Electromigration-induced formation of percolating adsorbate islands during condensation from the gaseous phase: a computational study

• Alina V. Dvornichenko,
• Vasyl O. Kharchenko and
• Dmitrii O. Kharchenko

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 694–703, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.55

• processes allows one to analyze in detail the dynamics of this process, to establish the influence of basic factors (pressure inside the chamber, deposition temperature, energy characteristics, and external influence) on the morphology of the growing surface and type and size of surface structures. One of

• atoms from the gaseous phase attach to the substrate and become adatoms. The adsorption rate ka = p exp(−Eads/T) is defined by the pressure of the gaseous phase p, activation energy for adsorption Eads, and the frequency factor ; T is the temperature measured in units of energy (eV). Adatoms can desorb

Nanogenerator-based self-powered sensors for data collection

• Yicheng Shao,
• Maoliang Shen,
• Yuankai Zhou,
• Xin Cui,
• Lijie Li and
• Yan Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 680–693, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.54

• ][44][45][46], waste milk carton [15], and skin [47][48][49]. Thus, low-cost self-powered sensors can be deployed on a large scale and are a good candidate for data sources for the Internet of things (IoT), big data, and artificial intelligence (AI). NGs can be used as both pressure sensors and as

• energy supplies. Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) were used as electronic skin for pressure detection and material identification [50][51]. Pressure sensors based on piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs) were used to detect tiny pressure deviations from water droplets [52][53], wind flow [53][54][55

• for the design of sterilization and algae removal [72], wastewater treatment [73][74], and electrochemical corrosion protection of metal surfaces and battery cathodes [56][75][76]. TENG-based special flexible pressure sensors can be placed on the surface of human skin to monitor the physiological

High-yield synthesis of silver nanowires for transparent conducting PET films

• Gul Naz,
• Hafsa Asghar,
• Muhammad Ramzan,
• Muhammad Arshad,
• Rashid Ahmed,
• Muhammad Bilal Tahir,
• Bakhtiar Ul Haq,
• Nadeem Baig and
• Junaid Jalil

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 624–632, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.51

• ), which was used a nucleating agent [28]. Silver nanowires with an average diameter of 20 nm and lengths up to 20 µm were synthesized by using a high-pressure polyol method. The transparent film fabricated by these nanowires had a transmittance of 88% and a sheet resistance of 40 Ω/sq, which is a

Nanoporous and nonporous conjugated donor–acceptor polymer semiconductors for photocatalytic hydrogen production

• Zhao-Qi Sheng,
• Yu-Qin Xing,
• Yan Chen,
• Guang Zhang,
• Shi-Yong Liu and
• Long Chen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 607–623, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.50

• are primarily inorganic materials, such as metal oxides and sulfides [5]. Inorganic photocatalysts, however, have some inherent drawbacks. Harsh synthetic conditions, such as high pressure and temperature, are required [5]. Moreover, many reported inorganic photocatalysts contain heavy metal elements

Stability and activity of platinum nanoparticles in the oxygen electroreduction reaction: is size or uniformity of primary importance?

• Kirill O. Paperzh,
• Anastasia A. Alekseenko,
• Vadim A. Volochaev,
• Ilya V. Pankov,
• Olga A. Safronenko and
• Vladimir E. Guterman

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 593–606, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.49

• atmospheric pressure. (a) Linear voltammograms of the ORR. The rotation speed of the disk is 1600 rpm−1, (b) j−1 - ω−0.5 dependence at a potential of 0.90 V. The rate of the potential sweep is 20 mV·s−1. Electrolyte used: 0.1 M HClO4 solution saturated with O2 at atmospheric pressure. Cyclic voltammograms of

Properties of graphene deposited on GaN nanowires: influence of nanowire roughness, self-induced nanogating and defects

• Jakub Kierdaszuk,
• Piotr Kaźmierczak,
• Justyna Grzonka,
• Aleksandra Krajewska,
• Aleksandra Przewłoka,
• Wawrzyniec Kaszub,
• Zbigniew R. Zytkiewicz,
• Marta Sobanska,
• Maria Kamińska,
• Andrzej Wysmołek and
• Aneta Drabińska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 566–577, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.47

