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Search for "photocatalysts" in Full Text gives 105 result(s) in Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology.

Nanomaterials for photocatalysis and applications in environmental remediation and renewable energy

  • Viet Van Pham and
  • Wee-Jun Ong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 722–724, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.58

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  • appropriate for treating pollutants, even in atmospheric conditions [9][10][11]. Moreover, the photocatalysis method is also a potential solution for environmental remediation, carbon emission reduction, and renewable energy production [12][13][14]. Combining photocatalysts and sunlight irradiation is a
  • potential strategy for water treatment via the effectively infinite energy from the sun and the photocatalysts. Photocatalysis based on nanostructured semiconductors can significantly contribute to tackling several environmental pollution problems, sustainable synthesis, and energy production [2][15][16
  • was used whereas for water splitting natural sunlight was used [24][25][26]. These results are mentioned as scaling up photocatalytic systems to reach net zero emission goals and the next technology to produce green hydrogen energy [14]. Up-to-date trending topics on photocatalysts based on
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Published 13 Jun 2023

Bismuth-based nanostructured photocatalysts for the remediation of antibiotics and organic dyes

  • Akeem Adeyemi Oladipo and
  • Faisal Suleiman Mustafa

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 291–321, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.26

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  • promising green and sustainable wastewater treatment method for a cleaner environment. Due to their narrow bandgaps, distinctive layered structures, plasmonic, piezoelectric and ferroelectric properties, and desirable physicochemical features, bismuth-based nanostructure photocatalysts have emerged as one
  • of the most prominent study topics compared to the commonly used semiconductors (TiO2 and ZnO). In this review, the most recent developments in the use of photocatalysts based on bismuth (e.g., BiFeO3, Bi2MoO6, BiVO4, Bi2WO6, Bi2S3) to remove dyes and antibiotics from wastewater are thoroughly
  • covered. The creation of Z-schemes, Schottky junctions, and heterojunctions, as well as morphological modifications, doping, and other processes are highlighted regarding the fabrication of bismuth-based photocatalysts with improved photocatalytic capabilities. A discussion of general photocatalytic
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Published 03 Mar 2023

Non-stoichiometric magnetite as catalyst for the photocatalytic degradation of phenol and 2,6-dibromo-4-methylphenol – a new approach in water treatment

  • Joanna Kisała,
  • Anna Tomaszewska and
  • Przemysław Kolek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1531–1540, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.126

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  • solar radiation as an energy source [11]. The photocatalysts are activated by radiation and produce highly reactive photo-induced charge carriers, which can react with the contaminants adsorbed on the surface of the catalyst. Understanding the properties of the photocatalyst material is critical to
  • catalysts has been investigated by us in our previous article [17] as photocatalysts for the degradation of 4,4′-isopropylidenebis(2,6-dibromophenol) in comparison with ozonolysis. Magnetite was chosen as a photocatalyst because of its low cost, interesting electron properties, and indisputably low
  • as possible photocatalysts. The morphology, optical properties, and structural properties of the M1 and M2 samples were investigated. The stoichiometry of magnetite noticeably impacted the optical and surface properties. Direct photolysis indicated that the bromine substituent facilitated the
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Published 15 Dec 2022

A TiO2@MWCNTs nanocomposite photoanode for solar-driven water splitting

  • Anh Quynh Huu Le,
  • Ngoc Nhu Thi Nguyen,
  • Hai Duy Tran,
  • Van-Huy Nguyen and
  • Le-Hai Tran

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1520–1530, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.125

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  • . This approach improves solar water splitting performance [7][9]. However, an excess amount of CNTs can deteriorate the photoactivity of TiO2 nanoparticles because CNTs block and cover the surface of TiO2 [9]. There are three categories of water splitting techniques applying photocatalysts, namely
  • research focuses on synthesizing and modifying photocatalysts for photoanodes and photocathodes for photoelectrochemical water splitting [11]. Several TiO2-based photocatalysts have been developed and applied in photoelectrochemical water splitting. The results showed that the solar-to-hydrogen (STH
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Published 14 Dec 2022

