The role of convolutional neural networks in scanning probe microscopy: a review

• Ido Azuri,
• Irit Rosenhek-Goldian,
• Neta Regev-Rudzki,
• Georg Fantner and
• Sidney R. Cohen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 878–901, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.66

• , to locate objects and identify specific structures and boundaries, namely “pixel classification” [7][10]. For example, in medical image diagnosis, the segmentation of organs allows for the quantification of their volume and shape [11]. In many biological applications, nucleus identification

Fate and transformation of silver nanoparticles in different biological conditions

• Barbara Pem,
• Marija Ćurlin,
• Darija Domazet Jurašin,
• Valerije Vrček,
• Rinea Barbir,
• Vedran Micek,
• Raluca M. Fratila,
• Jesus M. de la Fuente and
• Ivana Vinković Vrček

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 665–679, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.53

• separate the dissolved silver from the AgNPs. The filtrates were immediately acidified with Suprapur HNO3 to final acid content of 10% (v/v). The quantification of dissolved Ag in the filtrates was performed by GFAAS (Perkin Elmer AAnalyst 600, Perkin Elmer, Shelton, USA) with Zeeman background correction

Local stiffness and work function variations of hexagonal boron nitride on Cu(111)

• Abhishek Grewal,
• Yuqi Wang,
• Matthias Münks,
• Klaus Kern and
• Markus Ternes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 559–565, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.46

• at different areas of the Moiré superstructure [23]. Additionally, such a set of data enables us to obtain maps of constant tip–sample interaction forces that allow for the quantification of the corrugation of the Moiré superstructure. To obtain such data we map the Δf signal at constant oscillation

The preparation temperature influences the physicochemical nature and activity of nanoceria

• Robert A. Yokel,
• Wendel Wohlleben,
• Johannes Georg Keller,
• Matthew L. Hancock,
• Jason M. Unrine,
• D. Allan Butterfield and
• Eric A. Grulke

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 525–540, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.43

• section “Cerium quantification”. The dialysis system has been described [39][40]. Nanoceria (500 μg cerium as nanoceria in 1 mL) was loaded into Slide-A-LyzerTM dialysis cassettes with 2 kD MWCO regenerated cellulose membranes (66203) immersed in a 200 mL bath at pH 4.5 made iso-osmotic with sodium

• (from 168 to 2688 h). Cerium quantification Samples were digested with 2:1 HNO3/H2O2 in Teflon vessels in a CEM MARS Express microwave digestion system. Terbium was added as an internal standard. Samples were analyzed compared to standards. At the University of Kentucky, cerium was quantified by

A review on nanostructured silver as a basic ingredient in medicine: physicochemical parameters and characterization

• Gabriel M. Misirli,
• Kishore Sridharan and
• Shirley M. P. Abrantes

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 440–461, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.36

• , and toxicological levels, the identification and quantification of AgNP species as well as the silver ion (Ag+) content should be considered, as their behaviors and mechanisms are distinct [59][60]. Although the Ag+ ion has antimicrobial properties (such as AgNPs), it is rated as one of the main

• to confirm the importance to use the concentration in terms of number of particles (i.e., picomolar, pM/mL, or nanomolar, nM/mL) instead of the mass concentration (mg/L). The details of this item will be explained in the subsection “Separation of AgNPs from Ag+”. Identification and quantification of

• protocol for this procedure is in the Supporting Information File 1, section “Procedure for separating AgNPs from Ag+. Quantification of AgNPs, Ag+, and total Ag species: After centrifuging the CPE stage, the AgNPs decanted at the bottom whereas Ag+ remained in the supernatant, as shown in Supporting

Characterization, bio-uptake and toxicity of polymer-coated silver nanoparticles and their interaction with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells

• Sahar Pourhoseini,
• Reilly T. Enos,
• Angela E. Murphy,
• Bo Cai and
• Jamie R. Lead

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 282–294, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.23

• well characterized, including their transformations during exposure. Additionally, we have assessed bio-uptake quantification, using mass spectrometry, and toxicity/cell viability after exposing human PBMCs to AgNPs at clinically relevant concentrations. We also compared the toxicity of AgNPs with

Differences in surface chemistry of iron oxide nanoparticles result in different routes of internalization

• Barbora Svitkova,
• Vlasta Zavisova,
• Veronika Nemethova,
• Martina Koneracka,
• Miroslava Kretova,
• Filip Razga,
• Monika Ursinyova and
• Alena Gabelova

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 270–281, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.22

