Modeling a multiple-chain emeraldine gas sensor for NH₃ and NO₂ detection

• Hana Sustkova and
• Jan Voves

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 721–729, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.64

• conducting PANI varieties, after inserting a defect into the molecule, one or more polarons can occur. To produce two polarons per one mer consisting of four benzene units, a proton needs to be added to every second nitrogen atom of the emeraldine base, or every second nitrogen atom of the leucoemeraldine

Impact of electron–phonon coupling on electron transport through T-shaped arrangements of quantum dots in the Kondo regime

• Patryk Florków and
• Stanisław Lipiński

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1209–1225, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.89

• ; polarons; quantum dots; Introduction As the dimension of a mesoscopic system decreases, interactions between electrons become more important and many-body resonances build up. As a consequence, new transport paths are opened. The key phenomenon of strong correlations is the Kondo effect, which arises from

• directly to the leads or vibrations coupled to the interacting dots linked to the electrodes indirectly via the open dot. Phonons interacting with electrons in the open dots form polarons and effectively renormalize coupling to the leads and shift dot site energies. This changes the interference conditions

Adsorption behavior of tin phthalocyanine onto the (110) face of rutile TiO₂

• Lukasz Bodek,
• Mads Engelund,
• Aleksandra Cebrat and
• Bartosz Such

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 821–828, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.67

• molecule towards the surface. Also, the electrostatic landscape of a reduced rutile (110) surface prepared in UHV by sputter–anneal cycles is complicated. The cleaning procedure creates oxygen vacancies, which in turn leads to the formation of polarons near the surface [29][30][31]. Additionally, water

Ternary nanocomposites of reduced graphene oxide, polyaniline and hexaniobate: hierarchical architecture and high polaron formation

• Claudio H. B. Silva,
• Maria Iliut,
• Christopher Muryn,
• Christian Berger,
• Zachary Coldrick,
• Vera R. L. Constantino,
• Marcia L. A. Temperini and
• Aravind Vijayaraghavan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2936–2946, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.272

• PANI, the emeraldine salt (PANI-ES) contains two species: unpaired spin segments, the polarons (also known as radical cations); and paired spin segments, the bipolarons (also known as dications) [24][25]. The combination of PANI and inorganic materials at the nanoscale has shown interesting results for

• rGO/PANI and rGO/PANI/hexNb nanocomposites. In the present study, the N 1s peaks are mostly from nitrogen-containing groups of PANI, the amine, imine or charged nitrogen sites (from polarons or bipolarons) of the polymeric chains [52][53][54][55]. Therefore, XPS spectroscopy provides important

• –)-related component at ca. 399 eV, but also shows components of quinone (=N–), polaron (–N•+H–) and bipolaron (=N+H–) groups at ca. 398, ca. 401 and ca. 402 eV, respectively. The comparison of spectral data for PANI and rGO/PANI in Figure 5 shows that the relative contributions of polarons and bipolarons

Numerical analysis of single-point spectroscopy curves used in photo-carrier dynamics measurements by Kelvin probe force microscopy under frequency-modulated excitation

• Pablo A. Fernández Garrillo,
• Benjamin Grévin and
• Łukasz Borowik

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1834–1843, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.175

• . Experimental Photo-carrier generation is a process that takes place in semiconductor materials when electron–hole pairs (positive and negative polarons in the case of organic photovoltaics) are created by exciting an electron from the valence band to the conduction band (π-electrons from the highest occupied

Spin-dependent transport and functional design in organic ferromagnetic devices

• Guichao Hu,
• Shijie Xie,
• Chuankui Wang and
• Carsten Timm

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1919–1931, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.192

• required for the future. Especially for large-scale devices composed of long OF polymer chains, polaronic transport is possible, which is very common in organic materials. One of our works not discussed in detail here exhibits a distinctive property of polarons in OFs caused by the spin radicals, namely

Light-induced magnetoresistance in solution-processed planar hybrid devices measured under ambient conditions

• Sreetama Banerjee,
• Daniel Bülz,
• Danny Reuter,
• Karla Hiller,
• Dietrich R. T. Zahn and
• Georgeta Salvan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1502–1507, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.150

• evaporated TIPS-pentacene (6·10−3 to 1 cm2·V−1·s−1) [9]. As no magnetoresistance was observed in the absence of illumination and hence of a photocurrent, the observed effect in the solution-deposited TIPS-pentacene OFETs and HED-TIEs is supposedly based on the presence of spin-carrying polarons related to