LED-light-activated photocatalytic performance of metal-free carbon-modified hexagonal boron nitride towards degradation of methylene blue and phenol

  • Nirmalendu S. Mishra and
  • Pichiah Saravanan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1380–1392, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.114

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  • mL of a solution containing 20 ppm of MB and 10 ppm of phenol under continuous stirring. All the batches were subjected to a dark reaction until adsorption–desorption equilibrium was achieved. A control experiment in the absence of photocatalysts was performed to study the removal percentage due to
  • ]. Additionally, the photon harvesting ability of the studied photocatalysts was also evaluated by determining the light harvesting efficiency (LHE). The LHE of the material was determined from the following equation and has been demonstrated in Figure 5g [29]. where T and R denote the transmittance and
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Published 22 Nov 2022

Recent trends in Bi-based nanomaterials: challenges, fabrication, enhancement techniques, and environmental applications

  • Vishal Dutta,
  • Ankush Chauhan,
  • Ritesh Verma,
  • C. Gopalkrishnan and
  • Van-Huy Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1316–1336, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.109

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  • environmental restoration and energy conversion is photocatalysis powered by solar light. Traditional photocatalysts have limited practical uses due to inadequate light absorption, charge separation, and unknown reaction mechanisms. Discovering new visible-light photocatalysts and investigating their
  • modification is crucial in photocatalysis. Bi-based photocatalytic nanomaterials have gotten much interest as they exhibit distinctive geometric shapes, flexible electronic structures, and good photocatalytic performance under visible light. They can be employed as stand-alone photocatalysts for pollution
  • photocatalysts, upgrading the photocatalytic ability, and understanding essential reactions of the photocatalytic process. This paper provides insights into the characteristics of Bi-based photocatalysts, making them a promising future nanomaterial for environmental remediation. The current review discusses the
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Published 11 Nov 2022

Rapid fabrication of MgO@g-C3N4 heterojunctions for photocatalytic nitric oxide removal

  • Minh-Thuan Pham,
  • Duyen P. H. Tran,
  • Xuan-Thanh Bui and
  • Sheng-Jie You

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1141–1154, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.96

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  • heterojunction photocatalysts were synthesized by one-step pyrolysis of MgO and urea at 550 °C for two hours. The photocatalytic NO removal efficiency of the MgO@g-C3N4 heterojunctions was significantly improved and reached a maximum value of 75.4% under visible light irradiation. Differential reflectance
  • simple way to synthesize photocatalytic heterojunction materials with high reusability and the potential of heterojunction photocatalysts in the field of environmental remediation. Keywords: g-C3N4; MgO; nitric oxide; photocatalyst; visible light; Introduction The rapid development of industrialization
  • redox potential by coupling two or more semiconductors [23][24], such as Bi2MoO6-based [25][26][27][28][29], BiOCl-based [30][31], g-C3N4-based [32][33][34], ZnO-based [35][36][37], TiO2-based [38][39], and MgO-based heterostructured photocatalysts [40]. Among these, the combination of MgO and g-C3N4
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Published 18 Oct 2022

Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles toward highly efficient photocatalysis and antibacterial application

  • Vo Thi Thu Nhu,
  • Nguyen Duy Dat,
  • Le-Minh Tam and
  • Nguyen Hoang Phuong

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1108–1119, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.94

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  • technologies have been proposed to remove organic pollutants from water, including coagulation coupled with sedimentation, biological processes, membrane filtration, adsorption, advanced oxidation, catalysis, and photocatalysis [1][2][3]. Using semiconductors as photocatalysts has been a widely studied
  • photocatalysts. ZnO has a higher quantum efficiency than that of TiO2 since it absorbs more energy in the UV region [4][5][6][7]. Furthermore, ZnO is a low-cost photocatalyst with high photocatalytic activity, nontoxicity, light sensitivity, and stability [8][9][10]. The photodegradation of organic substances by
  • and zinc chloride salt. The antibacterial activity of the synthesized ZnO material against Escherichia coli (E. coli) was studied. In addition, the study also determined the ability of ZnO NPs to act as photocatalysts and to degrade dyes including MB and methyl orange (MO). Experimental Design
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Published 07 Oct 2022