• Science and Metallurgy Engineering and Inorganic Chemistry, Cadiz, Spain Łukasiewicz - Institute of Microelectronics and Photonics, Warsaw, Poland CENTERA Laboratories, Institute of High Pressure Physics PAS, Warsaw, Poland Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland

Influence of electrospray deposition on C₆₀ molecular assemblies

• Antoine Hinaut,
• Sebastian Scherb,
• Sara Freund,
• Zhao Liu,
• Thilo Glatzel and
• Ernst Meyer

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 552–558, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.45

• was carried out. NiO(001) crystals (Surfacenet) were prepared by annealing at 870 K until a low pressure (10−9 mbar) was reached, followed by the cleavage under UHV conditions and a second annealing at 770 K for 1 h. In all cases, atomically flat surfaces with large terraces separated by atomic steps

• nm, and f2 = 1 MHz, A2 = 400–800 pm. Their preparation consisted of annealing for 1 h at 400 K followed by tip Ar+ sputtering for 90 s at 680 eV at an Ar+ pressure of 3 × 10−6 mbar. The base pressure of the UHV system during AFM measurements is maintained at 2 × 10−11 mbar. Electrospray deposition

• connected, the vacuum level of the sample chamber is 1 × 10−7 mbar. The C60 molecules were dissolved in a toluene/methanol mixture (ratio 5:1 in volume). During spray deposition the pressure rose up to 1 × 10−6 mbar. The typically applied voltage was 1.2 kV with occasional necessary adjustments during spray

On the stability of microwave-fabricated SERS substrates – chemical and morphological considerations

• Limin Wang,
• Aisha Adebola Womiloju,
• Christiane Höppener,
• Ulrich S. Schubert and
• Stephanie Hoeppener

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 541–551, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.44

• processing time was completed in 4 min. During a typical reaction, the temperature rises up to 140–160 °C and the pressure is between 7 to 9 bars. It is important to note that these temperature measurements provide values that are measured by an external IR sensor placed close to the reaction vial and do not

• represent the actual reaction temperature values inside the vial or on the substrate (i.e., near the Ag seeds or nanoparticles) during the processing time. Additionally, the filling level of the precursor reaction vial was kept below 3 mL to avoid excessive pressure buildup in the vial which could lead to

Determining amplitude and tilt of a lateral force microscopy sensor

• Oliver Gretz,
• Alfred J. Weymouth,
• Thomas Holzmann,
• Korbinian Pürckhauer and
• Franz J. Giessibl

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 517–524, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.42

• . Single iron adatoms were evaporated with a custom-built evaporator onto the cold sample. Carbon monoxide (CO) was leaked in at a partial pressure of 5 × 10−8 mbar for 5 min. Results and Discussion Determining A and θ with a 2D current map In the following, a method to determine A and θ is presented. As

Simulation of gas sensing with a triboelectric nanogenerator

• Kaiqin Zhao,
• Hua Gan,
• Huan Li,
• Ziyu Liu and
• Zhiyuan Zhu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 507–516, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.41

• [40]. It is attractive that, in addition to providing power for electronic devices, TENGs can also be used as self-powered sensors for pressure, vibration, speed, chemicals, and body motion. Regarding leaks in gas pipelines or harmful gases in underground coal mines, it is necessary to detect the

Interface interaction of transition metal phthalocyanines with strontium titanate (100)

• Reimer Karstens,
• Thomas Chassé and
• Heiko Peisert

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 485–496, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.39

• to preparation II described in the Experimental section, where the last preparation step was the evaporation of Ti under oxygen partial pressure followed by annealing. Two experiments were performed using substrates with slightly different work functions (experiment 1: ϕF = 4.15 eV and experiment 2

Boosting of photocatalytic hydrogen evolution via chlorine doping of polymeric carbon nitride