• electrons and holes created by photoexcitation. These weakly interacting polarons are labelled as “electron–hole (e–h) pairs” and are considered to contribute to OMAR because of their flexible spin configuration (singlet or triplet). The same mechanism was proposed to be responsible for the OMAR observed in

Spin-chemistry concepts for spintronics scientists

• Konstantin L. Ivanov,
• Alexander Wagenpfahl,
• Carsten Deibel and
• Jörg Matysik

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1427–1445, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.143

• bipolarons, electron–hole (polaron) pairs (or charge transfer excitons), but also polarons interacting with triplets, as well as triplet–exciton pairs. The bipolaron model [83] can explain a positive magnetoresistance in energetically disordered systems, such as a conjugated polymer film. A mobile polaron is

Ultrasmall magnetic field-effect and sign reversal in transistors based on donor/acceptor systems

• Thomas Reichert and
• Tobat P. I. Saragi

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1104–1114, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.112

• probability for the formation of bipolaronic species. According to the bipolaron model, two equally charged polarons can only simultaneously occupy a molecular transport site if their spin states are antiparallel [11][37]. For parallel polaron spins, bipolaron formation is energetically forbidden. Thus, the

• formation of bipolarons depends on the relative orientation of the precursor polaron spins and the process is magnetosensitive. The singlet and triplet states of the precursor polarons pairs are energetically degenerated in the absence of external magnetic fields and are mixed by the statistically

• , the current density increases and, thus, the probability of individual polarons to meet each other increases as well. Hence, more bipolarons are formed at high drain voltages and negative magnetoresistance gets predominant. Since positive and negative magnetoresistance are derived from the same

Ammonia gas sensors based on In₂O₃/PANI hetero-nanofibers operating at room temperature

• Qingxin Nie,
• Zengyuan Pang,
• Hangyi Lu,
• Yibing Cai and
• Qufu Wei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1312–1321, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.122

• voltage and then almost linear rise at high voltages. But for pure PANI, the current showed nearly linear behavior in the forward region, which is attributed to raidply forming polarons and bipolarons in PANI. As some researches mentioned [28][29][30], the ohmic behavior in this case was related to the

Effects of electronic coupling and electrostatic potential on charge transport in carbon-based molecular electronic junctions

• Richard L. McCreery

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 32–46, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.4

• predicts that the transport is proportional to t2(N − 1), where N is the number of “sites” between the contacts [48]. For transport in conducting polymers, Hab is related to charge propagation between polarons both along the chain and between different chains [49][50]. These theories include a barrier

Current–voltage characteristics of manganite–titanite perovskite junctions

• Benedikt Ifland,
• Patrick Peretzki,
• Birte Kressdorf,
• Philipp Saring,
• Andreas Kelling,
• Michael Seibt and
• Christian Jooss

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1467–1484, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.152

• electron–polaron hole–polaron pair generation and separation at the interface. Keywords: current–voltage characteristics; perovskites; photovoltaics; polarons; Introduction At present, photovoltaic devices are mainly based on high purity elemental or compound inorganic semiconducting materials with large

• variety of solar cells. In recent years, organic and other narrow bandwidth semiconductors came into the focus of research efforts [2][3][4][5][6][7]. They often result in new types of quasi-particles such as polarons (i.e., bound states of charge and lattice distortions). Polarons are present in organic

• hand, the manganite oxide perovskites are strongly correlated electron systems that exhibit a strong electron–phonon interaction. This leads to the formation of small polarons [21]. The polaron-like character of the quasi-particles in perovskite oxides provides at least two exciting issues related to

Structural and electronic properties of oligo- and polythiophenes modified by substituents

• Simon P. Rittmeyer and
• Axel Groß

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2012, 3, 909–919, doi:10.3762/bjnano.3.101

• cannot address polarons, which are supposed to extend over five thiophene rings [18]. Still, our results may be helpful to understand trends in the band gap engineering. Furthermore, we note that it has been shown that changing the oxidation state through electrochemical potential control can have a

• the formation of polarons or bipolarons. Quite often this leads to the formation of modulated quinoid-like structures [18][19] that extend over about five thiophene rings. In fact, as illustrated in Figure 10, we also find indications of a quinoid-like modification upon oxidizing the polymers. Yet

• , since our unit cell only contains at most two thiophene rings, such polarons, which would probably lead to the existence of a band gap, cannot be formed in our periodic DFT calculations. In order to address this issue, larger unit cells are required. Such calculations, which are more time-consuming, are