• primer (5′-CTAAGCAGTTGGTGGTGCAG-3′), on a CFX96TM Real-Time PCR Detection System cycler (Bio-Rad). Specifically, samples were denatured at 95 °C for 10 min, and the quantification program had 40 repeats (30 s annealing at 60 °C, 30s amplification at 72 °C). GAPDH was used as a “housekeeping” gene for the

• quantification (LOQ) for the AAS instrument were 0.0015 mg/L and 0.0049 mg/L, respectively. LOD and LOQ for the AAS method were 0.0074 mg/L and 0.0245 mg/L, respectively. Generation of stable clathrin-GFP expression cell line Plasmid CLLCb-pEGFP (clathrin light chain B fused to enhanced green fluorescent protein

Imaging of SARS-CoV-2 infected Vero E6 cells by helium ion microscopy

• Natalie Frese,
• Patrick Schmerer,
• Martin Wortmann,
• Matthias Schürmann,
• Matthias König,
• Michael Westphal,
• Friedemann Weber,
• Holger Sudhoff and
• Armin Gölzhäuser

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 172–179, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.13

• presented here not only allow for the quantification of particles and clusters, but also enable an unveiled view on the interaction of virus particles with the cell membrane. The presented particle cluster seems to have a coalesced appearance, which might be caused by the virus–virus and virus–membrane

Paper-based triboelectric nanogenerators and their applications: a review

• Jing Han,
• Nuo Xu,
• Yuchen Liang,
• Mei Ding,
• Junyi Zhai,
• Qijun Sun and
• Zhong Lin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 151–171, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.12

• phenomenon. However, the results were highly controversial [88][89]. Xu et al. [90] have proposed that the quantification of the surface charge density at different temperature values is a critical method for investigating this phenomenon. This can be readily explored as an effective tool to identify the

Bio-imaging with the helium-ion microscope: A review

• Matthias Schmidt,
• James M. Byrne and
• Ilari J. Maasilta

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 1–23, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.1

• spectrometry (SIMS) A major disadvantage of using standard HIM rather than SEM is the lack of analytical detectors for elemental quantification, such as EDX. This is because 30 keV helium ions cannot transfer enough energy to the bound inner-shell electrons of the sample to excite them out of the core states

Nanomechanics of few-layer materials: do individual layers slide upon folding?

• Ronaldo J. C. Batista,
• Rafael F. Dias,
• Ana P. M. Barboza,
• Alan B. de Oliveira,
• Taise M. Manhabosco,
• Thiago R. Gomes-Silva,
• Matheus J. S. Matos,
• Andreij C. Gadelha,
• Cassiano Rabelo,
• Luiz G. L. Cançado,
• Ado Jorio,
• Hélio Chacham and
• Bernardo R. A. Neves

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1801–1808, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.162

• carbon nanotubes [13][14]. The interlayer slip is also intimately related to the dependence of κ on the thickness or the number of layers of a 2D material, which, in the case of very thin 2D materials, may be very different from that obtained from classical theories [12]. The quantification and

Mapping of integrated PIN diodes with a 3D architecture by scanning microwave impedance microscopy and dynamic spectroscopy

• Rosine Coq Germanicus,
• Peter De Wolf,
• Florent Lallemand,
• Catherine Bunel,
• Serge Bardy,
• Hugues Murray and
• Ulrike Lüders

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1764–1775, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.159

• ; integrated PIN diode; nanoprobing; scanning probe microscopy (SPM); scanning microwave impedance microscopy (sMIM); spectroscopy; Introduction In “front end of line” (FEOL) processing, the control, detection, and quantification of the effective 2D distributions of active dopants in semiconductors are

• the observable (capacitance) and the material property of interest (carrier concentration), while the ∂C/∂V amplitude shows a non-monotonic relationship with the carrier concentration. This makes the interpretation and quantification of the sMIM-C data more straightforward in comparison to the ∂C/∂V

Cardiomyocyte uptake mechanism of a hydroxyapatite nanoparticle mediated gene delivery system

• Hiroaki Komuro,
• Masahiro Yamazoe,
• Kosuke Nozaki,
• Akiko Nagai and
• Tetsuo Sasano

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1685–1692, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.150

• commonly used as an indicator of the macropinocytic pathway [25], enabling the quantification of macropinocytosis. The quantification of TMR–dextran was performed by measuring the fluorescence intensity per cell, using fluorescence microscopy images, in accordance with a previous report. As shown in Figure

• stain (blue). Scale bar: 10 µm. (b) Quantification of fluorescence intensity per cell number. Values are presented as the mean ± SD (n = 25). *p < 0.05. Funding This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI, grant number 18K09634, 20J13923.