Spindle-like MIL101(Fe) decorated with Bi2O3 nanoparticles for enhanced degradation of chlortetracycline under visible-light irradiation

  • Chen-chen Hao,
  • Fang-yan Chen,
  • Kun Bian,
  • Yu-bin Tang and
  • Wei-long Shi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1038–1050, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.91

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  • . The intermediate products were analyzed by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS), and a possible photocatalytic degradation path of CTC was proposed. This work provides a new perspective for the preparation of efficient MOF-based photocatalysts. Keywords: Bi2O3; chlortetracycline; metal
  • –organic frameworks; MIL101(Fe); photocatalysts; Z-scheme heterojunction; Introduction Tetracyclines, as the second most widely used antibiotic in the world, have been widely applied in clinics, aquaculture, and livestock due to its broad-spectrum antibacterial properties and low price [1][2
  • efficient photocatalysts for CTC degradation. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are a kind of micro- or mesoporous materials established by the self-assembly of organic linkers and metal-cluster or metal-ion nodes [19]. The MOF materials possess large surface areas, high pore volume, tunability, uniform
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Published 28 Sep 2022

Solar-light-driven LaFexNi1−xO3 perovskite oxides for photocatalytic Fenton-like reaction to degrade organic pollutants

  • Chao-Wei Huang,
  • Shu-Yu Hsu,
  • Jun-Han Lin,
  • Yun Jhou,
  • Wei-Yu Chen,
  • Kun-Yi Andrew Lin,
  • Yu-Tang Lin and
  • Van-Huy Nguyen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 882–895, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.79

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  • decompose the methylene blue molecules. Accordingly, the synthesis condition of pH 0, calcination temperature at 700 °C, and Fe/Ni ratio = 7/3 could form LaFe0.7Ni0.3O3 perovskite oxides as highly efficient photocatalysts. Moreover, various conditions during the photocatalytic degradation were verified
  • ]. LaFeO3 perovskite oxides are promising materials to conduct Fenton-like oxidation to decompose organic pollutants with light irradiation. Some literature exhibits the capability of LaFeO3 perovskite oxides as photocatalysts to degrade organic contaminants. Li et al. prepared intrinsic LaFeO3 or SmFeO3
  • precursor for VOCs combustion [32], hydrogen production from ethanol [33], hydrocarbon fuels production from CO2 and H2O [34], syngas production from dry reforming [35], steam reforming of methane [36], or combined reforming of methane with CO2 and O2 [37]. Meanwhile, LaNiO3 photocatalysts also played an
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Published 05 Sep 2022

Hierarchical Bi2WO6/TiO2-nanotube composites derived from natural cellulose for visible-light photocatalytic treatment of pollutants

  • Zehao Lin,
  • Zhan Yang and
  • Jianguo Huang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 745–762, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.66

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  • method for the reduction of Cr(VI) into Cr(III) due to its high efficiency, energy-saving, and nonpolluting advantages [4]. Among the various photocatalysts, traditional titania (TiO2) photocatalysts have received great attention due to their high reactivity, excellent stability, and nontoxicity [5][6][7
  • -responsive semiconductors with suitable band structures provides a pathway for the advancement of highly efficient photocatalysts [9]. It has been demonstrated that the assembly of various nanoscale building blocks to form the corresponding nanoarchitectonics provides an ideal pathway for the syntheses of a
  • large variety of functional materials [10][11][12][13][14][15]; in particular, for the fabrication of specific catalytic materials [16][17][18][19]. Recently, several bismuth-based photocatalysts have drawn extensive attention owing to their unique band structures and excellent stability against
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Published 04 Aug 2022