• Malgorzata Aleksandrzak,
• Michalina Kijaczko,
• Wojciech Kukulka,
• Daria Baranowska,
• Martyna Baca,
• Beata Zielinska and
• Ewa Mijowska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 473–484, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.38

• ) radiation in a Prevac (Poland) system equipped with a Scienta SES 2002 (Sweden) electron energy analyzer operating with a constant transmission energy (Ep = 50 eV). The analysis chamber was evacuated to a pressure below 5 × 10−9 mbar. The PL spectra were measured using a fluorescence spectrophotometer

Reconstruction of a 2D layer of KBr on Ir(111) and electromechanical alteration by graphene

• Zhao Liu,
• Antoine Hinaut,
• Stefan Peeters,
• Sebastian Scherb,
• Ernst Meyer,
• Maria Clelia Righi and
• Thilo Glatzel

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 432–439, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.35

• . Methods Sample preparation The Ir(111) single crystal (MaTeck GmbH, Germany) was cleaned by alternating cycles of Ar+ sputtering and annealing at 1400 K under ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions with a base pressure of less than 1 × 10−10 mbar. Graphene was prepared by dosing ethylene with a chamber

• pressure of 2 × 10−9 mbar onto the clean Ir(111) substrate at 1300 K for 30 s via a nozzle directly placed above the sample. A KBr bulk crystal with a purity of 99.9% was ground to powder and then thermally evaporated at 700 K with a rate of 0.1 Å/min onto the Ir(111) surface kept at room temperature (300

• K). Atomic force microscopy Experiments were performed by using a custom-built UHV AFM microscope operating at room temperature and a base pressure of 5 × 10−11 mbar. All images were scanned with silicon cantilevers equipped with sharp tips (PPP-NCL, Nanosensors) running in noncontact AFM mode with

Spontaneous shape transition of Mn_xGe_1−x islands to long nanowires

• S. Javad Rezvani,
• Luc Favre,
• Gabriele Giuli,
• Yiming Wubulikasimu,
• Isabelle Berbezier,
• Augusto Marcelli,
• Luca Boarino and
• Nicola Pinto

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 366–374, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.30

• . Experimental Samples were grown in a MBE chamber with a base pressure of 3 × 10−11 Torr. Ge(111) wafers were ultrasonically cleaned in methanol and trichloroethylene, followed by removal of the native oxide using sulfuric acid and formation of a volatile oxide by dipping in H2O2/NH3OH/H2O. Prior to Mn

Nickel nanoparticle-decorated reduced graphene oxide/WO₃ nanocomposite – a promising candidate for gas sensing

• Ilka Simon,
• Alexandr Savitsky,
• Rolf Mülhaupt,
• Vladimir Pankov and
• Christoph Janiak

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 343–353, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.28

• centrifugation steps. After drying until the xerogel was formed, the WO3 nanopowder was calcined at 600 °C for 2 h. Ni@rGO mixing of WO3 xerogel The Ni@rGO admixing of WO3 samples was done by preparing a physical mixture of the WO3 xerogel and Ni@rGO. At a pressure of 150 kPa, tablets were pressed from the

Exploring the fabrication and transfer mechanism of metallic nanostructures on carbon nanomembranes via focused electron beam induced processing

• Christian Preischl,
• Linh Hoang Le,
• Elif Bilgilisoy,
• Armin Gölzhäuser and
• Hubertus Marbach

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 319–329, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.26

• differ in the waiting time between electron irradiation and precursor dosage. All twelve structures were exposed to 3.0 × 10−7 mbar Fe(CO)5 background pressure for 3 h 29 min. In addition, local AE spectra were acquired at the positions indicated with the correspondingly colored stars. After a comparably

• performed in a commercial UHV system (Multiscanlab, Omicron Nanotechnology, Germany) with a base pressure of p < 2 × 10−10 mbar. The main component of the system is a UHV-compatible electron column (Leo Gemini) for scanning electron microscopy (SEM, nominal resolution better than 3 nm) and a local AES using