Fabrication of nano/microstructures for SERS substrates using an electrochemical method

• Jingran Zhang,
• Tianqi Jia,
• Xiaoping Li,
• Junjie Yang,
• Zhengkai Li,
• Guangfeng Shi,
• Xinming Zhang and
• Zuobin Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1568–1576, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.139

• quantification of extremely small amounts of protein. Experimental As-cast Mg ingots were sliced into rectangular coupons (15 × 15 × 4 mm3) for anodic oxidation treatment. Prior to the treatment, all specimens were ground using SiC paper up to 1200 grit, and then degreased with ethanol and deionized water in

• quantification of the Raman intensity of probe molecules. Raman intensity after different treatment times Figure 5 shows the Raman spectra of R6G molecules (10−7 mol·L−1) on nanopore structures that were fabricated using PEO different treatment times. The microstructures vary in their morphology depending to the

• can be used to detect low levels of proteins (10−6 mol·L−1). Due to its reliability, homogeneity, low cost and high sensitivity, the system described herein holds great promise for future protein detection and quantification applications. Schematic diagram of fabrication of the nanopores substrates

Cu₂O nanoparticles for the degradation of methyl parathion

• Juan Rizo,
• David Díaz,
• Benito Reyes-Trejo and
• M. Josefina Arellano-Jiménez

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1546–1555, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.137

• 4-NPh makes quantification of the degradation much easier because 4-NPh absorbs light in the UV–vis range. Hence absorption spectroscopy was used along with the Beer–Lambert law [44]. The molar absorptivity coefficients were determined to be 10080 M−1·cm−1 (λ = 320 nm) for 4-nitrophenol and 17632 M

Helium ion microscope – secondary ion mass spectrometry for geological materials

• Matthew R. Ball,
• Richard J. M. Taylor,
• Joshua F. Einsle,
• Fouzia Khanom,
• Christelle Guillermier and
• Richard J. Harrison

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1504–1515, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.133

• (here we ended with a 0.25 µm polish). However, even after minimising the effect of relief, samples should be analysed away from the sample edge in order to obtain quantitative data. Quantification Concentration calibration Quantification of concentrations using SIMS data is typically performed using

• example, commonly form micrometre-scale nuggets [18][19]. Isotopic calibration Isotopic quantification also relies on the use of matrix-matched standards that are homogeneous on the nanometre length scale. Measured isotopic variations are typically expressed in delta notation. An example calculation for

• techniques, is extremely difficult, as the characteristic X-rays produced by these elements have such low energies that they are prone to re-absorption within the sample as well as being difficult to separate from other peaks in the produced spectra. This makes quantification almost impossible. The HIM–SIMS

Controlling the electronic and physical coupling on dielectric thin films

• Philipp Hurdax,
• Michael Hollerer,
• Larissa Egger,
• Georg Koller,
• Xiaosheng Yang,
• Anja Haags,
• Serguei Soubatch,
• Frank Stefan Tautz,
• Mathias Richter,
• Alexander Gottwald,
• Peter Puschnig,
• Martin Sterrer and
• Michael G. Ramsey

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1492–1503, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.132

• photoemission tomography (PT) have enabled the quantification of both the charge on individual molecules and the number of charged molecules in the 5A monolayer (ML) [14]. For 5A MLs on regularly grown epitaxial MgO(100) films, all molecules appear to be charged. Orbital-resolved STM reveals the LUMO both above

Antimicrobial metal-based nanoparticles: a review on their synthesis, types and antimicrobial action

• Matías Guerrero Correa,
• Fernanda B. Martínez,
• Cristian Patiño Vidal,
• Camilo Streitt,
• Juan Escrig and
• Carol Lopez de Dicastillo

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1450–1469, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.129

• agents. Although the most studied nanoparticles with antimicrobial properties are metallic or metal-oxide nanoparticles, other types of nanoparticles, such as superparamagnetic iron-oxide nanoparticles and silica-releasing systems also exhibit antimicrobial properties. Finally, since the quantification

Gas sorption porosimetry for the evaluation of hard carbons as anodes for Li- and Na-ion batteries

• Yuko Matsukawa,
• Fabian Linsenmann,
• Maximilian A. Plass,
• George Hasegawa,
• Katsuro Hayashi and
• Tim-Patrick Fellinger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1217–1229, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.106

• different HCs. We critically evaluate these methods for the quantification of parameters related to the reversible and irreversible capacity of the materials as LIB and SIB anodes. Results and Discussion Strategies for improving the capacity of hard carbons and revealing the pore structures At the electrode

