On the additive artificial intelligence-based discovery of nanoparticle neurodegenerative disease drug delivery systems

• Shan He,
• Julen Segura Abarrategi,
• Harbil Bediaga,
• Sonia Arrasate and
• Humberto González-Díaz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 535–555, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.47

• and NDD compounds, as well as the various assays involved. Artificial intelligence/machine learning (AI/ML) algorithms have the potential to accelerate this process by predicting the most promising NDD and NP candidates for assaying. Nevertheless, the relatively limited amount of reported data on

• coworkers. These researchers employed this database to create advanced predictive models known as multitarget or multiplexing QSAR. These models are designed to forecast both the potential neurotoxicity and neuroprotective effects of drugs across various experimental setups, including multiple assays, drug

• of potential bioactive molecules [73]. These structural descriptors are Dd1 = logarithm of the n-octanol/water partition coefficient (LOGPi) and Dd2 = topological polar surface area (PSAi). In contrast, the cytotoxicity NP vector lists the elements as Dnk = [Dn1, Dn2, Dn3, Dn4, Dn5, Dn6, Dn7, Dn8

Cholesterol nanoarchaeosomes for alendronate targeted delivery as an anti-endothelial dysfunction agent

• Horacio Emanuel Jerez,
• Yamila Roxana Simioni,
• Kajal Ghosal,
• Maria Jose Morilla and
• Eder Lilia Romero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 517–534, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.46

• into targeted nanovesicles, its anti-inflammatory activity may be amplified towards extra-osseous and noncalcified target cells, such as severely irritated vascular endothelium. Here cytotoxicity, mitochondrial membrane potential, ATP content, and membrane fluidity of human endothelial venous cells

• (HUVECs) were determined after endocytosis of ALN-loaded nanoarchaeosomes (nanoARC-Chol(ALN), made of polar lipids from Halorubrum tebenquichense: cholesterol 7:3 w/w, 166 ± 5 nm, 0.16 ± 0.02 PDI, −40.8 ± 5.4 mV potential, 84.7 ± 21 µg/mg ALN/total lipids, TL). The effect of nanoARC-Chol(ALN) was further

• with sufficient effectivity under dynamic conditions [26]. However, simple in vitro experimental settings employing static conditions could anticipate both potential toxicity and therapeutic effects. In this context, new natural biomaterials such as archaeolipids are being explored with growing

Electron-induced deposition using Fe(CO)₄MA and Fe(CO)₅ – effect of MA ligand and process conditions

• Hannah Boeckers,
• Atul Chaudhary,
• Petra Martinović,
• Amy V. Walker,
• Lisa McElwee-White and
• Petra Swiderek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 500–516, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.45

• , Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States Department of Materials Science and Engineering RL10, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Rd, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States 10.3762/bjnano.15.45 Abstract The electron-induced decomposition of Fe(CO)4MA (MA = methyl acrylate), which is a potential

• ascribed to C–H bond cleavage within the MA ligand or in potential products formed from MA during electron irradiation. A second ESD experiment was performed under the same conditions to record the time evolution of specific m/z ratios during irradiation (Figure 3). Three irradiation steps of 2000 µC/cm2

• deposition processes and precursors can be derived, but the effect of the different EALs and of potential inhomogeneity of the deposits must be carefully considered in the following discussion of the AES data. Thermal reactions of residual gases and of Fe(CO)4MA and Fe(CO)5 on the Ta substrate Thermal

Aero-ZnS prepared by physical vapor transport on three-dimensional networks of sacrificial ZnO microtetrapods

• Veaceslav Ursaki,
• Tudor Braniste,
• Victor Zalamai,
• Emil Rusu,
• Vladimir Ciobanu,
• Vadim Morari,
• Daniel Podgornii,
• Pier Carlo Ricci,
• Rainer Adelung and
• Ion Tiginyanu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 490–499, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.44

