Missing links in nanomaterials research impacting productivity and perceptions

• Santosh K. Tiwari and
• Nannan Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2168–2176, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.149

• frequently adapted from frameworks originally designed for bulk materials. These are inadequate for addressing the unique physicochemical properties, size-dependent behaviors, and long-term risks associated with nanoscale materials. As a result, scientifically appropriate, dedicated regulations for

Quality by design optimization of microemulsions for topical delivery of Passiflora setacea seed oil

• Daniel T. Pereira,
• Douglas Dourado,
• Danielle T. Freire,
• Dayanne L. Porto,
• Cícero F. S. Aragão,
• Myla L. de Souza,
• Guilherme R. S. de Araujo,
• Ana Maria Costa,
• Wógenes N. Oliveira,
• Anne Sapin-Minet,
• Éverton N. Alencar and
• Eryvaldo Sócrates T. Egito

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2116–2131, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.146

• of the physicochemical properties and interactions of their constituents [7][9]. In this context, the quality by design (QbD) framework provides a systematic and scientifically grounded approach for pharmaceutical formulation development. QbD emphasizes predefined quality objectives, product and

Toward clinical translation of carbon nanomaterials in anticancer drug delivery: the need for standardisation

• Michał Bartkowski,
• Francesco Calzaferri and
• Silvia Giordani

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2092–2104, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.144

• nanotubes, and carbon dots, have attracted considerable interest as nanocarriers for drug delivery due to their unique physicochemical properties. Their high surface area, biocompatibility, and modifiable surface chemistry make them highly attractive for a range of biomedical applications. However, concerns

• nanomaterials (CNMs) have been largely developed as nanocarriers for drug delivery due to their biocompatibility, high surface area, tuneable physicochemical properties, and targeting capabilities [13][14]. However, CNMs also present a subset of challenges, including toxicity concerns, expensive and time

• , laser ablation, or electrochemical techniques, among others. These CNMs must then be thoroughly characterised to confirm their structural and physicochemical properties, including size, shape, charge, surface functionality, stability, and potential toxicity. Following characterisation, anticancer

Beyond the shell: exploring polymer–lipid interfaces in core–shell nanofibers to carry hyaluronic acid and β-caryophyllene

• Aline Tavares da Silva Barreto,
• Francisco Alexandrino-Júnior,
• Bráulio Soares Arcanjo,
• Paulo Henrique de Souza Picciani and
• Kattya Gyselle de Holanda e Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 2015–2033, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.139

• critical gap persists in thoroughly understanding the complex polymer–lipid interactions, particularly in systems designed for the simultaneous co-encapsulation of compounds with vastly different physicochemical properties, such as hydrophilic HA and lipophilic βCp. An in-depth understanding of these

• important physicochemical properties of these structures are highly related to conformational changes in the polymeric chain caused by the spinning process [49][53]. Initially, the influence of the travel distance of the polymer jet on fiber formation was examined (Figure 4). This critical parameter exerts

PEGylated lipids in lipid nanoparticle delivery dynamics and therapeutic innovation

• Peiyang Gao

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1914–1930, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.133

• chains arrange on the nanoparticle surface and the potential impacts on LNPs’ physicochemical properties by varying surface PEG density or PEG chemistry. Subsequently, PEG conformations are discussed in terms of their modulation of protein corona formation, cellular uptake, and immunogenic responses

• lipid surface density and structure on LNP physicochemical properties Understanding the spatial organization of lipid components within LNPs is critical for optimizing their physicochemical characterization and stability. In particular, the localization of PEG lipids plays a significant role in

• LNP physicochemical properties can be affected by a complex interplay between PEG molar fraction, molecular weight, and lipid anchor structure [20]. While increasing PEG density often leads to reduced particle size, the fluctuation of size can still vary depending on the PEG anchor structure [19

On the road to sustainability – application of metallic nanoparticles obtained by green synthesis in dentistry: a scoping review

• Lorena Pinheiro Vasconcelos Silva,
• Joice Catiane Soares Martins,
• Israel Luís Carvalho Diniz,
• Júlio Abreu Miranda,
• Danilo Rodrigues de Souza,
• Éverton do Nascimento Alencar,
• Moan Jéfter Fernandes Costa and
• Pedro Henrique Sette-de-Souza

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1851–1862, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.128

• ; sustainable development; Introduction Nanotechnology is an interdisciplinary field of science that involves the manipulation of materials at the nanoscale, typically ranging from 1 to 100 nm in inorganic nanomaterials, to generate structures with unique physicochemical properties [1][2][3]. Among the most

• of both physicochemical properties and biological effects (Figure 6). The most frequently reported biological activity among the selected studies was the inhibition of microbial growth (80.0%; n = 44), highlighting its prominence as a primary target in antimicrobial research. The studies primarily