• a hemispherical energy analyzer. Fe(CO)5 was purchased from ACROS Organics. Co(CO)3NO was purchased from abcr GmbH & Co. KG. The quality of the precursor gas was analyzed with a quadrupole mass spectrometer in a dedicated gas analysis chamber (base pressure below 2 × 10−9 mbar). The precursor gas

Gold(I) N-heterocyclic carbene precursors for focused electron beam-induced deposition

• Cristiano Glessi,
• Aya Mahgoub,
• Cornelis W. Hagen and
• Mats Tilset

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 257–269, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.21

• ppm). Mass spectra were obtained on a Micromass QTOF II spectrometer and a Bruker Daltronics maXis II spectrometer. Melting point determinations were performed on a Stuart SMP10 melting point apparatus, using flame-sealed capillaries at a pressure of ca. 0.2 mbar in order to mimic a vacuum environment

• material and connected to the heating plate. The pressure measured for each experiment was 1 × 10−3 mbar on a VACUU.VIEW or DCP 3000 Vacuubrand manometer mounted on the Schlenk line used. The cold finger was cooled down with continuous water flow. 20 ± 1.5 mg of bulk material were charged in the

• comparison with the 1H NMR spectrum of the bulk material (see Supporting Information File 1). Deposition setup All deposition experiments were performed in a Thermo Fisher Scientific Nova Nanolab 600 dual-beam SEM. The base chamber pressure was about 1 × 10−6 mbar. Silicon substrates were used for all

The nanomorphology of cell surfaces of adhered osteoblasts

• Christian Voelkner,
• Mirco Wendt,
• Regina Lange,
• Max Ulbrich,
• Martina Gruening,
• Susanne Staehlke,
• Barbara Nebe,
• Ingo Barke and
• Sylvia Speller

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 242–256, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.20

• signal is a force, pressure is applied to the sample. This is the case when using atomic force microscopy (AFM), giving rise to substantially depressed apparent heights on living and fixed cells [17]. Typically, mammalian cells exhibit Young's moduli in the range of 1 to 10 kPa while AFM probe pressures

• pressure is only a few hundred pascals and results from the hydrostatic pressure of the fill level of the nanopipette [22]. The ion current drops during the probe–sample approach, because the effective area for the ion trajectories becomes smaller. This effect is referred to as current squeezing. SICM is

• temperature (n = 3). Water contact angle values were calculated with the associated software (ADVANCE, V.1.7.2.1, Krüss, Hamburg, Germany) via Young's equation. Plasma polymer coating: The specimens were coated with a plasma-polymerized allylamine (PPAAm) nanolayer using a low-pressure plasma reactor (V55G

TiO_x/Pt₃Ti(111) surface-directed formation of electronically responsive supramolecular assemblies of tungsten oxide clusters

• Marco Moors,
• Yun An,
• Agnieszka Kuc and
• Kirill Yu. Monakhov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 203–212, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.16

• interesting perspectives for the study of more complex structures of polyoxometalate compounds with multiple stable redox states. Experimental UHV scanning tunneling microscope All experiments were performed in an UHV chamber working at a base pressure of 1 × 10−10 mbar. Its stainless-steel vessel is equipped

Paper-based triboelectric nanogenerators and their applications: a review

• Jing Han,
• Nuo Xu,
• Yuchen Liang,
• Mei Ding,
• Junyi Zhai,
• Qijun Sun and
• Zhong Lin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 151–171, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.12

• various types of human motions, such as stretching, lifting, and twisting [129]. The origami P-TENG could also serve as a self-powered pressure sensor to distinguish, for example, the weight difference between different coins. Miura-ori, a classic folding structure proposed by Miura, has been applied in

• pressure on. The highest Voc value of TENGs is obtained in the stripe fold, followed by decreasing Voc values obtained in the waterbomb, Miura and Yoshimura folds, in this order. As the surface area of each fold is the same, the main reason for the different outputs is attributed to the differences in the