• phase content of the prepared aerogels by the duration of the technological procedure. A scheme of deep energy levels and electronic transitions in the ZnS skeleton of the aeromaterial was deduced from the PL analysis, suggesting that the produced aerogel is a potential candidate for photocatalytic and

• properties, one may expect that the developed aero-ZnS material is a potential candidate for photocatalytic applications, as well as for sensor applications, as demonstrated for other aeromaterials. Apart from that, dual hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties demonstrated previously for aero-ZnS are

• prospective for microfluidic applications. One may expect that the physical vapor transport technology applied in this research will be suitable also for the preparation of other aero-semiconductor materials, increasing the number of potential applications. Experimental The ZnS aeromaterial was prepared in

Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue under visible light by cobalt ferrite nanoparticles/graphene quantum dots

• Vo Chau Ngoc Anh,
• Le Thi Thanh Nhi,
• Le Thi Kim Dung,
• Dang Thi Ngoc Hoa,
• Nguyen Truong Son,
• Nguyen Thi Thao Uyen,
• Nguyen Ngoc Uyen Thu,
• Le Van Thanh Son,
• Le Trung Hieu,
• Tran Ngoc Tuyen and
• Dinh Quang Khieu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 475–489, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.43

• electrons and holes. These results suggest that the CoFe2O4/GQD nanocomposite is a potential catalyst for methylene blue degradation and various environmental applications. XRD patterns of (a) CF and (b) CF/GQDs. (a) UV–vis absorption spectra of the GQD solution; inset: GQD solution under white light (left

Fabrication of nanocrystal forms of ᴅ-cycloserine and their application for transdermal and enteric drug delivery systems

• Hsuan-Ang Tsai,
• Tsai-Miao Shih,
• Theodore Tsai,
• Jhe-Wei Hu,
• Yi-An Lai,
• Jui-Fu Hsiao and
• Guochuan Emil Tsai

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 465–474, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.42

• studied over the last three decades, primarily due to its centrally active partial agonism of N-methyl-ᴅ-aspartate (NMDA) receptor [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. Several researches indicated that DCS is a potential drug candidate to treat CNS disorders such as depression, schizophrenia, Alzheimer's

• storage conditions for the formulation of the DSC aqueous solution, and any potential incompatibilities between the DSC aqueous solution and other excipients. We found that without adding NaOH solution to the Formulation Test 2 and 3 in Table 1, the color of the DCS solution changed from colorless to dark

Sidewall angle tuning in focused electron beam-induced processing

• Sangeetha Hari,
• Willem F. van Dorp,
• Johannes J. L. Mulders,
• Piet H. F. Trompenaars,
• Pieter Kruit and
• Cornelis W. Hagen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 447–456, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.40

• which the sidewall angle becomes 90°. The method described here to make vertical sidewalls of FEBID deposits has the potential to make FEBIP a more competitive technology for lithography applications. Experimental The FEBID and FEBIE experiments were carried out in a Thermo Fisher Scientific Helios 650

Heat-induced morphological changes in silver nanowires deposited on a patterned silicon substrate

• Elyad Damerchi,
• Sven Oras,
• Edgars Butanovs,
• Allar Liivlaid,
• Mikk Antsov,
• Boris Polyakov,
• Annamarija Trausa,
• Veronika Zadin,
• Andreas Kyritsakis,
• Loïc Vidal,
• Karine Mougin,
• Siim Pikker and
• Sergei Vlassov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 435–446, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.39

•  1. Molecular dynamics simulations were performed with the large-scale atomic/molecular massively parallel simulator (LAMMPS) [40]. Interactions between the atoms were governed by the embedded atom method (EAM) potential [41] for silver atoms. Visualization was performed with the Open Visualization

• . Diffusion is expected to start mainly at the surface resulting in the thinning of the NW in the middle of the suspended part. It means that a further heat treatment will result in the splitting of the necking region before the NW splits anywhere else. Therefore, we have a potential mechanism responsible for