Phytol-loaded soybean oil nanoemulsion as a promising alternative against Leishmania amazonensis

• Victória Louise Pinto Freire,
• Mariana Farias Alves-Silva,
• Johny W. de Freitas Oliveira,
• Matheus de Freitas Fernandes-Pedrosa,
• Alianda Maira Cornélio,
• Marcelo de Souza-Silva,
• Thayse Silva Medeiros and
• Arnóbio Antônio da Silva Junior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1826–1836, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.126

• ± standard deviation of three independent experiments. *** Represents significant differences at p < 0.01. Physicochemical properties of nanoemulsions after centrifugation stability assessment over 15 days. IC50 values of free-PHYT and PHYT-NE on promastigote forms of L. amazonensis. Composition of the

Electrical, photocatalytic, and sensory properties of graphene oxide and polyimide implanted with low- and medium-energy silver ions

• Josef Novák,
• Eva Štěpanovská,
• Petr Malinský,
• Vlastimil Mazánek,
• Jan Luxa,
• Ulrich Kentsch and
• Zdeněk Sofer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1794–1811, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.123

• multifunctional behavior of polymer systems. Keywords: ERDA; graphene oxide; ion implantation; photocatalysis; polyimide; RBS; Introduction Silver ion implantation is an effective strategy for controlling modification of the physicochemical properties of polymers and graphene-based materials. This method allows

Exploring the potential of polymers: advancements in oral nanocarrier technology

• Rousilândia de Araujo Silva,
• Igor Eduardo Silva Arruda,
• Luise Lopes Chaves,
• Mônica Felts de La Roca Soares and
• Jose Lamartine Soares Sobrinho

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1751–1793, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.122

• in the application of polymers as oral nanocarriers, emphasizing key natural and synthetic polymers that enhance stability, bioavailability, and release. The physicochemical properties, biodegradability, and chemical modifications of these polymers, which promote mucoadhesion and epithelial

• particles. Materials reduced to this scale exhibit alterations in their physicochemical properties, enhancing their interactions with molecular and cellular processes. Consequently, nanotechnology has diverse pharmaceutical applications, as the nanoencapsulation of drugs improves solubility and

• made PNs a topic of growing interest in light of their small size and unique physicochemical properties [22][23]. These systems offer advantages for drug delivery, including the ability to protect labile compounds, control release kinetics, improve drug solubility and stability, enhance oral

Multifunctional anionic nanoemulsion with linseed oil and lecithin: a preliminary approach for dry eye disease

• Niédja Fittipaldi Vasconcelos,
• Almerinda Agrelli,
• Rayane Cristine Santos da Silva,
• Carina Lucena Mendes-Marques,
• Isabel Renata de Souza Arruda,
• Priscilla Stela Santana de Oliveira,
• Mércia Liane de Oliveira and
• Giovanna Machado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1711–1733, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.120

• , thus destabilizing bilayer formation. Conversely, lecithins with a higher proportion of saturated phospholipids are more likely to organize into stable bilayer vesicles like liposomes. These structural features of lecithin play a crucial role in determining the physicochemical properties of the

• using R v.4.5.1 [60], specifically the packages “tidyverse” v.2.0.0 [61] and “rstatix v.0.7.2 [62]. Supplementary statistical data are provided in spreadsheets and can be accessed in Supporting Information File 2. Results and Discussion Physicochemical properties of linseed oil The identification and

Prospects of nanotechnology and natural products for cancer and immunotherapy

• Jan Filipe Andrade Santos,
• Marcela Bernardes Brasileiro,
• Pamela Danielle Cavalcante Barreto,
• Ligiane Aranha Rocha and
• José Adão Carvalho Nascimento Júnior

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1644–1667, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.116

Laser processing in liquids: insights into nanocolloid generation and thin film integration for energy, photonic, and sensing applications

• Akshana Parameswaran Sreekala,
• Pooja Raveendran Nair,
• Jithin Kundalam Kadavath,
• Bindu Krishnan,
• David Avellaneda Avellaneda,
• M. R. Anantharaman and
• Sadasivan Shaji

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1428–1498, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.104

• obtained. These mechanisms play a crucial role in determining the characteristics of the final products, whether they be spherical NPs, QDs, or other nanostructures, depending on the specific goals of the synthesis. NPs exhibit distinct mechanical and physicochemical properties that are influenced by

The role of biochar in combating microplastic pollution: a bibliometric analysis in environmental contexts

• Tuan Minh Truong Dang,
• Thao Thu Thi Huynh,
• Guo-Ping Chang-Chien and
• Ha Manh Bui

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1401–1416, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.102

• 2022, reflecting efforts to mitigate MP pollution through biochar application in terrestrial and aquatic environments. From 2022 to 2024, terms like “community structure”, “agriculture”, and “impact” suggest a shift toward investigating biochar's influence on the physicochemical properties of soil and