• , including acoustic [103], pressure/force/weight [129][145][146], velocity/acceleration [136][147], position [148], anti-theft [149], and temperature [145] sensors. Liu et al. [146] reported a self-powered active P-TENG force sensor with an ionogel-infiltrated paper (IIP) as the electrode, aiming for a

A review on the green and sustainable synthesis of silver nanoparticles and one-dimensional silver nanostructures

• Sina Kaabipour and
• Shohreh Hemmati

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 102–136, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.9

• pressure), it can synthesize AgNPs at a lower temperature compared to the sol–gel process alone [144]. Nevertheless, there are some disadvantages regarding the application and feasibility of sol–gel-produced nanoparticles and nanocomposites. For instance, in industrial applications of nanoparticle-doped

• , preparation of AgNPs using this method does not need any specific equipment, intense temperature, or pressure conditions [235]. The scale-up of the system is also relatively simple [235]. However, the downside of this method is the low productivity of particles per volume as a result of low reactant

• AgNPs include the precursor introduction method, reactor pressure, gas flow properties, deposition rate, deposition duration, and substrate surface temperature [157][241]. The type of precursor appears to be the most significant factor in the process [241]. Silver nitrate is the most widely used

Numerical analysis of vibration modes of a qPlus sensor with a long tip

• Kebei Chen,
• Zhenghui Liu,
• Yuchen Xie,
• Chunyu Zhang,
• Gengzhao Xu,
• Wentao Song and
• Ke Xu

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 82–92, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.7

• was introduced via mechanical excitation of the base part by a piezo actuator. The excitation amplitude was 1 V. The scanning rate of SEM was 20 μs/pixel. The vibration of the qPlus sensor was observed at room temperature while maintaining a pressure of 10−3 Pa. Results and Discussion Eigenfrequencies

The role of gold atom concentration in the formation of Cu–Au nanoparticles from the gas phase

• Yuri Ya. Gafner,
• Svetlana L. Gafner,
• Darya A. Ryzkova and
• Andrey V. Nomoev

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 72–81, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.6

• the gaseous medium, the material undergoes dramatic changes in its chemical environment. It is quite problematic to use the inert gas pressure and its effect on the cooling rate of the main gas mixture (i.e., the parameters that are used in a real experiment) in a computer simulation. As a rule, even

Bio-imaging with the helium-ion microscope: A review

• Matthias Schmidt,
• James M. Byrne and
• Ilari J. Maasilta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1–23, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.1

• routinely applied drying methods is given. (I) Freeze drying: Samples are frozen (e.g., using a plunge or high-pressure freezer) and then dried under vacuum. Uryu et al. suggested a pathway which includes plunge freezing for instantaneous immobilization followed by freeze drying in a cold nitrogen gas and

• preparation stage with a supercritical fluid, such as carbon dioxide (CO2). The temperature and pressure around the sample are raised to the critical point, 31 °C and 7.4 MPa (1073 psi), at which point CO2 becomes supercritical. The pressure is then lowered at constant temperature returning the CO2 to a

• operated. Rice et al. used methanol during the dehydration stage, purged the samples with cold liquid CO2, and raised temperature and pressure to, respectively, 42 °C and 1200 psi for equilibration for more than 4 min [15]. The pressure was then reduced (<100 psi/min) at constant temperature (32 °C) until

Free and partially encapsulated manganese ferrite nanoparticles in multiwall carbon nanotubes

• Saja Al-Khabouri,
• Salim Al-Harthi,
• Toru Maekawa,
• Mohamed E. Elzain,
• Ashraf Al-Hinai,
• Ahmed D. Al-Rawas,
• Abbsher M. Gismelseed,
• Ali A. Yousif and
• Myo Tay Zar Myint

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1891–1904, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.170

• ) overnight. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, Omicron Nanotechnology) was employed with a monochromatic Al Kα radiation (hν = 1486.6 eV), with a source voltage of 15 kV and an emission current of 20 mA. Scans were carried out at a base pressure of 2 × 10−8 Pa. A wide scan was recorded at a constant