Potential of a deep eutectic solvent in silver nanoparticle fabrication for antibiotic residue detection

• Le Hong Tho,
• Bui Xuan Khuyen,
• Ngoc Xuan Dat Mai and
• Nhu Hoa Thi Tran

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 426–434, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.38

• (Ag NPs), but the potential of DESs in Ag NP synthesis was neither considered nor studied carefully. In this study, we present a novel strategy to fabricate Ag NPs in a DES (Ag NPs-DES). The DES composed of ᴅ-glucose, urea, and glycerol does not contain any anions to precipitate with Ag+ cations. Our

• NFT and SDZ, respectively. Besides, the linearity coefficients are extremely close to 1 in the range of 10−8 to 10−3 M of concentration, and the SERS substrate shows remarkable uniformity along with great selectivity. This powerful SERS performance indicates that DESs have tremendous potential in the

• synthesis of nanomaterials for biosensor substrate construction. Keywords: Ag NPs; antibiotic residue; deep eutectic solvents; potential; SERS; Introduction Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is a ubiquitous technology for detecting and tracing substances, applied in various kinds of sensors. The

Classification and application of metal-based nanoantioxidants in medicine and healthcare

• Nguyen Nhat Nam,
• Nguyen Khoi Song Tran,
• Tan Tai Nguyen,
• Nguyen Ngoc Trai,
• Nguyen Phuong Thuy,
• Hoang Dang Khoa Do,
• Nhu Hoa Thi Tran and
• Kieu The Loan Trinh

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 396–415, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.36

• safely apply these nanomaterials for human healthcare, which strictly require assessment regarding quality control, safety, and efficacy. Many in vitro and in vivo assessments have been reported to prove the potential of metal-based nanomaterials for scavenging free radicals. FeO nanoparticles have 81

• metal-based nanoantioxidants of each type are described focusing on the mechanism of action, antioxidant activities, and individual properties. Second, the application of metal-based nanoantioxidants in medicine and healthcare is carefully discussed in order to demonstrate the potential of

• damage before an oxidative reaction can occur (Figure 1). Preventive antioxidants are also known as the first-line defense antioxidants because they efficiently neutralize or eliminate any potential molecule involved in free radical development. Preventive antioxidants prevent the formation of free

On the mechanism of piezoresistance in nanocrystalline graphite

• Sandeep Kumar,
• Simone Dehm and
• Ralph Krupke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 376–384, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.34

• constrictions at the end of the active device area were used to measure the potential drop across the device area. The measurements were done in constant current mode, and the voltage drop across the squared central area was measured at each strain value. NCG was grown by spin coating S1805 at 4000 rpm

• , indicating potential grain rotation and bond reformation, leading to a modified nano/microstructure. In the larger-strain regime, an exponential increase in sheet resistance vs strain signifies further partially reversible crack formation. To enhance understanding, a tunneling + destruction model was fitted

Investigating ripple pattern formation and damage profiles in Si and Ge induced by 100 keV Ar⁺ ion beam: a comparative study

• Indra Sulania,
• Harpreet Sondhi,
• Tanuj Kumar,
• Sunil Ojha,
• G R Umapathy,
• Ambuj Mishra,
• Ambuj Tripathi,
• Richa Krishna,
• Devesh Kumar Avasthi and
• Yogendra Kumar Mishra

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 367–375, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.33

• surface, it may lose its energy in the following ways. If the ion has enough energy to cross the repulsive potential energy barrier of target atoms at the surface, it will pass through the solid. A collision cascade is created within the target atoms during the slowing-down course. The impinging ion

Modulated critical currents of spin-transfer torque-induced resistance changes in NiCu/Cu multilayered nanowires

• Mengqi Fu,
• Roman Hartmann,
• Julian Braun,
• Sergej Andreev,
• Torsten Pietsch and
• Elke Scheer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 360–366, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.32