A comprehensive review on electrospun nanohybrid membranes for wastewater treatment

  • Senuri Kumarage,
  • Imalka Munaweera and
  • Nilwala Kottegoda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 137–159, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.10

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Published 31 Jan 2022

Tin dioxide nanomaterial-based photocatalysts for nitrogen oxide oxidation: a review

  • Viet Van Pham,
  • Hong-Huy Tran,
  • Thao Kim Truong and
  • Thi Minh Cao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 96–113, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.7

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  • working scheme of semiconductor photocatalysts for NO oxidation. Light generates holes (h+) in the valence band (VB) and electrons (e–) in the conduction band (CB) of the photocatalytic material. Electrons at the material surface will react with oxygen molecules to form superoxide radicals (•O2
  • to the reduction of O2 to •O2− [31][33] and the rapid recombination rate of photoinduced electron–hole pairs [34], the photocatalytic ability of SnO2 is less efficient than that of other semiconductor photocatalysts (Figure 2b). Despite literature relating to the unfavorable CB edge of SnO2, many
  • reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) [35][36][37][38][39][40]. This promotes a new avenue for diverse analyses of semiconductor photocatalysts in addition to the traditional theories and conclusions. Previous studies have shown that the photocatalytic activity of NOx decomposition of materials in general and SnO2
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Published 21 Jan 2022

Self-assembly of amino acids toward functional biomaterials

  • Huan Ren,
  • Lifang Wu,
  • Lina Tan,
  • Yanni Bao,
  • Yuchen Ma,
  • Yong Jin and
  • Qianli Zou

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1140–1150, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.85

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  • photosensitizers and limit their severe self-aggregation. Dopamine was chosen as the model substrate to illustrate the photooxidative properties of nanocapsules. After illumination, dopamine is converted to leucine on the nanocapsules. Hence, nanocapsules can be used as photocatalysts to improve the
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Published 12 Oct 2021

Nanoporous and nonporous conjugated donor–acceptor polymer semiconductors for photocatalytic hydrogen production

  • Zhao-Qi Sheng,
  • Yu-Qin Xing,
  • Yan Chen,
  • Guang Zhang,
  • Shi-Yong Liu and
  • Long Chen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 607–623, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.50

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  • Conjugated polymers (CPs) as photocatalysts have evoked substantial interest. Their geometries and physical (e.g., chemical and thermal stability and solubility), optical (e.g., light absorption range), and electronic properties (e.g., charge carrier mobility, redox potential, and exciton binding energy) can
  • tuning the bandgap, enlarging the surface area, enabling more efficient separation of electron–hole pairs, and enhancing the charge carrier mobility. In particular, donor–acceptor (D–A) polymers were demonstrated as a promising platform to develop high-performance photocatalysts due to their easily
  • units. The challenges and prospects associated with D–A polymer-based photocatalysts are described as well. Keywords: π-conjugated polymeric photocatalysts; donor–acceptor junctions; nanostructure semiconductors; photocatalytic hydrogen production; Introduction To date, fossil fuels still are the
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Published 30 Jun 2021

Boosting of photocatalytic hydrogen evolution via chlorine doping of polymeric carbon nitride

  • Malgorzata Aleksandrzak,
  • Michalina Kijaczko,
  • Wojciech Kukulka,
  • Daria Baranowska,
  • Martyna Baca,
  • Beata Zielinska and
  • Ewa Mijowska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 473–484, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.38

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  • visible light compared to catalysts doped with one heteroatom [39]. Other studies showed that S- and P-doped photocatalysts showed significantly increased photocatalytic activity in the degradation of methylene blue under visible light compared to bulk PCN. The improvement was attributed to lone-pair
  • three cycles of light on–off, the performance of both electrodes tends to stabilize, indicating that the photocatalysts are stable under visible-light irradiation [55]. The measurements obtained from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) are shown in Figure 9b. It is known that the arc radius of
  • . Fabricated 2D nanomaterials were used as photocatalysts for hydrogen evolution from water splitting. It was found that the Cl-modification had an effect on the photocatalytic efficiency. Also, main aspects were revealed: (i) a unique location of Cl atoms at the interlayers of PCN and not on its π-conjugated
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Published 19 May 2021