• physicochemical properties, remediation efficiency, and environmental stability of MPs. Evaluating biochar’s potential for MP remediation in agricultural soils, focusing on improvements in soil properties, crop yield, gene expression, and microbial communities. Examining biochar’s adsorption mechanisms and MP

• and biochar concentration, underscoring biochar’s pivotal role in soil remediation and plant performance enhancement in MP-contaminated soils. Enhancement of soil physicochemical properties MPs exert significant impacts on soil physicochemical properties, altering its physical structure, chemical

Ferroptosis induction by engineered liposomes for enhanced tumor therapy

• Alireza Ghasempour,
• Mohammad Amin Tokallou,
• Mohammad Reza Naderi Allaf,
• Mohsen Moradi,
• Hamideh Dehghan,
• Mahsa Sedighi,
• Mohammad-Ali Shahbazi and
• Fahimeh Lavi Arab

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1325–1349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.97

• hydrophobic phospholipid bilayer and a hydrophilic core. Depending on the physicochemical properties of the drug, this type of structure allows the entrapment of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs [1]. Liposomes, like other nanosystems, have many benefits, such as prolonged systemic blood circulation

• physicochemical properties of liposomes, including size, surface charge, EE, and stability, directly influence their biological interactions and therapeutic potential. These characteristics are particularly crucial in designing liposomes for ferroptosis induction, as they determine the efficiency of iron delivery

Acrocomia aculeata oil-loaded nanoemulsion: development, anti-inflammatory properties, and cytotoxicity evaluation

• Verónica Bautista-Robles,
• Hady Keita,
• Edgar Julián Paredes Gamero,
• Layna Tayná Brito Leite,
• Jessica de Araújo Isaías Muller,
• Mônica Cristina Toffoli Kadri,
• Ariadna Lafourcade Prada and
• Jesús Rafael Rodríguez Amado

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1277–1288, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.93

• . Representative scheme of the experimental protocol of paw edema induced by carrageenan. D.W. = distilled water; D.S. = diclofenac sodium; AAO = Acrocomia aculeata oil; AANE = Acrocomia aculeata oil nanoemulsions. Physicochemical properties of Acrocomia aculeata fruit pulp oil. Lipid profile of Acrocomia aculeata

Functional bio-packaging enhanced with nanocellulose from rice straw and cinnamon essential oil Pickering emulsion for fruit preservation

• Tuyen B. Ly,
• Duong D. T. Nguyen,
• Hieu D. Nguyen,
• Yen T. H. Nguyen,
• Bup T. A. Bui,
• Kien A. Le and
• Phung K. Le

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1234–1245, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.91

• and enhanced food safety [30]. Results and Discussion Physicochemical properties FTIR spectroscopy (Figure 1a) was used to study the PVA/glycerol biopackaging (BP), NC-reinforced BP (rBP), and PE-CEO-containing rBP (rCBP) composite films. BP exhibited characteristic peaks at 3330 cm−1 (O–H stretching

• physicochemical properties of the films. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) (Figure 2c) shows how increasing the PE-CEO concentration may affect the thermal stability of the sample. At lower PE-CEO concentration, almost no variation between the rCBP samples can be observed. At 10% (v/w) PE-CEO concentration, a

• cast onto a mold and dried at 70 °C for 12 h. All concentrations were based on the mass of PVA. Characterization Physicochemical properties Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra were recorded in the range of 4000–500 cm−1 using a Bruker ALPHA II spectrometer (Germany) at a spectral

Hydrogels and nanogels: effectiveness in dermal applications

• Jéssica da Cruz Ludwig,
• Diana Fortkamp Grigoletto,
• Daniele Fernanda Renzi,
• Wolf-Rainer Abraham,
• Daniel de Paula and
• Najeh Maissar Khalil

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1216–1233, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.90

• - Vila Carli, Guarapuava – PR, Brazil Helmholtz-Zentrum für Infektionsforschung, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany 10.3762/bjnano.16.90 Abstract Drug delivery systems (DDSs) are an important tool for obtaining medicines with improved physicochemical properties, especially for drugs with

• thermodynamic activity of the system). Thus, the physicochemical properties related to the first approach involve only the interactions between drugs and vehicles. On the other hand, changing the drug solubility and/or its diffusion through SC is much more complex and comprises multiple interactions among drug

Investigation of the solubility of protoporphyrin IX in aqueous and hydroalcoholic solvent systems

• Michelly de Sá Matsuoka,
• Giovanna Carla Cadini Ruiz,
• Marcos Luciano Bruschi and
• Jéssica Bassi da Silva

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1209–1215, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.89

• source, and tissue oxygen. Protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) is commonly used as a PS due to its tumor-targeting properties and phototoxicity. However, the physicochemical properties of PpIX foster self-aggregation, which is a challenge for its incorporation into pharmaceutical formulations. This study aimed to