• of STT-assisted resistance switching in multilayered nanowires, raw data before the background subtraction, a schematic diagram of the four-point measurements at low temperature, 2D color maps of (dV/dI)red over a larger current range and under upsweep of the magnetic field, the potential influence

Controllable physicochemical properties of WO_x thin films grown under glancing angle

• Rupam Mandal,
• Aparajita Mandal,
• Alapan Dutta,
• Rengasamy Sivakumar,
• Sanjeev Kumar Srivastava and
• Tapobrata Som

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 350–359, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.31

• electrochemical property variation of the underlying films induced by structural changes. Therefore, a systematic investigation on the surface work function of the NS-WOx films as a function of thickness holds the potential for accessing its practical device application. In this article, we report on tunable

• valuable information on the work function of a variety of films’ surfaces. Mathematically, the sample work function (ϕsample) can be expressed as: where the contact potential difference between the sample and the tip is denoted by VCPD and the ϕtip is the work function of the tip [44]. Figure 4a–d presents

• on the variation in work function with thickness for GLAD-grown WOx films in this study is valuable towards potential device applications, where work function optimization among consecutive layers is imperative. Moreover, the adopted rf sputtering technique in the present work ensures reduced surface

Nanomedicines against Chagas disease: a critical review

• Maria Jose Morilla,
• Kajal Ghosal and
• Eder Lilia Romero

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 333–349, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.30

• therapeutic response, were detected [22]. This finding led to the assumption that in adults the BNZ treatment could be overdosed. Unlike adults, children show few ADRs; therefore, the existence of a potential direct correlation between drug concentration and the incidence of ADRs was suggested. Data from

• was formulated into polymersomes of poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(propylene sulfide) (BNZ-PS, 114.3 ± 4.1 nm; PDI: 0.11 ± 0.02; 4.92 ± 1.93 mV ζ-potential; DL: 1%) [68]. Only two injections of BNZ-PS (3 mg/kg TD) were highly potent in treating T. cruzi-infected mice (acute model; BALB/c mice; Y

• increase survival. Nonetheless, the efficacy of these few experiments is uncertain, since their effect on chronic and immunosuppressed models, as well as the potential toxicity, remain unknown. Non-approved drugs-based nanomedicines The in vivo activity of non-approved drugs loaded into lipid and polymeric

Investigating structural and electronic properties of neutral zinc clusters: a G₀W₀ and G₀W₀Г₀⁽¹⁾ benchmark

• Sunila Bakhsh,
• Muhammad Khalid,
• Sameen Aslam,
• Muhammad Sohail,
• Muhammad Aamir Iqbal,
• Mujtaba Ikram and
• Kareem Morsy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 310–316, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.28

• literature to study the stability of these structures. We further assess the electronic properties, including the ionization potential, using the all-electron FHI-aims code employing G0W0 calculations, and the G0W0Г0(1) correction for a few smaller clusters, which provides a better estimation of the

• ionization potential compared to other methods. Keywords: binding energies; CALYPSO structure prediction; DFT; G0W0 studies; zinc clusters; zinc isomers; Introduction Zinc is a group-IIB element that is frequently used as a galvanizing material and in storage media as an anode [1][2][3]. However, its

• optimization (PSO), combined with density functional approximations, was used to determine the ground state structure. Thus, one can efficiently locate the global minimum in the potential energy surface. Based on the PSO algorithm, Wang et al. [13][14] developed a code called CALYPSO (“Crystal Structure

Exploring the relationships between physiochemical properties of nanoparticles and cell damage to combat cancer growth using simple periodic table-based descriptors

• Joyita Roy and
• Kunal Roy

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 297–309, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.27

• new ways for modeling the structural properties and bio-toxic effects of NMs. The goal of the study is to construct fully validated property-based models to extract relevant features for estimating and influencing the zeta potential and obtaining the toxicity profile regarding cell damage in the

