imaging uniquely resolves local fluctuations that are otherwise averaged out in ensemble measurements. Recognizing that

Tendency in tip polarity changes in non-contact atomic force microscopy imaging on a fluorite surface

• Bob Kyeyune,
• Philipp Rahe and
• Michael Reichling

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 944–950, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.72

• -noise ratio of the Δf data in the RT experiments, unit cell averaging is performed as described in [10]. From the unit-cell averaged data, contrast profile lines Δf⟨uc⟩ are extracted along the diagonal of the unit cell in the direction, with the resulting data included as traces next to the respective

Focused ion beam-induced platinum deposition with a low-temperature cesium ion source

• Thomas Henning Loeber,
• Bert Laegel,
• Meltem Sezen,
• Feray Bakan Misirlioglu,
• Edgar J. D. Vredenbregt and
• Yang Li

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 910–920, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.69

• signal-to-noise ratios for SIMS analysis. A disadvantage of using Cs+ is a possible surface modification [20][21][22]. One aspect of this paper is to show whether it is at all possible to deposit Pt with Cs+ ions or whether surface modifications dominate [10]. This work presents FIBID experiments using a

Thickness dependent oxidation in CrCl₃: a scanning X-ray photoemission and Kelvin probe microscopies study

• Shafaq Kazim,
• Rahul Parmar,
• Maryam Azizinia,
• Matteo Amati,
• Muhammad Rauf,
• Andrea Di Cicco,
• Seyed Javid Rezvani,
• Dario Mastrippolito,
• Luca Ottaviano,
• Tomasz Klimczuk,
• Luca Gregoratti and
• Roberto Gunnella

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 749–761, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.58

• through a 48-channel delay line detector. To analyze the photoelectron intensity of an individual atomic element on the captured SPEM maps, the image underwent background correction by eliminating the topographic features. We also applied the (3 × 3) filter to reduce the noise before extracting the

The impact of tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane hole transport layer doping on interfacial charge extraction and recombination

• Konstantinos Bidinakis and
• Stefan A. L. Weber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 678–689, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.52

• , respectively. The profiles were smoothed with a 30 point adjacent-averaging method, to get smooth derivative curves with negligible noise. The structures of (a) spiro-OMeTAD, (b) PTAA and (c) BCF. Current–voltage characteristics for the four solar cells that were chosen to be cleaved and polished for cross

Colloidal few layered graphene–tannic acid preserves the biocompatibility of periodontal ligament cells

• Teissir Ben Ammar,
• Naji Kharouf,
• Dominique Vautier,
• Housseinou Ba,
• Nivedita Sudheer,
• Philippe Lavalle and
• Vincent Ball

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 664–677, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.51

• containing 2 μM Calcein AM and 0.25 μM SYTOX Deep Red for 30 min. After the cells were washed with PBS to optimize signal-to-noise ratio, they were imaged using epifluorescence microscopy with FITC filter set for live cells (green fluorescence) and deep red filter set for dead cells (red fluorescence

Nanoscale capacitance spectroscopy based on multifrequency electrostatic force microscopy

• Pascal N. Rohrbeck,
• Lukas D. Cavar,
• Franjo Weber,
• Peter G. Reichel,
• Mara Niebling and
• Stefan A. L. Weber

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 637–651, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.49

• or heterodyne Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) [18][26][79]. The second harmonic signals are proportional to the local capacitance gradients, providing information about the local tip–sample capacitance. To ensure a sufficient signal-to-noise ratio, the resulting frequencies should coincide with

• in the case of conventional EFM, signal-to-noise is greatly improved by choosing Δωe such that one of the induced sidebands falls on one of the cantilever’s mechanical resonances. We call this method multifrequency heterodyne electrostatic force microscopy (MFH-EFM). To calculate the second

• . Thus, the improved lateral resolution comes at the price of a reduced signal-to-noise ratio. To reproduce these findings experimentally, we performed force–distance spectroscopy on the etched microcapacitors shown in Figure 2. The resulting curves of the C′ and C″ signals qualitatively reproduced the

Functionalized gold nanoflowers on carbon screen-printed electrodes: an electrochemical platform for biosensing hemagglutinin protein of influenza A H1N1 virus

• Carlos Enrique Torres-Méndez,
• Sharmilee Nandi,
• Klara Martinovic,
• Patrizia Kühne,
• Yifan Liu,
• Sam Taylor,
• Maria Lysandrou,
• Maria Ines Berrojo Romeyro Mascarenhas,
• Viktoria Langwallner,
• Javier Enrique Sebastián Alonso,
• Ivana Jovanovic,
• Maike Lüftner,
• Georgia-Vasiliki Gkountana,
• David Bern,
• Abdul-Raouf Atif,
• Ehsan Manouchehri Doulabi,
• Gemma Mestres and
• Masood Kamali-Moghaddam

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 540–550, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.42

• antigen load because a good signal-to-noise ratio response was observed, making this detection a rapid and accurate process. Under the optimal parameters (pulse amplitude = 86 mV, potential increment = 4 mV, and scan rate = 100 mV/s), the negative control and four different concentrations (10, 100, 1,000