Piezoelectricity of hexagonal boron nitrides improves bone tissue generation as tested on osteoblasts

• Sevin Adiguzel,
• Nilay Cicek,
• Zehra Cobandede,
• Feray B. Misirlioglu,
• Hulya Yilmaz and
• Mustafa Culha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 1068–1081, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.78

• using a variety of techniques including FTIR, Raman, UV–vis, DLS, and PRFM to confirm their physicochemical properties. Characterization of hexagonal boron nitrides The TEM images of the synthesized hBNs are shown in Supporting Information File 1, Figure S3 (a) and (b). As seen, hBNs have platelet-like

Serum heat inactivation diminishes ApoE-mediated uptake of D-Lin-MC3-DMA lipid nanoparticles

• Demian van Straten,
• Luuk van de Schepop,
• Rowan Frunt,
• Pieter Vader and
• Raymond M. Schiffelers

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 740–748, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.57

• proteins, forms on its surface. This so-called protein corona significantly affects the physicochemical properties of the nanoparticle, such as size, charge and stability [2][3][4][5]. In turn, the composition of the protein corona is influenced by the physicochemical properties of the pristine

Colloidal few layered graphene–tannic acid preserves the biocompatibility of periodontal ligament cells

• Teissir Ben Ammar,
• Naji Kharouf,
• Dominique Vautier,
• Housseinou Ba,
• Nivedita Sudheer,
• Philippe Lavalle and
• Vincent Ball

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 664–677, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.51

• applications and dentistry. In future work, we will incorporate the FLG–TA composite into various dental biomaterials, such as sealer resins and calcium silicate cements, to improve their mechanical and physicochemical properties. Experimental Reagents and materials Tannic acid (MW = 1701.20 g·mol−1) and

Aprepitant-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles: a novel approach to enhance oral bioavailability

• Mazhar Hussain,
• Muhammad Farooq,
• Muhammad Asad Saeed,
• Muhammad Ijaz,
• Sherjeel Adnan,
• Zeeshan Masood,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Wafa Ishaq and
• Nabeela Ameer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 652–663, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.50

• size dispersity. Table 1 shows that when the β-CD concentration was reduced, particle size and PDI increased and the zeta potential value changed to more negative values. The results indicate that APT-loaded SLNs effectively redisperse into stable NPs while maintaining their original physicochemical

• properties. The zeta potential values of all formulations remained negative, demonstrating that the electrostatic stability of SLNs was maintained. APT-CD-NP4 (from −18.8 ± 0.94 to −17 ± 0.6 mV) and APT-PX-NP8 (from −20.7 ± 0.71 to −20.0 ± 0.9 mV) showed only slight shifts. The particle size of all

Polyurethane/silk fibroin-based electrospun membranes for wound healing and skin substitute applications

• Iqra Zainab,
• Zohra Naseem,
• Syeda Rubab Batool,
• Muhammad Waqas,
• Ahsan Nazir and
• Muhammad Anwaar Nazeer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 591–612, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.46

• antibacterial properties of PU nanofibrous membranes [162]. PU/gelatin and PU/cobalt nitrate were used to create mixed nanofibers scaffolds used to develop wound dressings [162][163]. It was shown that cobalt nitrate added to the PU wound dressing resulted in improved physicochemical properties, blood

Nanomaterials in targeting amyloid-β oligomers: current advances and future directions for Alzheimer's disease diagnosis and therapy

• Shiwani Randhawa,
• Trilok Chand Saini,
• Manik Bathla,
• Rahul Bhardwaj,
• Rubina Dhiman and
• Amitabha Acharya

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 561–580, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.44

• physicochemical properties, diverse structural forms, and potential applications in combating NDs. The unique characteristics of CNMs, including their hydrophobic surfaces and variable dimensions, enable them to interact effectively with biomolecules, making them valuable tools in biomedical research and

Synthetic-polymer-assisted antisense oligonucleotide delivery: targeted approaches for precision disease treatment

• Ana Cubillo Alvarez,
• Dylan Maguire and
• Ruairí P. Brannigan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2025, 16, 435–463, doi:10.3762/bjnano.16.34

• activity of a series of transferrin-conjugated LPNs with varied physicochemical properties, designed to deliver a phosphorothioate ASO targeting ribonucleotide nuclease R1 [114]. Experimental and in vitro studies indicated that optimal biostability and cytocompatibility were achieved with particles bearing

• process of PPI-Mal G4 and PPI-Mal-III G4 dendrimers conjugated with multiple anti-HIV ASOs. Dendriplexes with diverse sizes and morphologies, including 1D rod-like and 3D diamond-shaped structures, were successfully prepared by altering the physicochemical properties of the carriers and the