• treatment of cancer cells. To achieve this, QSPR modeling was first performed with 18 metal oxide (MeOx) NMs to measure their materials properties using periodic table-based descriptors. The features obtained were later applied for zeta potential calculation (imputation for sparse data) for MeOx NMs that

• lack such information. To further clarify the influence of the zeta potential on cell damage, a QSPR model was developed with 132 MeOx NMs to understand the possible mechanisms of cell damage. The results showed that zeta potential, along with seven other descriptors, had the potential to influence

Determining by Raman spectroscopy the average thickness and N-layer-specific surface coverages of MoS₂ thin films with domains much smaller than the laser spot size

• Felipe Wasem Klein,
• Jean-Roch Huntzinger,
• Vincent Astié,
• Damien Voiry,
• Romain Parret,
• Houssine Makhlouf,
• Sandrine Juillaguet,
• Jean-Manuel Decams,
• Sylvie Contreras,
• Périne Landois,
• Ahmed-Azmi Zahab,
• Jean-Louis Sauvajol and
• Matthieu Paillet

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 279–296, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.26

• ; Introduction The advent of two-dimensional (2D) layered materials beyond graphene has initiated a new field of research [1][2][3]. In the family of 2D layered structures, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have attracted considerable attention from academia and regarding potential applications [4][5][6][7

• growth of wafer-scale MoS2 thin films on SiO2/Si substrates by direct liquid injection pulsed-pressure chemical vapor deposition (DLI-PP-CVD) using low-toxicity precursors [27]. Such MoS2 thin films showed good stoichiometry (Mo/S = 1.94–1.95) and the potential for high photoluminescence quantum yield

Ultrasensitive and ultrastretchable metal crack strain sensor based on helical polydimethylsiloxane

• Shangbi Chen,
• Dewen Liu,
• Weiwei Chen,
• Huajiang Chen,
• Jiawei Li and
• Jinfang Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 270–278, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.25

• control of connection types of sensing materials as effective strategies to achieve such desirable characteristics. However, limited research has explored the potential of helical structures for achieving extensive stretchability in ultrasensitive sensors. This paper introduces a stretchable resistive

• stretchability, thereby demonstrating significant implications and potential for the advancement of practical soft electronics in the next generation. Experimental Materials Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS, Sylgard 184) was provided by Dow Corning Co. Ltd. (Michigan, USA). The screws and hollow tubes were acquired

Vinorelbine-loaded multifunctional magnetic nanoparticles as anticancer drug delivery systems: synthesis, characterization, and in vitro release study

• Zeynep Özcan and
• Afife Binnaz Hazar Yoruç

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 256–269, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.24

• drug delivery systems to formulate more effective cancer treatments, thereby addressing the current limitations encountered within this field of study. Functional nanostructures have been designed to mitigate potential harm to healthy tissue caused by these techniques [6]. Additionally, they facilitate

• ]. Many well-designed agents have been developed for photothermal therapy, including carbon, metal, and organic nanocomposites [21]. Due to their superparamagnetic and heating potential, Fe3O4 nanoparticles have recently garnered attention, particularly in photothermal therapy research. Dopamine (DA) is a

• customizable morphology [23][24]. Additionally, the photothermal conversion efficiency of PDA, PDA concentration, reaction time, and PDA thickness can be adjusted. Importantly, PDA exhibits a 40% photothermal conversion rate with excellent photothermal stability, indicating its significant potential as a NIR

Quantitative wear evaluation of tips based on sharp structures

• Ke Xu and
• Houwen Leng

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 230–241, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.22

• computation. Conversely, if the surrounding data points exceed the value of the feature point, the point is deemed invalid and should be excluded from subsequent calculations. This process is iterative and requires that the next potential feature point is continually identified. The column feature points can

• between the sample and the tip was confirmed, and the potential of using sharp structures to describe the tip structure was examined. Distinct matrix arrays were created for the tip and the sample shapes. To produce an image of a sample matrix using a tip matrix, the tip matrix was positioned