Unravelling the interfacial interaction in mesoporous SiO2@nickel phyllosilicate/TiO2 core–shell nanostructures for photocatalytic activity

  • Bridget K. Mutuma,
  • Xiluva Mathebula,
  • Isaac Nongwe,
  • Bonakele P. Mtolo,
  • Boitumelo J. Matsoso,
  • Rudolph Erasmus,
  • Zikhona Tetana and
  • Neil J. Coville

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1834–1846, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.165

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  • were used as photocatalysts for the degradation of methyl violet dye and the degradation efficiencies were found to be 72% and 99% for the mSiO2@NiPS and the mSiO2@NiPS/TiO2 nanostructures, respectively. Furthermore, a recyclability test revealed good stability and recyclability of the mSiO2@NiPS/TiO2
  • the core–shell nanostructure and yielded superior photocatalytic properties. Keywords: bandgap energy; core–shell; dye degradation; nickel phyllosilicate; photocatalysts; Introduction Textile dyes and organic compounds are major water pollutants, which create an environmental hazard to aquatic
  • efficient, reliable, and eco-friendly water-treatment and decontamination techniques in order to mitigate this issue [3][4]. Among the various techniques, the use of semiconducting photocatalysts for light-stimulated degradation of dye pollutants has been extensively investigated [5]. Owing to its chemical
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Published 09 Dec 2020

Nanocasting synthesis of BiFeO3 nanoparticles with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity

  • Thomas Cadenbach,
  • Maria J. Benitez,
  • A. Lucia Morales,
  • Cesar Costa Vera,
  • Luis Lascano,
  • Francisco Quiroz,
  • Alexis Debut and
  • Karla Vizuete

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1822–1833, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.164

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  • the complete mineralization of dyes is achieved by the generation of hydroxyl and superoxide anion radicals [10][11]. Traditional photocatalysts, such as TiO2 or ZnO, provide chemical stability and facile preparation methods [12][13]. However, their environmental benefit in large-scale industrial
  • photocatalysts with narrow bandgaps in the visible-light region in combination with a slow electron–hole recombination has attracted a great deal of interest [18]. Bismuth ferrite (BiFeO3) is one of those photocatalysts and has been intensively researched in the past few years due to its narrow bandgap in the
  • lead to a decrease in photocatalytic activity due to crystal defects and local distortions altering the skin layer of the BiFeO3 photocatalysts [28][53][56]. From this results we conclude that the nanocasting method for the synthesis of BiFeO3 does not only produce pure-phase, uniform BiFeO3 with a
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Published 07 Dec 2020

High-responsivity hybrid α-Ag2S/Si photodetector prepared by pulsed laser ablation in liquid

  • Raid A. Ismail,
  • Hanan A. Rawdhan and
  • Duha S. Ahmed

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1596–1607, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.142

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  • ][6]. Silver sulfide nanoparticles (NPs) are extensively used in many applications, such as photoconductors, solar cells, infrared (IR) photodetectors, biosensors, photocatalysts, and probes [7][8][9]. A number of techniques have been used to synthesize nanostructured Ag2S, including facile
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Published 21 Oct 2020

Cu2O nanoparticles for the degradation of methyl parathion

  • Juan Rizo,
  • David Díaz,
  • Benito Reyes-Trejo and
  • M. Josefina Arellano-Jiménez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1546–1555, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.137

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  • degradation time while increasing the degradation efficacy. Our results suggest that the surface basicity of Cu2O NPs leads to degradation of MP without the need of other chemical substances or the use of photocatalysts that generate free radicals. The presence of free radicals is undesired since there is a
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Published 12 Oct 2020

Effect of Ag loading position on the photocatalytic performance of TiO2 nanocolumn arrays