• capacity. The most common method to determine SSAs and nanoporosity in the battery community are nitrogen (N2) sorption porosimetry, as well as krypton (Kr) sorption porosimetry in case of very low surface areas. A precise quantification of microporosity (pore diameters smaller than 2 nm), however, cannot

• quantification of the pore volume of pores as small as the herein relevant (smaller than approx. 0.7 nm) are complicated by the limited accessibility of these pores by N2 sorption porosimetry measurements at 77.4 K, due to low kinetic energy – likewise to the electrolyte molecules [26]. The lower vapor pressures

Applications of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in drug and therapeutic delivery, and biotechnological advancements

• Maria Suciu,
• Corina M. Ionescu,
• Alexandra Ciorita,
• Septimiu C. Tripon,
• Dragos Nica,
• Hani Al-Salami and
• Lucian Barbu-Tudoran

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1092–1109, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.94

• amount of iron oxides engulfed by the cells. For this, Deda et al. designed a new and improved colorimetric quantification method to measure the concentration of ultrasmall SPIONs (ca. 6 nm) in cell lysates down to tens of nanograms (76 ng/mL Fe or 1.36 μM). This new method added to the qualitative and

Highly sensitive detection of estradiol by a SERS sensor based on TiO₂ covered with gold nanoparticles

• Andrea Brognara,
• Ili F. Mohamad Ali Nasri,
• Beatrice R. Bricchi,
• Andrea Li Bassi,
• Caroline Gauchotte-Lindsay,
• Matteo Ghidelli and
• Nathalie Lidgi-Guigui

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1026–1035, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.87

• should also be easy to fabricate at reduced cost. In addition, the surface functionalization needs to guarantee the selection, detection and quantification of a target molecule, e.g., a biomarker [1][2][3] or a pollutant [4][5] dissolved in complex media such as blood, plasma, urine, or river and sea

• quantification is possible between 1 nM and 10 µM, i.e., the sensor has a dynamic range of at least four orders of magnitude. Conclusion TiO2 nanoporous surfaces covered with Au NPs were tested as SERS surfaces for the detection of 17β-estradiol. Different conditions of Au deposition were considered as they lead

Uniform Fe₃O₄/Gd₂O₃-DHCA nanocubes for dual-mode magnetic resonance imaging

• Miao Qin,
• Yueyou Peng,
• Mengjie Xu,
• Hui Yan,
• Yizhu Cheng,
• Xiumei Zhang,
• Di Huang,
• Weiyi Chen and
• Yanfeng Meng

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1000–1009, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.84

• -treated groups (Fe concentration: 60 μg/mL) after 12, 24, and 48 h of incubation. (c) Quantification of live cells shown in (b). Scale bar: 100 μm. ** and *** represent P < 0.01 and P < 0.001, respectively. (a) T1WI and T2WI in vivo images of SD rats before and after intravenous injection of FGDA

Atomic layer deposition for efficient oxygen evolution reaction at Pt/Ir catalyst layers

• Stefanie Schlicht,
• Korcan Percin,
• Stefanie Kriescher,
• André Hofer,
• Claudia Weidlich,
• Matthias Wessling and
• Julien Bachmann

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 952–959, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.79

• , Figure 1d), although the Pt and Ir lines overlap too much for distinct quantification by EDX. Apart from the prominent Ti peak, the presence of an oxide layer is demonstrated by a significant O signal. Figure 2 presents the linear sweep voltammograms obtained in the OER region for catalyst-coated samples

Extracting viscoelastic material parameters using an atomic force microscope and static force spectroscopy

• Cameron H. Parvini,
• M. A. S. R. Saadi and
• Santiago D. Solares

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 922–937, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.77

• accurate models specifically designed for AFM experimentation and simulation. The AFM community has pursued the precise quantification and extraction of rate-dependent material properties, in particular, for a significant period of time, attempting to describe the standard viscoelastic response of

Identification of physicochemical properties that modulate nanoparticle aggregation in blood

• Ludovica Soddu,
• Duong N. Trinh,
• Eimear Dunne,
• Dermot Kenny,
• Giorgia Bernardini,
• Ida Kokalari,
• Arianna Marucco,
• Marco P. Monopoli and
• Ivana Fenoglio

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 550–567, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.44

• concentrations, while a minor overlap occurred at 10%. However, a pronounced difference was observed when we compared the protein abundance by means of the label-free quantification (LFQ) across all conditions (Table 4 and Figure 6). Protein grouping (Figure 7) confirmed that the coagulation factors are highly