• shown in Figure 6. The crest’s location in the plane view indicates potential tips of structures. Images of the AFM probes were acquired using a Thermo Fisher Scientific Quattro model scanning electron microscope system. The imaging parameters for the SEM were set to 20 kV electron beam voltage with a

Multiscale modelling of biomolecular corona formation on metallic surfaces

• Parinaz Mosaddeghi Amini,
• Ian Rouse,
• Julia Subbotina and
• Vladimir Lobaskin

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 215–229, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.21

• and scientific equipment [7]. Figure 1 presents a schematic contamination cycle of dairy products, showcasing potential sources and pathways of aluminum pollution. It illustrates the journey of milk from a cow grazing on grass contaminated with heavy metals, highlighting the crucial role of metallic

• containers, metal-based equipment, and kitchen utensils in maintaining product integrity. The figure further demonstrates the potential to introduce heavy metal contamination, including iron and aluminum, during processing and emphasizes the formation of a milk layer in form of a protein/lactose corona at

• the outer surface of macroscropic and micro- and nano-sized particulate after packaging. It also highlights the dynamic interactions at the bionano interface associated with potential human health hazards. Through biomolecule adsorption, change of conformation, and surface chemistry, foreign materials

Ion beam processing of DNA origami nanostructures

• Leo Sala,
• Agnes Zerolová,
• Violaine Vizcaino,
• Alain Mery,
• Alicja Domaracka,
• Hermann Rothard,
• Philippe Boduch,
• Dominik Pinkas and
• Jaroslav Kocišek

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 207–214, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.20

• analysis and imaging [32]. It is also worth mentioning that at high projectile charge states, the ions can be imagined as deep potential energy well, allowing for further surface interaction [33]; however, this will not be explored in the present study. The ability of ion beams to confine damage to the

Exploring disorder correlations in superconducting systems: spectroscopic insights and matrix element effects

• Vyacheslav D. Neverov,
• Alexander E. Lukyanov,
• Andrey V. Krasavin,
• Alexei Vagov,
• Boris G. Lvov and
• Mihail D. Croitoru

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 199–206, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.19

• profound implications for materials science. Recent studies have shown that spatial correlations of disorder potential can improve superconductivity, prompting a re-evaluation of some theoretical models. This paper explores the influence of disorder correlations on the fundamental properties of

• demonstrated that power-law correlations alter both the spatial distribution and the absolute value of the superconducting order parameter. Notably, an increase in the degree of correlation within the disorder potential is shown to augment superconductivity, aligning closely with experimental findings

• to model the s-wave Cooper pairing [51][52], Here, the particle number operators at site i are expressed through the electron operators with spin σ. The tunneling amplitude tij = −t is assumed nonzero only for the nearest sites, μ denotes the chemical potential, Vi is the disorder potential, and g

Nanocarrier systems loaded with IR780, iron oxide nanoparticles and chlorambucil for cancer theragnostics

• Phuong-Thao Dang-Luong,
• Hong-Phuc Nguyen,
• Loc Le-Tuan,
• Xuan-Thang Cao,
• Vy Tran-Anh and
• Hieu Vu Quang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2024, 15, 180–189, doi:10.3762/bjnano.15.17

• their high potential applications in various fields, including theragnostics. The PLGA SPION nanoparticles were modified to carry siRNA for silencing the inflammatory cytokine Cox-2 in activated macrophages and to serve as a tracer for locating activated macrophages in a mouse model of intra-uterine

• diagnostics, near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent dyes are a potential alternative for the diagnosis and excision of residual malignant cancer, which is invisible by conventional visual examination and palpation [16][17][18]. Indocyanine green is the only NIR dye permitted for clinical use [19]. Dyes such as IR780

• cells. Hydrodynamic size and zeta potential Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zeta potential spectra were obtained for three replicates on a nanoPartical Horiba SZ-100 (Japan) with the scattering angle of 90° to determine the size distribution and stability of the nanoparticles. The DLS measurements