  • Jinghan Xu,
  • Yanqi Liu and
  • Yan Zhao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 717–728, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.59

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  • ) of Ag and the absorption of light by TiO2. These results represent a promising step forward to the development of high-performance photocatalysts for energy conversion and storage. Keywords: anodic aluminum oxide template; nanocolumn arrays; photocatalysis; surface plasmon resonance; Introduction
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Published 05 May 2020

Synthesis and enhanced photocatalytic performance of 0D/2D CuO/tourmaline composite photocatalysts

  • Changqiang Yu,
  • Min Wen,
  • Zhen Tong,
  • Shuhua Li,
  • Yanhong Yin,
  • Xianbin Liu,
  • Yesheng Li,
  • Tongxiang Liang,
  • Ziping Wu and
  • Dionysios D. Dionysiou

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 407–416, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.31

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  • tourmaline-based functional composite photocatalysts for the treatment of organic contaminants in water. Keywords: 0D/2D CuO; organic contaminants; photocatalytic activity; photoinduced charge separation; tourmaline; Introduction Developing a novel semiconductor with excellent photoreactive activity toward
  • the treatment of organic contaminants in wastewater is in urgent need owing to the deterioration of the ecological environment [1]. Metal oxides, such as ZnO [2], TiO2 [3], Fe2O3 [4], and CuO [5], have been demonstrated to be promising photocatalysts. In particular, the band gap energy (Eg) of the p
  • way to promote the photocatalytic activity of CuO by coupling with the polar mineral tourmaline, and provides an ideal example for the development of easily synthesized and low-cost tourmaline-based photocatalysts. The morphology, microstructure, pore structure, optical properties, and durability of
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Published 02 Mar 2020

Improved adsorption and degradation performance by S-doping of (001)-TiO2

  • Xiao-Yu Sun,
  • Xian Zhang,
  • Xiao Sun,
  • Ni-Xian Qian,
  • Min Wang and
  • Yong-Qing Ma

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2116–2127, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.206

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  • spectra (UV–vis DRS) of the samples were measured on a Shimadazu U-4100 spectrometer (U-4100, Shimadazu Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was performed using a Thermo Scientific ESCALAB 250Xi (Thermo Scientific Inc., USA). The chemical bonds of the photocatalysts were
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Published 01 Nov 2019

Pulsed laser synthesis of highly active Ag–Rh and Ag–Pt antenna–reactor-type plasmonic catalysts

  • Kenneth A. Kane and
  • Massimo F. Bertino

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1958–1963, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.192

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  • forming multicomponent, antenna–reactor-type photocatalysts. Highly elevated LSPR-induced electric fields in the angular concavities increase the number of energetic charge carriers of adsorbed Rh/Pt NPs, and subsequently increase the reduction rate of 4-nitrophenolate. This effect is isolated to the NP
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Published 26 Sep 2019

BiOCl/TiO2/diatomite composites with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity for the degradation of rhodamine B

  • Minlin Ao,
  • Kun Liu,
  • Xuekun Tang,
  • Zishun Li,
  • Qian Peng and
  • Jing Huang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1412–1422, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.139

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  • [10]. As one of the most promising photocatalysts, in terms of its chemical stability, non-toxicity, photo-corrosion resistance in aqueous media and advanced oxidation properties, titanium dioxide (TiO2) has been widely studied [11][12] and employed for water splitting [13], energy storage [14], and
  • of TiO2/diatomite and pure BiOCl were analyzed by the same method. In addition, cyclic experiments were carried out to prove the recyclability of photocatalysts. The photocatalyst was collected by centrifugation and the surface organic matter was removed by ethanol and water washing several times
  • mineralized, although it has been completely decolorized under the same conditions. The result shows that about 45% of carbon is degraded to CO2. Photoelectrons and holes in photocatalysts have strong reductive and oxidative abilities, so they react with oxygen and other substances to form a variety of active
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Published 16 Jul 2019
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